01. 다음 글의 어법상 잘못된 곳은?

5번 choosing

My name is Susan and I work in the accounting department. I happened to hear that you are looking to promote someone within our company to the position of manager of the accounting department, and I felt a need to write you this letter. I think Victoria Kimball, my department colleague, ①is an ideal candidate for the position. She is always on time, she never leaves early, and she does excellent work while she is here. It is obvious to both me and the rest of our colleagues ②that she has a natural talent for what she does. Her clients love her and so ③do we. She is always quick to help with ④whatever we need no matter what it is. She is a fantastic employee and deserves the position. You would not regret ⑤to choose her. As you are thinking about who might best fit into the position, I hope you will consider Victoria.

02. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

2번 부주의 (인수인계를 안하고 휴가를 간 것이 문제)

You took a month-long leave of absence starting from November 20th, 2019 to December 20th, 2019. As it was a month-long leave, it was obviously a part of your duties to hand over your work to your team members. Hence, it was very disappointing to discover that you went on the leave without giving them any information about the projects that you were handling. In turn, your               led to unfortunate delays in the projects. We are sure that you are aware that during one’s absence from work, the company cannot afford to put any work on hold. As you know, any work loss because of a failure to hand over work is a serious problem. This letter is the final warning regarding your irresponsible behavior. Failure to fulfill your duties in the future will not be tolerated and will result in us taking more severe actions.

① devotion ② carelessness ③ thoughtfulness ④ lateness  ⑤ laziness

02-1. 다음 중 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

3번 당신이 알고 있었을 것이라 확신한다 – aware

You took a month-long leave of absence starting from November 20th, 2019 to December 20th, 2019. As it was a month-long leave, it was obviously a part of your duties to hand over your work to your team members. Hence, it was very ①disappointing to discover that you went on the leave without giving them any information about the projects that you were handling. In turn, your carelessness led to ②unfortunate delays in the projects. We are sure that you are ③unaware that during one’s absence from work, the company cannot afford to put any work on hold. As you know, any work loss because of a ④failure to hand over work is a serious problem. This letter is the final warning regarding your ⑤irresponsible behavior. Failure to fulfill your duties in the future will not be tolerated and will result in us

taking more severe actions.

03.다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 논문을 읽어보았는데 특히 그래핀에 관심을 가지게 되었다.

In particular, I found it amazing that graphene can be utilized to make flexible, transparent solar cells that can turn virtually any surface into a source of electrical power.

My name is David Lee and I’m a third-year chemistry major at Arizona State University. While completing both my introductory and upper-level coursework, I’ve developed a passion for science and am extremely interested in pursuing independent research as an undergraduate. ①Personally, I am especially interested in nanotechnology. ②Recently I read your 2017 papers on the potential applications of graphene and became fascinated by your work. ③ If possible, I would be honored to work on a long-term project in your lab. ④Would you be interested in including me as part of your research team?⑤ My résumé is attached in case you are interested. I look forward to hearing from you.

*graphene 그래핀(탄소 원자들로 이루어진 얇은 막)

**transparent 투명한

04. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 b-a-c 보험회사 선정해줘서 감사하지만 해당 보험 상품을 지금은 취급하지 않고 있어 상품을 다시 재개하기 전까지 고객의 정보를 보관할지 말지 여쭙는 글

We would like to express our deepest gratitude for considering AGL as your insurance provider.

a) The type of policy you applied for isn’t available right now. Currently we are working on bringing that policy back. Therefore, we are keeping your application on hold for future reference and further processing when your preferred policy becomes available again.

b) You have made a wise choice, and your business is very important to us. Unfortunately, however, we are afraid to inform you that your insurance policy application cannot be approved at the moment.

c) If you would prefer not to wait for approval and would like us to remove your application from our system, please let us know. We hope that you will still consider taking out a policy with us when it becomes available. We appreciate your patience and understanding on this matter.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

수능특강 변형문제 2과

01. 다음 글의 어법상 잘못된 곳은 ?

