영어 영역

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홀수형

영어 영역

2025학년도 대학수학능력시험 문제지

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영어 영역

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1번부터 17번까지는 듣고 답하는 문제입니다. 1번부터 15번까지는 한 번만 들려주고, 16번부터 17번까지는 두 번 들려줍니다. 방송을 잘 듣고 답을 하시기 바랍니다.

1.  다음을 듣고, 여자가 하는 말의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

① 학교 종소리 교체 계획을 알리려고

② 학교 수업 시간 단축을 공지하려고

③ 등교 시간 변경을 안내하려고

④ 학부모 상담 신청서 제출을 독려하려고

⑤ 학교 행사 후 교실 정리 정돈을 당부하려고

2.  대화를 듣고, 남자의 의견으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

① 드라마 캠프는 효율적인 여가 시간 활용 수단이다.

② 좋은 연기를 하려면 다른 사람과의 협력이 중요하다.

③ 드라마에는 독특한 개성을 가진 등장인물이 필요하다.

④ 원만한 교우 관계를 위해 친구의 말에 귀 기울여야 한다.

⑤ 드라마 캠프 참여는 다양한 시각을 갖는 데 도움이 된다.

3.  다음을 듣고, 여자가 하는 말의 요지로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

① 예술가에 관해 알면 작품을 더 잘 이해할 수 있다.

② 지역 사회는 예술가에 대한 지원을 확대해야 한다.

③ 예술 작품을 전시할 때 조명 효과를 고려해야 한다.

④ 정기적인 미술관 방문은 작품 감상 능력을 높여 준다.

⑤ 예술 작품은 보는 사람에 따라 다양한 해석이 가능하다.

4.  대화를 듣고, 그림에서 대화의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것을 고르시오.

5.  대화를 듣고, 남자가 할 일로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

① 트로피 가져오기	② 사진 출력하기

③ 이메일 확인하기	④ 스티커 주문하기

⑤ 게시판 사용 허락받기

6.  대화를 듣고, 여자가 지불할 금액을 고르시오.

① $100	② $150	③ $180	④ $200	⑤ $220

7.  대화를 듣고, 남자가 Streamline Broadcasting Workshop에 갈 수 없는 이유를 고르시오.

① 동아리 공연에 참여해야 해서

② 교내 방송 준비를 해야 해서

③ 야구 경기를 보러 가야 해서

④ 생일 파티에 참석해야 해서

⑤ 선물을 사러 가야 해서

8.  대화를 듣고, Outstanding Octopuses 행사에 관해 언급되지 않은 것을 고르시오.

① 목적	② 프로그램	③ 후원 기관

④ 입장료	⑤ 기간

9.  2024 Grand Butterfly Circus에 관한 다음 내용을 듣고, 일치하지 않는 것을 고르시오.

① 5일 동안 진행될 것이다.

② 마술 쇼를 포함한다.

③ 2세 미만의 아이는 무료로 입장한다.

④ 할인 쿠폰을 웹사이트에서 다운로드할 수 있다.

⑤ 지정석이 있다.

10.  다음 표를 보면서 대화를 듣고, 여자가 구입할 식물 씨앗 키트를 고르시오.

Plant Seed Kits

Kit

Price

Plant

Varieties

Pot Material

Plant Growing

Guide

①

A

$40

3

Plastic

☓

②

B

$45

4

Wood

◯

③

C

$45

5

Metal

☓

④

D

$50

5

Ceramic

◯

⑤

E

$60

6

Glass

◯

11.  대화를 듣고, 남자의 마지막 말에 대한 여자의 응답으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]

① Great idea! Let’s ask him to come to the party.

② That’s okay. I’ll check if I can change the order.

③ I can’t believe it! We finally won a tennis match.

④ No thanks. I don’t really like cakes with nuts on them.

⑤ No problem. I won’t eat foods that cause allergic reactions.

12.  대화를 듣고, 여자의 마지막 말에 대한 남자의 응답으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

① In that case, let’s give it a try.

② I don’t know. It’s a bit expensive.

③ That’s the best class we’ve ever taken.

