동사와 문장 패턴 정리(추가 프린트)

이광희 추가자료

+ Challenging Works

1. 개념; Bricks and Mortar

▶▶▶ 품사: Looking as a word that has nothing to do with a sentence

I know how beautiful Benet is but unfortunately she does not know anything about my true love for her.

✓SEE:

-동사 : know, is, know

-명사 : Benet, love

-대명사 : I, anything, me, her

-형용사 : beautiful, true, my

-접속사 : how, but

-전치사 : about, for

-부사 : unfortunately, not

+조동사 : does

▶▶▶ 문장성분: Looking as a series of words (phrase), which are placed in the sentence.

I / know / ( how beautiful Benet is )

+ but +

unfortunately / she / does not know / [ anything { about my true love (for her) } ].

✓SEE:

-주어

-서술어 = 동사 = 본동사 = 정동사

-목적어; there are three kinds of object : object(appearing sole), direct object and indirect object pair (appearing as a pair in oder, but their positions can be switched but preposition(of, for, to) must be sandwitched between them.)

- I love you.

- I’ll give you some advice.

- I gave some advice to her.

+ 보어 : complement for meaning SEE:

- She is. (?)

- I made her. (?)

COMPARE:

(1) She is beautiful. OR She is my mom. : complementing for describing Subject.

(2) I made her mad. OR I made her the president of my class. : complementing for describing Object.

▶▶▶ 서술어의 종류

#be + 보어

- be + 형용사구/명사구/명사절/전치사구

a. I am aware of the concept.

b. The interesting fact is that she, the President of the nation, doesn’t know about politics as little as lay people.

c. This is my book.

d. This is of little account.

# 구동사

- 동사 + 전치사

- 동사 + 부사

- 동사 + 부사 + 전치사

- She really cares for her baby. = like/love

- Can you turn on the lamp? = light

- This rock should have put up with the threats of wind and rain for thousand years. = endure

▶▶▶ 구와 절 정리

#구의 기본 형태 : (수식어+) 단어 (수식어+)

eg. (the most beautiful) flower(명사) (that I have ever seen+) = 명사구

#변칙적 형태 :

-명사구 : to V / Ving (동명사) / 의문사 + to V

-형용사구 : to V / Ving (현재분사) / Ved (과거분사, (약) pp) / 전치사구(전명구)

-부사구 : to V / Ving (분사구문 능동형) / Ved(분사구문 수동형, (약) pp) / 전치사구(전명구)

#절의 기본 형태 : 접속사 + 문장

-명사절 : if/whether절 / that절 / 의문사절 / 관계대명사 what절

-형용사절 : 관계사절 (= 관계대명사+관계부사)

-부사절 :

- 시간접속사(when, as soon as, while, until, after, before …)

- 조건접속사(if, unless, only if, once, on condition that)

- 양보(대조)접속사(even if, even though, though, although, whenever, however, wherever, whether, while)

- 장소접속사(where)

- 이유(because)

- 결과((so) that; to V로 전환가능, so 형용사/부사 that)

- 목적((so) that, in oder that; to V로 전환가능)

- 감정의 원인 (that; to V로 전환가능)

▶▶▶ 동사의 종류 <6 Categories / 15 Pattern + 1>

# 1. Intransitive Verbs

(1) 동사 + (부사)

quiz. Which is correct in the bracket?

An accident happens (unnoticeable, unnoticeably).

-be(존재하다), exist, live

-go, come (commonly with adverbials; home, to the school, here, there)

-flow, fly, run (commonly with adverbials; into the sky, fast)

-stand, sit, lie, fall (눕다) (commonly with adverbials; on the hill, on the grass)

-appear, disappear, vanish, perish, die (commonly with adverbials; on the stage, from the earth)

-happen, take place, occur, arise (commonly with adverbials; accidentally, out of the blue, in 1975 etc.)