3번 글의 시제가 과거 hit

I was once out in the foothills of the Absaroka Mountains near my home in southern Montana when I saw a front of windy and snowy weather ①coming toward me. Because of the open nature of that part of the upper Yellowstone River Valley, I was able to see the storm ②coming from a long distance away, but I was so far out on an exposed hillside that I wasn’t able to make it to cover before the blizzard ③hits. The slope where I was hiking was vegetated only with grass and sagebrush, so I started for a north-facing and timbered slope a mile or so away. Because the bare hillside was steep and already snow ④covered, the going was slow, so I didn’t make it off the slippery slope before the blizzard hit. The wind hit with such force ⑤that I couldn’t stand upright, and there was so much falling and blowing snow that I couldn’t see much either. All I could do for some period of time was to crouch down and wait.

*cover 피난처 **sagebrush 산쑥 ***crouch down 웅크리고 앉다

02. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 뉴욕에서 편집장을 만나 자신의 버려질 뻔한 글을 멋지게 만들 생각이었지만 그 바램은 이루어지지 않고 매우 실망하며 밖으로 나가는 글

My first morning in New York, I put on my girl-writer dress and heels and went to meet my editor, looking forward to a promising day. I figured we would start editing together that very morning, and then he could give me the last of the advance.

a) But my hopes were shattered when my editor said, “I’m sorry.” I looked at him quizzically. “I am so, so sorry,” he said. “But it still doesn’t work.” I sat there staring at him as if his face were melting.

b) I kept touching my forehead, the way you pat your head to make sure your hair is okay. Then I started to cry and told him I had to go right that very second. He told me to phone him the next day. I said I would, although I had no intention of actually doing so.

c) It would turn out that I had bounced back from this devastating setback and that truth and beauty had once again triumphed. Everyone would be so shocked to hear that this book had almost been thrown away.

*advance 선금, 선불 **setback 좌절 ***quizzically 어리둥절하여

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

03. 다음 글의 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요.

4번 delighting 이 아니라 delighted (주어가 즐거워하는 것이므로 수동형을 사용한다.)

In those more hopeful and innocent days there was much to enjoy about being newly a queen – not only ①that I had survived against the odds to inherit. I still remember the sensation of the royal white fur collar around my neck. I put my cheek to it and the fur seemed ②strangely warm against my skin. The grand garment smelt faintly of beeswax and the softest leather. ③Unable to resist, I buried my features in it and laughed with delight. It was thrilling to know that such luxury was mine. My ladies laughed with me, equally ④delighting. They could not wear the elegant clothes and jewelry that as queen I wore (even a queen with her hair as yet unbrushed), but their circumstances as my attendants ⑤were vastly better now that I was queen.

*garment 옷 **beeswax 밀랍

04. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 조카와 함께 살면서 그녀를 보살펴주며 그녀가 가족의 일원이 되기를 바랬지만 그것은 쉬운 문제가 아니었고 나는 그녀의 말을 제대로 들어주지 못했던 것에 대해 후회하였다.

About three months ago, my sister was having problems with her daughter, Amy, so my sister and I decided to have Amy move in with my family.

a) However, our conversations quickly spiraled out of control. Instead of remaining supportive of her when she would get excited, I minimized her feelings by telling her to grow up. I expected her to understand the cause of her fears. Also, I expected her to magically allow herself to be a part of a loving family.

b) We thought she could benefit from a chance of environment. Sadly, almost instantly, my relationship with Amy started to fall apart. She tried to verbalize her need for limits and boundaries in the home and for time spent alone together.

c) It wasn’t that simple for her, and I should not have reacted to Amy’s emotions. She needed a safe space to calm down, but I didn’t give her that and didn’t listen to her better. I should have respected her perspective and demonstrated that I was understanding of her fears. I should have allowed her to adjust to sharing space with my family.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

01. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는 ?

수능특강 변형문제 3강

5번 아래 글에서 더 중요하게도 라는 표현이 있다. 그래서 그 이전 글에서 중요한 것에 대한 이야기가 먼저 나와야 한다.