④ I’d be happy to teach yoga to beginners.

⑤ You’re right. The hotel’s view is amazing.

13.  대화를 듣고, 남자의 마지막 말에 대한 여자의 응답으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Woman:

① Too bad. I hope you can find your lost bike.

② Good job. You’ll get used to riding a bike soon.

③ Awesome! Thank you for lending me your new bike.

④ I’m sorry. I’m afraid our auction has already finished.

⑤ Excellent! I’m sure your donation will be appreciated.

14.  대화를 듣고, 여자의 마지막 말에 대한 남자의 응답으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]

Man:

① Sure. I hope you’ll be able to judge the competition.

② Well done. You’ve advanced to the final round.

③ Great. Text me the dates of the competition.

④ Don’t worry. We’ll announce the winners shortly.

⑤ I understand. It’s hard to be fair when judging others.

15.  다음 상황 설명을 듣고, Sophia가 Jack에게 할 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]

Sophia:

① I think it’ll be better to stick to your plan.

② Let’s head out for the concert far in advance.

③ We can ask for a seat change so we can sit together.

④ Don’t you think we need to rehearse one more time?

⑤ How about leaving the concert early to avoid traffic?

[16～17] 다음을 듣고, 물음에 답하시오.

16.  여자가 하는 말의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

① desirable conditions to store food

② importance of having a nutritious diet

③ suitable foods to solve future food shortages

④ popular dishes made from unusual ingredients

⑤ future technologies to cope with food shortages

17.  언급된 음식이 아닌 것은?

① seaweed	② beans	③ pumpkins

④ potatoes	⑤ mushrooms

이제 듣기 문제가 끝났습니다. 18번부터는 문제지의 지시에 따라 답을 하시기 바랍니다.

18.  다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Dear Rosydale City Marathon Racers,

We are really grateful to all of you who have signed up for the 10th Rosydale City Marathon that was scheduled for this coming Saturday at 10 a.m. Unfortunately, as you may already know, the weather forecast says that there is going to be a downpour throughout the race day. We truly hoped that the race would go smoothly. However, it is likely that the heavy rain will make the roads too slippery and dangerous for the racers to run safely. As a result, we have decided to cancel the race. We hope you understand and we promise to hold another race in the near future.

Sincerely,

Martha Kingsley

Race Manager

① 마라톤 경기 취소 사실을 공지하려고

② 마라톤 경기 사전 행사 참여를 독려하려고

③ 마라톤 경기 참가비 환불 절차를 설명하려고

④ 마라톤 경기 참여 시 규칙 준수를 당부하려고

⑤ 마라톤 경기 진행에 따른 도로 통제를 안내하려고

19.  다음 글에 드러난 Peter의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?

It was Valentine’s Day on Friday and Peter was certain that his wife, Amy, was going to love his surprise. Peter had spent a long time searching online for an event that would be a new way to spend time with Amy. He had finally found the perfect thing for her. She often told him that she liked to go to places she had never visited before, and he was absolutely sure that she would love going to the new, five-star restaurant downtown. He smiled as he called the restaurant and asked for a reservation for Friday. Unfortunately, his smile quickly disappeared when he was told that the restaurant was fully reserved. “That’s too bad,” he said quietly. “I thought that I had found the right place.”

① relaxed	→ indifferent	② confident	→ disappointed

③ confused	→ satisfied	④ jealous	→ discouraged

⑤ embarrassed	→ joyful

20.  다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

We almost universally accept that playing video games is at best a pleasant break from a student’s learning and more often what prevents a student from accomplishing their goals. Games catch and hold attention in a way that few things can. And yet once they have our focus, they rarely seem to offer anything meaningful to help students grow in their lives outside the games. While this may be true for many games, we are too easily ignoring a valuable tool that could be used to enhance productivity instead of derailing it. Rather, it is desirable that we develop games that connect to the learning outcomes we want for our students. This will enable educators to take advantage of games’ attention commanding capacities and allow our students to enjoy their games while learning.

① 학습 효과 증진에 활용될 수 있는 게임을 개발해야 한다.

