시제(추가 프린트)

이광희 추가자료

-현재완료/현재완료진행

1. 개념; Bricks and Mortar

▶▶▶ Tense&Aspect: tempus(latin) > time

➯ Tense is indicated whenever we use a finite verb.

When an action happened in time.

Verbs do not have a specific form to reflect future action, so we use other verb construction to achieve this meaning, usually the modal auxiliary verb will, as in:

“She will walk to work.”

➯ Aspect : Grammatical aspect is concerned with how an action, state of being, or event occurs in time; we use it with tense to create specific forms of verbs in relation to time.

= temporal structures: simple, perfect, continuous, perfect continuous

SEE: It is through aspect that we understand whether an action takes place at a single point in time, during a continuous range of time, or repetitively.

▶▶▶ Perfective vs. imperfective:

Perfective : used when we draw attention to an action as a whole, summarizing it

as in: “I ate dinner.” “We will help you tomorrow.” “I swim like a fish.”

imperfective : used to draw attention to the action as having an internal structure (in progress at the moment of speaking or which happened habitually in the past)

as in: “I was washing dishes when she came through the door.”

“We used to go traveling a lot.”

---> 동작이 어떻게 이루어졌는가(동작의 과정)에 대해서 자세하게 설명하면 비완료적이라고 한다. 이미지 전달이 주목적. #완료시제는 과거부터 지금까지의 동작의 과정을 설명하는 것이 아니다.

▶▶▶ Perfect aspect : 동작이 어떻게 이루어졌는가에 대해서는 관심이 없다. 다시 말해서, 과거의 동작에 대한 자세한 묘사를 하고 싶은 마음이 없다. 그것이 가져다 준 영향에만 관심이 있을 뿐이다.

SEE: I have lost my keys. = I am really sorry I didn't meant this. OR We cannot get in the house and drop these stuffs OR My dog must be hungry what can I do?... etc

Also as in: She has taught English for 20years. = She is an expert in English education. OR She can tell you about some grammar rules. OR She may know how to give guides to students about how to read faster... etc.

More: See these examples.

✓She has hung out with him since her childhood.

= 어린 시절부터 지금까지 어떻게 놀았는지에 대한 이야기가 아니다.

= 그녀는 ‘지금’ 그 남자랑 친하게 노는데, 유년 시절인 ‘옛날’부터 그랬어! ; 현재의 그와 그녀의 모습의 기원을 찾아 거슬러 올라가는 느낌, 시작점을 찾는 느낌.

✓You’ve just said that. = 당신이 그 말을 한 경험이 있다?? (X)

당신이 그 말을 계속 해왔다?? (X)

(내 책임이 아니야) ‘방금 전’ 너가 말했잖아! : 지금 나의 책임이 없다는 것을 방금 전 그의 행동으로 설명함.

✓The train has just left.

(이런! 열차를 그 열차를 찾나 보군. 하지만 여긴 없어! 봐봐! 그 이유는) ‘방금 전’ 열차가 떠났거든.

✓Mom, I’m leaving! I have already cleaned my room.

엄마 ‘지금’ 저 가요! ‘이미’ 방 청소 다 했거든요.

---> 지금 상황에 대한 설명을 할 때 Case

1) 방금 전에 이런 일이 있었다 : have just pp

2) 과거 --- 때부터 그랬다 : have pp since SV

3) 이미 --- 해놨다. : have already pp

---> 그러니 I’ve lost my keys when I walked the street. 이라는 말은 이상한 것.

: 지금 문을 열고 들어가지 못하는 상황을 설명하는 것이지, 열쇠를 잃어버렸을 당시에 대한 설명을 하는 것이 아니기 때문. 우리말로 하면 이 정도의 non-sense다:

“어떡해! 문을 열 수가 없어!, 봐봐, 열쇠가 없어졌을 때는 길을 걸을 때야!” (??)

So, The present perfect tense is used to give general information about something that happened at an indefinite point in the past. We also use the present perfect with the prepositions for and since when we speak about something that started in the past and is still true now.

If the focus moves to when, then we cannot use the present perfect anymore because the attention shifts to that particular point in time.

▶▶▶ Perfect Continuous aspect : 지금 벌어진 “결과”에 대해서 과거에 “벌어진” 일이 어떤 “과정”이었는지를 생각하는 것.

SEE: It has been raining! Look at that muddy pound.

‘현재’의 물 웅덩이를 보고 ‘과거’ 비가 내렸을 ‘모습’을 상상해 봄.

SEE: I have been painting on the wall for 3 hours in row with no break.

‘현재’의 내가 ‘과거’ 페인트 칠 한 3시간의 ‘과정’을 강조함.

-. 속뜻 : “나 되게 오랫동안 했어. 잘했지?” 또는 “나 진짜 오래했어. 쉬고 싶어.” 등등.

So, we use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about that which began in the past and is still happening in the present. We often use it to emphasize the length of time that has passed while something is happening. We can also use it to talk about something that has been happening lately or only finished very recently. It can only be used with action verbs.

▶▶▶ Voice : has to do with the relationship between a verb and its source of agency(performing or controlling action of the verb.)

-subject is the agency : active voice

-subject is NOT the agency : passive voice (only in a preopositional phrase at the end of the sentence; like “by NP.”

2. Sentence!