-의미 유의 동사 : do(be good enough), matter, count(be important), pay(be profitable), work(operate; be effective)

# 2. Linking Verbs

(2) 동사 + 명사보어

-상태유지 : be

-상태변화 : become, make

-판단동사 : seem, appear, turn out (+ to be)

(3) 동사 + 형용사보어

-상태유지 : be, keep, remain, stay, continue

-상태변화 : become, turn, fall, get, grow, run, come, go

-감각동사(주관적 판단) : look, smell, taste, sound, feel

cf. 전치사 like를 쓰면 명사보어 가능 / taste, smell 은 ‘of’도 가능

-판단동사 : seem, appear, turn out, prove (+ to be)

# 3. Anomalies of Transitive Verbs

(4) 능동/수동의 의미가 둘 다 있는 동사

sell/cut/open/break etc.

(5) 목적어가 없을 것 같지만 타동사인 동사 = 전치사 쓸 것 같지만 쓰지 않는 동사 = 자동사로 착각하기 쉬운 타동사

marry, approach, enter, reach, discuss, mention, affect, accompany, address, attend, await, become/fit, call (compare : call on her, call at her office), phone, compose, contact, equal, match, greet, inhabit(=live in), obey, oppose(=object to, be opposed to), resemble(=take after, look like)

(6) 목적어가 있을 것 같지만 자동사인 동사 = 타동사로 착각하기 쉬운 자동사

hope (for) cf. hope that은 가능, object to, complain about/of

# 4. Ditransitive Verbs

(7-1) 목적어가 두 개인 동사

a. give, send, bring, offer, show, tell, teach, pay, pass, allow, owe, grant/award, hand, email, mail, leave(유선으로 남기다) ((to))

b. make, buy, build, cook, choose, get, order, leave(남기고 가다), find, bake, pour, save(남겨두다), spare, win, secure, earn ((for))

c. ask, beg ((of))

(7-2) 목적어가 하나인 동사 (전치사구 동반)

: explain, introduce, suggest/propose, announce, confess, admit, say, complain, mention, describe, recall

(8) 간접목적어와 직접목적어의 순서가 바뀌지 않는 동사

save(수고를 덜어주다), cost, envy, forgive, ask, allow, permit, deny, refuse

# 5. 목적어 + 전치사구 패턴

(9) A + 전치사 + B

a. of (1) : rob, deprive, rid, clear, relieve, absolve, acquit, bereave, cheat, cure/heal, defraud, discharge

b. of (2) : remind, inform, notify, warn, convince/assure, accuse

c. to : attach, add, transfer, return, expose, prefer, deliver, mention, attribute, ascribe, lend, charge, delegate, promote, direct, submit, sensitize

d. for : praise, scold, blame, punish, forgive, thank, reproach, reprimand

e. with : provide/supply, present, furnish, equip, endow, entrust, fill, charge, replenish

f. from(1) : prevent, keep, stop, deter, discourage, prohibit, hinder, dissuade, restrain

g. from(2) : distinguish, separate, make difference

# 6. 목적어 + 보어

(10) 목적어 + 명사 보어

a. name/elect/call/make/appoint

b. consider/think of/see/regard/look upon/refer to/describe/treat/accept/

recognize/acknowledge A as B

cf. consider 는 A (as / to be) B

c. think, believe, suppose, imagine, feel, show, find, deem A to be B

(11) 목적어 + 형용사 보어

a. make/get/turn/leave/keep/find/leave/set

b. consider/think of/see/regard/look upon/refer to/describe/treat/accept/

recognize/acknowledge A as B

cf. consider 는 A (as / to be) B

c. think, believe, suppose, imagine, feel, show, find, deem A (to be) B

cf. make, find, consider, believe, think 가 목적어+보어 구조를 취할 때 목적어가 to V 이거나 that절일 때는 “무조건” 가주어/진주어 구조를 쓴다.

(12) 목적어 + to V / pp

help

want, like, would like, wish, desire ; expect ; intend, mean ; ask, require, request, bag ; tell, order, command ; advise, urge, teach ; encourage ; persuade ; get, cause ; enable, entitle ; force, compel, oblige, press ; allow, permit, leave ; forbid ; invite ; motivate

(13) 목적어 + Ving /pp

look at/watch/observe/smell/hear/listen to/feel/perceive

(14) 목적어 + 동사원형 / pp

a. look at/watch/observe/smell/hear/listen to/feel/perceive

b. help

c. make/have/let

#구동사

(15) 구동사

a. 자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사

: consist of, care for, look at, listen to, lead to, result in, result from, conform to, comply with, refer to, reply to, respond to, react to, adapt to, adjust to, succeed to, consent to, stick to, amount to, apologize to, object to