② 교육 현장에서 학습과 게임 활동을 적절하게 분배해야 한다.

③ 학습 활동에 게임이 초래하는 집중력 저하를 경계해야 한다.

④ 여가 시간에 게임을 활용함으로써 학습 효율을 향상해야 한다.

⑤ 게임의 부정적 영향을 줄이기 위해 학습 공동체가 노력해야 한다.

21.  밑줄 친 hunting the shadow, not the substance가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

The position of the architect rose during the Roman Empire, as architecture symbolically became a particularly important political statement. Cicero classed the architect with the physician and the teacher and Vitruvius spoke of “so great a profession as this.” Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, a practicing architect during the rule of Augustus Caesar, recognized that architecture requires both practical and theoretical knowledge, and he listed the disciplines he felt the aspiring architect should master: literature and writing, draftsmanship, mathematics, history, philosophy, music, medicine, law, and astronomy ― a curriculum that still has much to recommend it. All of this study was necessary, he argued, because architects who have aimed at acquiring manual skill without scholarship have never been able to reach a position of authority to correspond to their plans, while those who have relied only upon theories and scholarship were obviously “hunting the shadow, not the substance.”

① seeking abstract knowledge emphasized by architectural tradition

② discounting the subjects necessary to achieve architectural goals

③ pursuing the ideals of architecture without the practical skills

④ prioritizing architecture’s material aspects over its artistic ones

⑤ following historical precedents without regard to current standards

22.  다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The ability to understand emotions ― to have a diverse emotion vocabulary and to understand the causes and consequences of emotion ― is particularly relevant in group settings. Individuals who are skilled in this domain are able to express emotions, feelings and moods accurately and thus, may facilitate clear communication between co-workers. Furthermore, they may be more likely to act in ways that accommodate their own needs as well as the needs of others (i.e. cooperate). In a group conflict situation, for example, a member with a strong ability to understand emotion will be able to express how he feels about the problem and why he feels this way. He also should be able to take the perspective of the other group members and understand why they are reacting in a certain manner. Appreciation of differences creates an arena for open communication and promotes constructive conflict resolution and improved group functioning.

① 집단 구성원 간 갈등 해소를 위해 감정 조절이 중요하다.

② 감정 이해 능력은 집단 내 원활한 소통과 협력을 촉진한다.

③ 타인에 대한 공감 능력은 자신의 감정 표현 능력을 향상한다.

④ 감정 관련 어휘에 대한 지식은 공감 능력 발달의 기반이 된다.

⑤ 자신의 감정 상태에 대한 이해는 사회성 함양에 필수적 요소이다.

23.  다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The arrival of the Industrial Age changed the relationship among time, labor, and capital. Factories could produce around the clock, and they could do so with greater speed and volume than ever before. A machine that runs twelve hours a day will produce more widgets than one that runs for only eight hours per day ― and a machine that runs twenty-four hours per day will produce the most widgets of all. As such, at many factories, the workday is divided into eight-hour shifts, so that there will always be people on hand to keep the widget machines humming. Industrialization raised the potential value of every single work hour ― the more hours you worked, the more widgets you produced, and the more money you made ― and thus wages became tied to effort and production. Labor, previously guided by harvest cycles, became clock-oriented, and society started to reorganize around new principles of productivity.

* widget: 제품

① shift in the work-time paradigm brought about by industrialization

② effects of standardizing production procedures on labor markets

③ influence of industrialization on the machine-human relationship

④ efficient ways to increase the value of time in the Industrial Age

⑤ problems that excessive work hours have caused for laborers

24.  다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The selfie resonates not because it is new, but because it expresses, develops, expands, and intensifies the long history of the self-portrait. The self-portrait showed to others the status of the person depicted. In this sense, what we have come to call our own “image” ― the interface of the way we think we look and the way others see us ― is the first and fundamental object of global visual culture. The selfie depicts the drama of our own daily performance of ourselves in tension with our inner emotions that may or may not be expressed as we wish. At each stage of the self-portrait’s expansion, more and more people have been able to depict themselves. Today’s young, urban, networked majority has reworked the history of the self-portrait to make the selfie into the first visual signature of the new era.