Your special effort will be recorded in the minds and memories of the others.

You are much more than just a list of your accomplishments. It’s not only what you do, but how you do it that counts in the real scorebook of your life. Making the spectacular diving catch says more about you than the “out” that is recorded in the scorebook. ①It says you have game. ②It says you give 110%. ③Every performance in your life becomes a choice you have to make. Will you do just enough to get by, letting the ball drop in front of you for a base hit? ④Or will you push yourself to perform like an all-star, the legendary player you know you can be, and dive for the ball? ⑤More importantly, you will have the peace of mind and self-respect that come from knowing that you gave your very best – even if you don’t end up making the catch. That’s the stuff of legends.

02. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 보안관 2사람이 먼 지역에서 많은 돈을 벌었지만 그 중 한명이 죽는다. 그때 한 친구가 시신을 먼 고향으로 보내주겠다고 하지만 다른 친구들을 이성적이지 않은 판단이라 한다. 하지만 이성적이었다면 이 드라마가 인기를 끌지는 못했을 것이다.

Irrational acts don’t just sabotage us. They can also make us heroes, lovers, and generous helpers. The qualities we admire most in others are their emotional ones, not their intellectual ones. Rarely does intellect alone inspire romantic acts or heroic deeds.

a) The television mini-series Lonesome Dove was a big hit in the 1980s. Two rugged Texas Rangers shared a life together that eventually led them from Texas to Montana, where they made their fortune from a cattle drive.

b) The surviving partner’s friends thought his promise was foolish. They pressured him to ship the boy to Texas by train. No rational argument would ever win this battle, and if it had, the movie would have lost its charm.

c) One partner died and the other promised to personally return the body to Texas; an incredible sacrifice. From rational point of view, the dead partner wouldn’t know where he was buried; he was already dead.

*sabotage (고의로) 방해하다 **Texas Ranger 텍사스(주) 기마 경관

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

03. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 인간이 중심 소재로 변화한다.

But we do have to worry that human nature will be changed by our theories of human nature.

Ideas or theories about human nature have a unique place in the sciences. We don’t have to worry that the cosmos will be changed by our theories about the cosmos. The planets really don’t care what we think or how we theorize about them. ①Forty years ago, the distinguished anthropologist Clifford Geertz said that human beings are “unfinished animals.” ②What he meant is that it is human nature to have a human nature that is very much the product of the society that surrounds us. ③That human nature is more created than discovered. ④We “design” human nature, by designing the institutions within which people live. ⑤So we must ask ourselves just what kind of a human nature we want to help design.

3-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

3번 인간의 본성은 아직 미완성되어 발견(이미 만들어져 있는 것)이 아닌 창조된 것이다.

Ideas or theories about human nature have a unique place in the sciences. We don’t have to worry that the cosmos will be changed by our theories about the cosmos. The planets really don’t care what we think or how we theorize about them. But we do have to worry that human nature will be changed by our theories of human nature. Forty years ago, the distinguished anthropologist Clifford Geertz said that human beings are “unfinished animals.” What he meant is that it is human nature to have a human nature that is very much the product of the society that surrounds us. That human nature is               . We “design” human nature, by designing the institutions within which people live. So we must ask ourselves just what kind of a human nature we want to help design.

① not flexible but fixed

② not only general but also simple

③ more created than discovered

④ not able to be upgraded immediately

⑤ about what one wants to show to others

3-3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현을 고르세요.

5번 인간의 본성은 사회(주변환경, 사람들이 살아가는 제도 나 기관)에 의해 형성된다.

Ideas or theories about human nature have a unique place in the sciences. We don’t have to worry that the cosmos will be changed by our theories about the cosmos. The planets really don’t care what we think or how we theorize about them. But we do have to worry that human nature will be changed by our theories of human nature. Forty years ago, the distinguished anthropologist Clifford Geertz said that human beings are “unfinished animals.” What he meant is that it is human nature to have a human nature that is very much the product of the society that surrounds us. That human nature is more created than discovered. We “design” human nature, by                                         . So we must ask ourselves just what kind of a human nature we want to help design.