: deal with, grapple with, experiment with, interfere with, contend with, cope with, conflict with, comply with, agree with, agree on

: result in, succeed in, participate in, believe in, persist in, consist in

: depend on(upon)(=rely on, hinge on, count on, bank on, resort to, fall back on), insist on, concentrate on, focus on, wait on (=attend on)

: consist of(=compose, make up), dispose of, admit of, complain of/about

: result from, suffer from, refrain from, abstain from, graduate from

: complain about/of, inquire about

: look for, wait for(=await), account for, call for

b. 타동사 + 부사

: turn off, put off, turn on, put on, take off etc.

: bring about, call off, give up, put in, put on, put off, take off, throw away, turn on, turn off, turn down

c. 자동사 + 부사 + 전치사

: put up with

d. 타동사 + 명사 + 전치사

: take care of, pay attention to

#헷갈리는 동사들 모음

1. 자/타 혼동

(1) lie / lay

lie – lied – lied (거짓말하다)

lie – lay – lain (눕다)

lay – laid – laid (눕히다)

(2) rise/raise

rise – rose – risen (오르다)

raise – raised – raised (올리다, 제기하다)

arise – arose – arisen (발생하다, vi)

(3) sit/seat

sit – sat – sat (앉다)

seat – seated – seated (앉히다) eg. be seated = sit

(4) fall/fell

fall – fell - fallen (떨어지다)

fell – felled – felled (쓰러뜨리다)

2. 의미혼동

(1) find/found

find – found – found (발견하다)

found – founded – founded (설립하다, 창설하다, 기초를 세우다)

(2) hang

hang – hung – hung (걸다, 메달다)

hang – hanged – hanged (교수형에 처하다)

(3) affect/effect

affect = influence

effect = cause, bring about, result in, lead to

cf. have/put/lay effect/influence/impact on

(4) bear

bear – bore – born (태어나게 하다)

bear – bore – borne (나르다, 지니다, 견디다, 참다)

(5) wind / wound

wind – wound – wound (감싸다)

wound – wounded – wounded (상처입히다)

(6) talk / speak / tell

talk/speak of/about/to/with

speak + 언어/a word/truth/an opinion

say + that 절

tell the truth / 사람 + of/about / IO DO(that절) / O + toV

※ Controversial issues

(1) 목적어? 보어?

Think:

S V N1 N2 구조에서 N2는 목적어인가 명사보어인가?

Solution: N1 = N2 : 명사보어, N1 ≠ N2 : 목적어

(2) 보어?

SEE:

He came back a different man.

He came back happy.

Solution: He came back (becoming) a different man/happy.

being/becoming 정도가 생략된 표현

하지만 어쨌든 be 동사의 보어이면서 주어에 대한 설명이기 때문에 ‘유사보어(한국에만 있는 문법, 문용)’라고 부르거나 ‘추가보어(틀린 용어이지만, 평가원이 이의신청 답변란에 사용)’라고 부르기도 한다.

(3) 부사구가 꼭 필요한가?

Yes, verbs sometimes need adverbials in a semantical sense.

Imagine:

(without any given context)

She goes. (?) But There she goes!, make sense though.

I put it. (?)

The development of the Internet market has turned the whole economy. (?)

solution: 상황에 따라서는 부사구가 필요하다. (like: home, on the table, into another phase)

Now, practice with some challenging sentences.

■

2. Sentence!

[평가원 어법 FLOW]

□ [꺽쇠]가 들어간 문장은 둘 중 옳은 것 하나를 고르고, 밑줄은 O/X 판단 후에 틀리다면 옳게 고치세요.