* resonate: 공명(共鳴)하다  ** depict: 그리다

① Are Selfies Just a Temporary Trend in Art History?

② Fantasy or Reality: Your Selfie Is Not the Real You

③ The Selfie: A Symbol of Self-oriented Global Culture

④ The End of Self-portraits: How Selfies Are Taking Over

⑤ Selfies, the Latest Innovation in Representing Ourselves

25.  다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The graph above shows the percentages of women employed behind the scenes on the top 100 U.S. films by role in 2020, 2021, and 2022. ① For each of the three years, the percentage of women employed as producers on the top 100 U.S. films was the highest as compared with the percentages of each of the other three roles. ② The percentage of women employed as directors on the top 100 U.S. films in 2021 was lower than in 2020 but higher than in 2022. ③ The percentage of women employed as writers on the top 100 U.S. films increased by 4 percentage points from 2020 to 2021 and by 1 percentage point from 2021 to 2022. ④ The percentage of women employed as editors on the top 100 U.S. films was less than 20% in each of the three years. ⑤ In 2022, the percentage of women employed as producers on the top 100 U.S. films was the same as that in 2020.

26.  Dick Enberg에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Dick Enberg was one of America’s most beloved sports broadcasters. He was born in Michigan in 1935. In the early 1960s, he became an assistant professor at San Fernando Valley State College, where he also served as a coach of its baseball team. Afterwards, he began a full-time sportscasting career in Los Angeles. In 1973, he became the first U.S. sportscaster ever to visit China. He joined NBC Sports in 1975 and remained with the network for about 25 years, covering such big events as the Olympics. He later worked for other major sports broadcasting stations. He made his last live broadcast in 2016 and died the following year at the age of 82. He served as Chairman of the American Sportscaster Association for more than three decades. Enberg was also a best-selling writer and won Emmy Awards as a sportscaster, a writer, and a producer.

① Michigan에서 태어났다.

② 대학 야구팀 코치였다.

③ 중국을 방문한 첫 미국인 스포츠 캐스터였다.

④ 마지막 생방송 후 3년 뒤에 사망하였다.

⑤ Emmy Awards를 수상하였다.

27.  Adenville City Pass Card에 관한 다음 안내문의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Adenville City Pass Card

The Adenville City Pass Card is a public transportation card for tourists visiting Adenville.

Service Range

∙Adenville-based subway lines

∙Adenville-licensed buses

※ This card cannot be used for city tour buses.

Card Type

Price

Additional Benefit

1-Day

$10

10% off admission for

major tourist attractions

3-Day

$25

5-Day

$40

※ Unused cards are refundable within 30 days of the purchase date.

Purchase Information

∙Physical cards can be purchased at subway stations.

∙ Mobile cards can be purchased on the A-Transit app.

① 관광객을 위한 대중교통 카드이다.

② 시티 투어 버스에는 사용할 수 없다.

③ 5일 패스 카드에만 주요 관광지 입장료 할인 혜택이 제공된다.

④ 미사용 카드는 구입일로부터 30일 이내에 환불이 가능하다.

⑤ 모바일 카드는 A-Transit 앱에서 구입할 수 있다.

28.  Luckwood Snow Festival에 관한 다음 안내문의 내용과 일치하는 것은?

Luckwood Snow Festival

We’re happy to announce the 15th annual Luckwood Snow Festival. Come to the festival to enjoy winter activities.

When & Where

∙January 24th—30th (7 days), from 9 a.m. to 8 p.m.

∙Luckwood Park

Special Activities

∙Snow Sculpture Contest: 11 teams will participate.

∙Fun in the Snow: Kids can enjoy snow tunnels and snow slides.

Transportation

∙Parking is not available (Use public transportation and/or shuttle bus service).

∙The shuttle bus runs between Luckwood Subway Station and Luckwood Park (One-way fare: $1, cash only).

※ For more information, please visit www.lwsnow.org.

① 2년에 한 번 열린다.

② 열흘 동안 진행된다.

③ 눈 조각 경연에는 11개 팀이 참가할 것이다.