① relying on what they inherit from their parents

② changing ancient institutions into modern systems

③ rearing some animals to domesticate them for human

④ remaining stable and stationary as it was and is

⑤ designing the institutions within which people live

04. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 신발가게에 무료 신발닦아주기를 하고 난 뒤 빚진듯한 느낌으로 불필요한 물건을 사려고 하다가 그냥 빈손으로 나갔다는 글.

Near my old office building, the window of a show store advertised the generous offer of a free shoe shine. I walked by this store dozens of times and thought nothing of it.

a) Free was free, he said. I climbed down from the chair feeling distinctly indebted. “How could this guy shine my shoes,” I thought, “and expect nothing?” So I did what I suspect most people who take the offer do – I looked around for something to buy. I had to even the score, somehow.

b) One day, though, with my shoes looking a little scuffed and some time on my hands, I decided to avail myself of this small bounty. After my shine, I offered the shoeshine man a tip. He refused.

c) Since I didn’t need shoes, I found myself mindlessly looking at shoe trees, laces, and polish. Finally, I quietly walked out of the store empty-handed and uneasy. Even though I had managed to escape from the store, I was sure many others were not so fortunate.

*scuffed 흠집이 난 **bounty 선물

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

01. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 비행사가 비행기 주변을 둘러보지만 잘못된 것을 찾는 것이 아니라 안전 운항을 위해 승무원들을 준비시키는 상징적인 행위

Very seldom do they discover something wrong.

People everywhere have their special cultural rites. It is just as true in the workplace as it is in the surrounding culture. All professions observe their distinctive ways. ①What appears to be a superficial set of actions to outsiders knits insiders together and puts them in an appropriate frame of mind to do their work successfully. ②Physicians scrub for seven minutes before doing a surgical procedure.  ③While the necessity of the prolonged scrub is open to question with the advent of modern germicides, its traditional role in preparing the surgical team for a delicate procedure is undeniable.④In the airline business, the first officer deplanes the aircraft and conducts a walk-around inspection before takeoff. ⑤But symbolically it prepares the cockpit crew for their awesome responsibility of getting all the souls aboard safely to their destinations.

*germicide 살균제  **deplane (비행기에서) 내리다 ***cockpit crew 운항 승무원

1-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 직업에 따라 특별한 의식이 있는데 그중 첫 번째가 외과의사 두 번째가 비행기 기장이다.

People everywhere have their special cultural rites. It is just as true in the workplace as it is in the surrounding culture.

a)  While the necessity of the prolonged scrub is open to question with the advent of modern germicides, its traditional role in preparing the surgical team for a delicate procedure is undeniable. In the airline business, the first officer deplanes the aircraft and conducts a walk-around inspection before takeoff.

b) Very seldom do they discover something wrong. But symbolically it prepares the cockpit crew for their awesome responsibility of getting all the souls aboard safely to their destinations.

c) All professions observe their distinctive ways. What appears to be a superficial set of actions to outsiders knits insiders together and puts them in an appropriate frame of mind to do their work successfully. Physicians scrub for seven minutes before doing a surgical procedure.

*germicide 살균제  **deplane (비행기에서) 내리다 ***cockpit crew 운항 승무원

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

02. 다음 중 문맥에 맞지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 아버지가 만족을 표현하는 것이 아니라 불만족을 표현하는 것이 자녀를 향상시킨다는 잘못된 믿음을 가지고 있음.

From what I have seen in counseling, the besetting sin of the father as performance-focused parent is his misguided belief that dogged disapproval will cause his teenagers to try harder and do better. “I’ll keep ①criticizing you until your attitude and motivation improve!” In fact, excessive criticism only hurts the teenager’s feelings and ②discourages him or her from wanting to hear what the father has to say and from doing what the father wants him or her to do. The ③paternal criticism is offensive, not appreciated. The teen wants less to do with him and for him, not more. And the father ④contaminates his connection with his teenager by provoking his or her increased resentment and dislike. “Dad is never satisfied, no matter how I do, which is all he really cares about!” As a performance coach, a father would be far better served by praising the good than by only faulting mistakes in the misguided belief that his expressions of ⑤satisfaction will cause improvement.