When considered in this light, the visual preoccupation of early humans with the nonhuman creatures inhabited their world becomes profoundly meaningful. [20고3.11.29]

To begin with a psychological reason, the knowledge of another’s personal affairs can tempt the professor of this information to repeat it as gossip because as unrevealed information it remains socially inacitve. [20고3.9.29]

But knowing and not telling does not give him that feeling of “superiority that, so to lay, latently contained in the secret, fully actualizing itself only at the moment of disclosure.” This is the mai motive for gossiping about well-known figures and superiors. [20고3.9.29]

An interesting aspect of human psychology is that we tend to like things more and find them more appealing if everything about those things is not obvious the first time we experience them. This is certainly true in music. [20고3.6.29]

For example, we might hear a song on the radio for the first time that catches our interest and decide we like it. [20고3.6.29]

A special harmony emerges that we missed before. We hear more and more and understand more and more with each listening. [20고3.6.29]

“Monumental” is a word that comes very close to expressing the basic characteristic of Egyptian art. [19고3.11.29]

This inner weight is the quality which Egyptian art possesses to such a degree that everything in it seems to be made of primeval stone, like a mountain range, even if it is only a few inches across or carved in wood. [19고3.11.29]

Thus starvation is a disvalue that can help make possible the good of greater diversity. Starvation can be of practical or instrumental value, even as it is an intrinsic disvalue. [19고3.9.29]

One person in a pair is given some money – say $10. She then has the opportunity to offer some amount of it to her partner. The partner only has two options. He can take what’s offered of refused to take anything. There’s no room for negotiation; that’s why it’s a called the ultimatum game. What’s typically happen? [19고3.6.29]

This overstated, often fictionalized version of nature is no more real – and yet no less real – to them than the everyday nature right outside their doors, waits to be discovered in a child’s way, at a child’s pace. [18고3.9.29]

Consider the University of Cambridge study which found that a group of eight-year-old children was able to identify substantially more characters from animations than common wildlife species. [18고3.9.29]

Sometimes called brood parasites, these bees are also referred to as cuckoo bees, because they are similar to cuckoo birds, which lay an egg in the nest of another bird and leaves if for that bird to raise. [18고3.6.28]

Those sometimes called brood parasites are more technically called cleptoparasites. [18고3.6.28]

[DAILY EXCERCISE 1] 평가원/교육청 어법 FLOW

#부사 적절성 판단

•조동사 ▨ 동사원형

•명사 ▨ 형용사

•▨ 문장 ▨

•*동사 ▨ 목적어 □ 불가

Like life in traditional society, but unlike other team sports, baseball is not governed by the clock. A football games is comprised of exactly sixty minutes of play, a basketball game forty or forty-eight minutes, but baseball has no set length of time within which the game must be completed. The pace of the game is therefore leisurely and [unhurried/unhurriedly], like the world before the discipline of measured time, deadlines, schedules, and wages paid by the hour. 17.9.28

Aristotle found the rough concept of gravity by looking at a falling stone, and levity by a piece of wood tossed into water floats. In both cases the focus is exclusively on the object, with no attention paid to the possibility that some force outside the object might be relevant. 16.11.28

Many artists have considerable freedom from external requirements about what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and why. At the same time, however, we know that artists usually limit themselves quite forcefully by choice of material and form of expression. 16.6.28

The negative impact on local wildlife inhabiting areas close to the fish farms continues to be an ongoing public relations problem for this industry. 15.11.28

When the body mobilize to fight off infectious agents, it generates a burst of free and radicals to destroy the invaders very efficiently .On the other hand, free radicals move uncontrollably through the body, attacking cells, rusting their proteins, piercing their membranes and corrupting their genetic code until the cells become dysfunctional and sometimes give up and die. 14.B.11.27

When it comes to medical treatment, patients see choice as both a blessing and a burden. And the burden falls primarily on women, who are typically the guardians not only of their own health, but that of their husbands and children. [18고3.7.28]

The Internet allows information to flow more freely than ever before. We can communicate and share ideas in unprecedented ways. These developments are revolutionizing our self-expression and enhancing our freedom. But there’s a problem. [18고3.10.28]

[DAILY EXCERCISE 2] 교육청 어법 FLOW

# 보어자리_형용사/보어 선택판단형

It is no accident that fish have bodies which are streamlined and smooth, with fins and a powerful tail. Their bodies are structurally adapted for moving fast through the water. Similarly, if you found a dead bird or mosquito, you could guess by looking at its wings that flying was its normal mode of transport. 17.6.28

The product warranty says that you provide spare parts and materials for free, but charge for the engineer’s labor. This sounds unfair. 14.11.A.27