④ 주차가 가능하다.

⑤ 셔틀버스 이용은 무료이다.

29.  다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Think of yourself. When you decide to get up and get a drink of water, for example, you don’t consciously organize or consider the host of steps involved. Imagine if we ① had to consider every single muscle that needed to be contracted or relaxed just to stand up and walk. It would be tiresome and very slow ― as patients recovering from a brain injury affecting the motor system ② knows. The autopilot parts of our brain do it for us automatically, ③ freeing up our conscious mind for more important jobs. It is the older parts of our brain ④ that support these automatic processes that allow us to move, hear, see, and use many of our social skills. More recently evolved abilities like talking, reading, and writing are far less automated. So, most of the time, ⑤ what you are perceiving, feeling, or thinking is based on a very crude and fast analysis that happens completely without your awareness.

* crude: 투박한

30.  다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은? [3점]

Studies in psychology have reported cases in which competitive incentives resulted in lower task effort, and their focus was on the psychological underpinnings of the reduction in motivation. For example, competition presents an inevitable conflict between the motivation to achieve one’s personal goal and the ① desire to maintain good relationships with others. When the maintenance of interpersonal relationships is important, with their counterparts in particular or with others generally, competitors experience an ② internal conflict that can harm their desire to achieve their goal and taint the good feeling brought about by winning. Exline and Lobel found that the perception of oneself as a target for upward social comparison often makes people ③ uncomfortable. When they believe that others are making envious comparisons with them, people feel uneasiness, distress, or sorrow. Feelings of guilt, an emotion generally associated with high motivation for goal-achievement, lead to ④ stronger motivation and performance in the pursuit of competitive goals. Consequences of this emotional state include lower task motivation in a competition and preferences for more cooperative and altruistic outcomes, such as ⑤ diminishing the significance of the outcome or sharing the winner’s reward.

* taint: 더럽히다  ** altruistic: 이타주의의

[31～34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

31.  Literature can be helpful in the language learning process because of the                   it fosters in readers. Core language teaching materials must concentrate on how a language operates both as a rule-based system and as a sociosemantic system. Very often, the process of learning is essentially analytic, piecemeal, and, at the level of the personality, fairly superficial. Engaging imaginatively with literature enables learners to shift the focus of their attention beyond the more mechanical aspects of the foreign language system. When a novel, play or short story is explored over a period of time, the result is that the reader begins to ‘inhabit’ the text. He or she is drawn into the book. Pinpointing what individual words or phrases may mean becomes less important than pursuing the development of the story. The reader is eager to find out what happens as events unfold; he or she feels close to certain characters and shares their emotional responses. The language becomes ‘transparent’ ― the fiction draws the whole person into its own world.

* sociosemantic: 사회의미론적인  ** transparent: 투명한

① linguistic insight	② artistic imagination

③ literary sensibility	④ alternative perspective

⑤ personal involvement

32.  Education, at its best, teaches more than just knowledge. It teaches critical thinking: the ability to stop and think before acting, to avoid succumbing to emotional pressures. This is not thought control. It is the very reverse: mental liberation. Even the most advanced intellectual will be imperfect at this skill. But even imperfect possession of it                               of being ‘stimulus-driven’, constantly reacting to the immediate environment, the brightest colours or loudest sounds. Being driven by heuristic responses, living by instinct and emotion all the time, is a very easy way to live, in many ways: thought is effortful, especially for the inexperienced. But emotions are also exhausting, and short-term reactions may not, in the long term, be the most beneficial for health and survival. Just as we reach for burgers for the sake of convenience, storing up the arterial fat which may one day kill us, so our reliance on feelings can do us great harm.

* succumb: 굴복하다  ** arterial: 동맥의

① intensifies people’s danger

② enhances our understanding

③ frees a person from the burden

④ allows us to accept the inevitability

⑤ requires one to have the experience

33.  We are famously living in the era of the attention economy, where the largest and most profitable businesses in the world are those that consume my attention. The advertising industry is literally dedicated to capturing the conscious hours of my life and selling them to someone else. It might seem magical that so many exciting and useful software systems are available to use for free, but it is now conventional wisdom that if you can’t see who is paying for something that appears to be free, then                                        . Our creative engagement with other people is mediated by AI-based recommendation systems that are designed to trap our attention through the process that Nick Seaver calls captology, keeping us attending to work sold by one company rather than another, replacing the freedom of personal exploration with algorithm-generated playlists or even algorithm-generated art. [3점]

① all of your attention has already been spent

② the real product being sold is you

③ your privacy is being violated

④ the public may be sponsoring you

⑤ you owe the benefits to your friend AI

34.  Centralized, formal rules can                         . The rules of baseball don’t just regulate the behavior of the players; they determine the behavior that constitutes playing the game. Rules do not prevent people from playing baseball; they create the very practice that allows people to play baseball. A score of music imposes rules, but it also creates a pattern of conduct that enables people to produce music. Legal rules that enable the formation of corporations, that enable the use of wills and trusts, that create negotiable instruments, and that establish the practice of contracting all make practices that create new opportunities for individuals. And we have legal rules that establish roles individuals play within the legal system, such as judges, trustees, partners, and guardians. True, the legal rules that establish these roles constrain the behavior of individuals who occupy them, but rules also create the roles themselves. Without them an individual would not have the opportunity to occupy the role. [3점]

* constrain: 속박하다

① categorize one’s patterns of conduct in legal and productive ways

② lead people to reevaluate their roles and practices in a society

③ encourage new ways of thinking which promote creative ideas

④ reinforce one’s behavior within legal and established contexts

⑤ facilitate productive activity by establishing roles and practices

35.  다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

The expansion of sports tourism in the twentieth century has been influenced by further developments in transportation. Just as the railways revolutionized travel in the nineteenth century, so the automobile produced even more dramatic changes in the twentieth. ① The significance of the car in the development of sport and tourism generally has attracted considerable coverage and it has had no less an impact on sports tourism specifically. ② Although originally invented towards the end of the nineteenth century, it started to become a mass form of transport in the 1920s in the USA and rather later in Britain. ③ Apart from its convenience and flexibility, the car has the additional advantages of affording access to many areas not served by public transport, as well as allowing the easy transport of luggage and equipment. ④ The expansion of reasonably priced, good quality accommodation associated with tourism growth has also facilitated the growth of locally based restaurants. ⑤ As a result, it was invaluable for the development of many forms of sports tourism but especially those which require the transportation of people and equipment to relatively remote locations.

[36～37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

36.

The potential for market enforcement is greater when contracting parties have developed reputational capital that can be devalued when contracts are violated.

(A) Similarly, a landowner can undermaintain fences, ditches, and irrigation systems. Accurate assessments of farmer and landowner behavior will be made over time, and those farmers and landowners who attempt to gain at each other’s expense will find that others may refuse to deal with them in the future.

(B) Over time landowners indirectly monitor farmers by observing the reported output, the general quality of the soil, and any unusual or extreme behavior. Farmer and landowner reputations act as a bond. In any growing season a farmer can reduce effort, overuse soil, or underreport the crop.

(C) Farmers and landowners develop reputations for honesty, fairness, producing high yields, and consistently demonstrating that they are good at what they do. In small, close-knit farming communities, reputations are well known.

* ditch: 개천  ** irrigation: 물을 댐

①

(A)

－

(C)

－

(B)

②

(B)

－

(A)

－

(C)

③

(B)

－

(C)

－

(A)

④

(C)

－

(A)

－

(B)

⑤

(C)

－

(B)

－

(A)

37.

Watch the birds in your backyard. If one bird startles and flies off, others will follow, not waiting around to assess whether the threat is real. They have been infected by emotional contagion.

(A) Marc wondered whether the birds in line were more fearful because they didn’t know what their flockmates were doing. Emotional contagion would have been impossible for individual grosbeaks in the linear array except with their nearest neighbors.

(B) In a long-term research project that Marc did with some of his students on patterns of antipredatory scanning by western evening grosbeaks, they found that birds in a circle showed more coordination in scanning than did birds who were feeding in a line.