It’s impossible to know for sure if cats dream just like we do. However, if you’ve ever watched your cat when she’s fast asleep, you will know that sometimes her whiskers, her paws, or even her tail might move suddenly as if she’s dreaming. Cats even be heard growling or purring while asleep occasional/occasionally, so perhaps they go out hunting or chasing mice in their dreams! 14.예비수능.A.31

The quality of the lists mattered, too; the more tasks and the more specific the to-do lists were, the faster the writers fell asleep. [19고3.3.28]

In neither case was it necessary to enumerate every enemy or every fruit individually. The crucial things was to be able to make quick estimates of the relative amounts. [18고3.4.28]
* enumerate: 일일이 세다

The average speed of the boats was a little over four miles an hour, slow compared to a rider on horseback. [17고3.4.28]

[DAILY EXCERCISE 3] 교육청 어법 FLOW

# 정동사/준동사 선택판단형

Aristotle focused exclusively on the object to figure out how the world works, such as gravity and other physical phenomenon. But the Chinese saw the world as consisting of continuously interaction substances, so their attempts to understand it causing them to be oriented toward the complexities of the entire “field,” that is, the context or environment as a whole. ♕16.11.28

To make the choice to express a feeling by carving a specific form from a rock, without the use of high technology or colors, restricting the artist significantly. ♕16.6.28

The objectivity is important in measurement because of the scientific demand that observations be subject to public verification. A measurement system is objective to the extent that two observers evaluate/evaluating the same performance arrive at the same (or very similar) measurements. 15.9.28

The combustion of oxygen that keeps us alive and active sending out by-products called oxygen tree radicals. They have Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde characteristics. On the other hand, they help guarantee our survival. ♕14.B.11.27

Get rid of your belongings and buy/buying the condominium. It is fruitless to look at condominiums when you have spent the past 20-odd years in a large house and then try to move all of your life into the smaller investment. To do so often leads to frustration because what you wind up purchasing is an expensive warehouse for your furniture, and that is usually the wrong investment. 14.9.A.27

Presumably four million seals could not compete with commercial fishermen for the same species without the fact being/is known. But there is some evidence on the diet of the fur seals, and it is highly significant. 14.9.B.27

An individual neuron ③sends a signal in the brain uses as much energy as a leg muscle cell running a marathon. Of course, we use more energy overall when we are running, but we are not always on the move, whereas our brains never switch off. [19고3.10.29]

We have a deep intuition that the future is open until it becomes present and  that the past is fixed. [19고3.4.29]

The study, authors figure that writing down future tasks unloading the thoughts so you can stop turning them over in your mind. You’re telling your brain that the task will get done – just not right now. [19고3.3.28]

The old maxim “I’ll sleep when I’m dead” is unfortunate. Adopt/Adopting this mind-set, and you will be dead sooner and the quality of that life will be worse. [18고3.3.29]

Most commercial, cultural, and military interactions, however, were within civilizations. While India and China, for instance, were on occasion invaded and subjected by other peoples (Moguls, Mongols), both civilizations having extensive, times of “warring states” within their own civilization as well. [17고3.7.29]

Suddenly, a phrase I once read came floating into my mind: ‘You must do him or her a kindness for inner reasons, not because someone is keeping score or because you will be punished if you don’t.’ [15고3.3.28]

Therefore, [invest / investing] regularly in learning opportunities is one of the greatest gifts you can give yourself. [15고3.4.28]

[Live / Living] your life in pursuit of someone else’s expectations is a difficult way to live. If the standards you set were not yours, it may be time to define your personal expectations for yourself and make self-fulfillment your goal. [16고3.10.28]

[DAILY EXCERCISE 4] 교육청 어법 FLOW

#수일치 경우의 수 – 길어진 주어

A number of ‘young friendly’ mental health websites have been developed. 16.9.28

#make/have/let +help – 목적격보어 동사원형

As it is wholly the company’s responsibility to correct the defect, I hope you will not make us pay for the labor component of its repair. 14.11.A.27

Despite your effort to explain what you think, your consumers cannot see your perspective of a idea. Think about it. Make constant efforts until everyone you explain your idea to understands it. This is all to do with find simple solutions to our daily communication problems. ♕14.6.A.27