(C) The birds in a line, who could only see their nearest neighbor, not only were less coordinated when scanning, but also were more nervous, changing their body and head positions significantly more than grosbeaks in a circle, where it was possible for each grosbeak to see every other grosbeak. [3점]

* grosbeak: 콩새류(類)  ** array: 정렬

①

(A)

－

(C)

－

(B)

②

(B)

－

(A)

－

(C)

③

(B)

－

(C)

－

(A)

④

(C)

－

(A)

－

(B)

⑤

(C)

－

(B)

－

(A)

[38～39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

38.

Without any special legal protection for trade secrets, however, the secretive inventor risks that an employee or contractor will disclose the proprietary information.

Trade secret law aims to promote innovation, although it accomplishes this objective in a very different manner than patent protection. ( ① ) Notwithstanding the advantages of obtaining a patent, many innovators prefer to protect their innovation through secrecy. ( ② ) They may believe that the cost and delay of seeking a patent are too great or that secrecy better protects their investment and increases their profit. ( ③ ) They might also believe that the invention can best be utilized over a longer period of time than a patent would allow. ( ④ ) Once the idea is released, it will be “free as the air” under the background norms of a free market economy. ( ⑤ ) Such a predicament would lead any inventor seeking to rely upon secrecy to spend an inordinate amount of resources building high and impassable fences around their research facilities and greatly limiting the number of people with access to the proprietary information. [3점]

* patent: 특허  ** predicament: 곤경

39.

In reality, objects do not conform to a linear lifecycle model; instead, they undergo breakdowns, await repairs, are stored away, or find themselves relegated to the basement, only to be rediscovered and repurposed later.

By their very nature, the concepts of maintenance and repair are predominantly examined from a process-oriented perspective. ( ① ) The focus in related scholarly discourse often revolves around the lifespan or lifecycle of objects and technologies. ( ② ) In this context, maintenance and repair are considered practices that have the potential to prolong the existence of objects, ensuring their sustained utilization over an extended period. ( ③ ) Krebs and Weber critically engage with anthropomorphic metaphors that imply a biography of things, appropriately highlighting that conventional understanding of the lifecycle of a technology, from its acquisition to its disposal from the household, provides an incomplete definition. ( ④ ) Additionally, objects may enter recycling or second-hand cycles, leading to a dynamic afterlife marked by diverse applications. ( ⑤ ) As such, the life of an object exhibits a far more complicated and adaptive path than a simplistic linear progression.

* relegate: 추방하다  ** anthropomorphic: 의인화된

40.  다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

People often assume that synthetic food ingredients are more harmful than natural ones, but this is not always the case. Typically, synthetic ingredients can be made in a precisely controlled fashion and have well-defined compositions and properties, allowing careful evaluation of their potential toxicity. On the other hand, natural ingredients often vary appreciably in their composition and properties depending on their origin, the time of year they were harvested, the climate they experienced throughout their lifetime, the soil quality, and how they were isolated and stored. These variations can make testing their safety extremely difficult ― one is never sure about the potential toxicity of minor components that may vary from time to time. In some cases, a natural food component has been consumed for hundreds or thousands of years without causing any obvious health problems and can, therefore, be assumed to be safe. However, one must still be very careful.

* synthetic: 합성의

□

The     (A)     of the production process for synthetic food ingredients and the variability of natural food ingredients may     (B)     people’s commonly held assumption that the natural ingredients are more secure.

(A)

(B)

(A)

(B)

①

controllability

……

challenge

②

predictability

……

support

③

manageability

……

intensify

④

affordability

……

reverse

⑤

accessibility

……

question

[41～42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Imagine grabbing a piece of paper between your thumb and index finger. Maybe you already are, as you turn this page. We use this type of forceful, pad-to-pad precision gripping without thinking about it, and literally in a snap. Yet it was a breakthrough in human evolution. Other primates exhibit some kinds of precision grips in the handling and use of objects, but not with the kind of (a) efficient opposition that our hand anatomy allows. In a single hand, humans can easily hold and manipulate objects, even small and delicate ones, while adjusting our fingers to their shape and reorienting them with (b) displacements of our fingertip pads. Our relatively long, powerful thumb and other anatomical attributes, including our flat nails (which nearly all primates possess), make this (c) possible. Just picture trying ― and failing ― to dog-ear this page with pointy, curved claws.