#병렬 판단

Boston College research professor Peter Gray has documented a continuous and ultimately dramatic decline in children’s opportunities to play and explore in their own chosen ways over the past fifty years in the United States and other developed countries. [17고3.3.28]

It’s not just a matter of listening to your doctor lay out the options and making a choice. We now have encyclopedic lay-people’s guides to health, “better health” magazines, and the Internet. [18고3.7.28]

Coming home from work the other day, I saw a woman trying to turn onto the main street and having very little luck because of the constant stream of traffic. [15고3.3.28]

We have a deep intuition that the future is open until it becomes present and  that the past is fixed. [19고3.4.29]

Coming home from work the other day, I saw a woman trying to turn onto the main street and having very little luck because of the constant stream of traffic. [15고3.3.28]

#make/find/consider/believe/think it that or to V

We might find it harder to engage in self-exploration if every false step and foolish act is preserved forever in a permanent record. [18고3.10.28]

The most impressive acts of creative thought appear to have been the products of individuals. I think that this perception is something of an illusion, however. [19고3.3.29]

It cannot be denied that the primary source of novelty lies in the recombination of information within the individual brain. [19고3.3.29]

But I suspect that as individuals, we would and could accomplish little in the way of creative thinking outside the context of the super-brain, the integration of individual brains. [19고3.3.29]

#목적격보어 판단

I slowed and allowed her to turn in front of me. I was feeling pretty good until, a couple of blocks later, she stopped to let a few more cars into the line, causing us both to miss the next light. I found myself completely ②irritated with her. [15고.3.28]

[DAILY EXCERCISE 5] 평가원 해석 FLOW

# 보어

Probably the biggest roadblock to play for adults is the worry that they will look silly, improper, or dumb if they allow themselves to truly play. Or they think that it is irresponsible, immature, and childish to give themselves regularly over to play. [20고3.11.20]

You may know someone like this where you work. They may look like jazz musicians and have the appearance of jamming, but in the end they know nothing. They’e playing intellectual air guitar. [20고3.11.21]

It makes me think of jazz guitarists: They’re not going to make it if they know a lot about music theory but don’ know how to jam in a live concert. [20고3.11.21]

The “iodiversity-invasibility hypothesis”by Elton suggests that high diversity increases the competitive environment of communities and makes them more difficult to invade. [20고3.11.24]

And a number of twentieth-century writers have assumed, like Hanslick, that fixed pitches are among the defining features of music. [20고3.11.34]

Furthermore, the evaluation of past discoveries and discoverers according to present-day standards does not allow us to see how significant they may have been in their own day. [20고3.11.37]

Hundreds of fish tails were flashing and catching light from the sun, moving upstream. Beneath them in the water, they saw salmon slowly moving their bodies.

#품사 전용/품사전용

Anyone who says that people are “enetically programmed”to be moral has an oversimplified view of how genes work. [20고3.11.23]

The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget frequently analyzed children’s conception of time via their ability to compare or estimate the time taken by pairs of events. [20고3.11.32]

In previous eras, such as the Iron Age and the Bronze Age, the discovery of new elements brought forth seemingly unending numbers of new inventions. [20고3.11.33]

#해석유의 자동사

Creativity suffers. Others emphasize creative usage of a database, without installing a fund of knowledge in the first place. [20고3.11.21]

#자타동사

Human beings do not enter the world as competent moral agents. Nor does everyone leave the world in that state. [20고3.11.23]

The future of our high-tech goods may lie not in the limitations of our minds, but in our effort to make them as eco-friendly as possible. [20고3.11.33]

Thus, individuals of many resident species, confronted with the fitness benefits of control over a productive breeding site, may be forced to balance costs in the form of lower nonbreeding survivorship by remaining in the specific habitat where highest breeding success occurs. [20고3.11.38]

Seldom does a new brand or new campaign that solely uses other media, without using television, reach high levels of public awareness very quickly. [20고3.11.39]

#가목적어

Genes and environment interact in ways that make it nonsensical to think that the process of moral development in children, or any other developmental process, can be discussed in terms of nature versus nurture. [20고3.11.23]