With a unique combination of traits, the human hand shaped our history. No question, stone tools couldn’t have become a keystone of human technology and subsistence (d) without hands that could do the job, along with a nervous system that could regulate and coordinate the necessary signals. Anybody who’s ever attempted to make a spear tip or arrowhead from a rock knows that it (e) excludes strong grips, constant rotation and repositioning, and forceful, careful strikes with another hard object. And even with a fair amount of know-how, it can be a bloody business.

* primate: 영장류  ** anatomy: 해부학  *** subsistence: 생계

41.  윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Anatomical Distance Between Humans and Other Primates

② Human Hands: A Decisive Leap in the Evolutionary Path

③ Our Hands: An Unexpected Outcome of Evolution

④ Human Grip: The Dilemma of Human Survival

⑤ Hidden Power of the Daily Use of Tools

42.  밑줄 친 (a)～(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은? [3점]

① (a)	② (b)	③ (c)	④ (d)	⑤ (e)

[43～45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

(A)

“Do you remember when Sean used to tell me that I was the best dad in the world?” Ethan asked his wife, Grace. “Yes, I do. I always envied your relationship with Sean,” she replied. Ethan then shared how things had changed since (a) his son started middle school. Grace had noticed Ethan often pushing Sean to study harder. “Maybe he isn’t that into school right now. How about going hiking, just the two of you?” she suggested. He agreed, and realizing that both his and Sean’s hiking jackets were still at the laundry, he asked his wife to go and pick them up with him.

(B)

Ethan and Grace came back home with the jackets and checked if Sean had everything else he needed for hiking. Luckily, in his drawers they found his hat, shoes, sunglasses, and hiking sticks. When Sean returned from school, Ethan softly said, “Sean, let’s go hiking this Saturday, just the two of us.” Though Sean thanked (b) him for the suggestion, he said he had to go to the library. Grace stepped in, “You know, the weather this weekend will be the best of the year. Why not enjoy it?” After a moment’s hesitation, (c) he agreed.

(C)

“When did you bring the jackets in?” the clerk at the laundry asked. “Maybe two weeks ago,” Ethan replied. Then, Grace quickly reminded (d) him, “Honey, we actually left them here a month ago.” The clerk went into the storage area to look for the clothes. Finally, he returned with the jackets and handed them to Ethan. The clerk politely said, “I am sorry, but please collect your items earlier next time. Our storage is too full.” Ethan felt embarrassed for the late collection and apologized.

(D)

The weather was perfect. Ethan and Sean set off hiking along the valley by Aicken Mountain. They walked in silence until Sean fell over a rock and twisted his ankle. Realizing he couldn’t walk, Ethan carried his son down on his back. He felt Sean’s heartbeat, something he hadn’t felt since Sean was a baby. Suddenly, Sean said, “Dad, I’m sorry. At some point, I started to become afraid of disappointing (e) you. But you are still the best dad.” Energized, he felt no weight on his back and replied, “You are the best son, no matter what.”

43.  주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

①

(B)

－

(D)

－

(C)

②

(C)

－

(B)

－

(D)

③

(C)

－

(D)

－

(B)

④

(D)

－

(B)

－

(C)

⑤

(D)

－

(C)

－

(B)

44.  밑줄 친 (a)～(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

① (a)	② (b)	③ (c)	④ (d)	⑤ (e)

45.  윗글의 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?

① Grace는 Ethan과 Sean의 관계를 부러워했다고 말했다.

② Grace는 Ethan에게 Sean과 둘이서 하이킹할 것을 권했다.

③ Sean의 선글라스가 서랍장 안에 있었다.

④ Ethan은 혼자서 세탁소에 하이킹 재킷을 찾으러 갔다.

⑤ Sean은 하이킹하는 도중 돌에 걸려 넘어졌다.

영어 영역

홀수형

* 확인 사항

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