*besetting sin 지속적인 잘못 **provoke ~을 유발하다, 야기하다

2-2. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 여기에서 문제는 아버지의 지속적인 비판이다.

From what I have seen in counseling, the besetting sin of the father as performance-focused parent is his misguided belief that dogged disapproval will cause his teenagers to try harder and do better. “I’ll keep criticizing you until your attitude and motivation improve!” In fact, excessive criticism only hurts the teenager’s feelings and discourages him or her from wanting to hear what the father has to say and from doing what the father wants him or her to do.                     is offensive, not appreciated. The teen wants less to do with him and for him, not more. And the father contaminates his connection with his teenager by provoking his or her increased resentment and dislike. “Dad is never satisfied, no matter how I do, which is all he really cares about!” As a performance coach, a father would be far better served by praising the good than by only faulting mistakes in the misguided belief that his expressions of dissatisfaction will cause improvement.

*besetting sin 지속적인 잘못 **provoke ~을 유발하다, 야기하다

① The paternal criticism② The maternal tenderness

③ Consistent education④ The effort of both parents

⑤ Being behind mother’s skirt

03. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 초보 경찰은 유니폼을 통해서 주변인들에게 경찰로써 반응을 대하는 것처럼 우리의 옷과 외모는 일종에 유니폼처럼 주변인들과 우리가 우리 자신에게 무엇을 기대해야 할지를 결정해준다.

When a young police officer puts on a uniform for the first time, it almost certainly feels strange and foreign.

a) They are very powerful statements to other people about what to expect from us. Equally, they are powerful statements to ourselves about what to expect of ourselves. This, together with the way other people react to our appearance, powerfully shapes how we feel, think and behave.

b) Yet other people react to that uniform in a range of more or less predictable ways — just as they do to a priest or to a white-coated doctor. These reactions help to make the police officer feel a part of the uniform and more comfortable with the role that goes with it.

c) This is the point of uniforms: they help people think themselves into a particular way of behaving, and communicate clearly to other people what function that person is expected to perform. Our dress and appearance are a sort of uniform as well, whether we like it or not.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-1. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 삽입되어야 할 문장부터 we 로 주인공이 변화한다.

Our dress and appearance are a sort of uniform as well, whether we like it or not.

When a young police officer puts on a uniform for the first time, it almost certainly feels strange and foreign.  Yet other people react to that uniform in a range of more or less predictable ways — just as they do to a priest or to a white-coated doctor. ①These reactions help to make the police officer feel a part of the uniform and more comfortable with the role that goes with it. ②This is the point of uniforms: they help people think themselves into a particular way of behaving, and communicate clearly to other people what function that person is expected to perform. ③They are very powerful statements to other people about what to expect from us. ④Equally, they are powerful statements to ourselves about what to expect of ourselves. ⑤This, together with the way other people react to our appearance, powerfully shapes how we feel, think and behave.

3-2. 다음 빈칸에 알맞은 말은?

4번 자신이 자신에게 기대하는 것과 다른 이들이 그들의 외모에 반응하는 이 두 가지가 모여서 우리의 감정과 생각 그리고 행동을 형성한다.

When a young police officer puts on a uniform for the first time, it almost certainly feels strange and foreign.  Yet other people react to that uniform in a range of more or less predictable ways — just as they do to a priest or to a white-coated doctor. These reactions help to make the police officer feel a part of the uniform and more comfortable with the role that goes with it. This is the point of uniforms: they help people think themselves into a particular way of behaving, and communicate clearly to other people what function that person is expected to perform. Our dress and appearance are a sort of uniform as well, whether we like it or not.  They are very powerful statements to other people about what to expect from us. Equally, they are powerful statements to ourselves about what to expect of ourselves. This, together with the way                      , powerfully shapes how we feel, think and behave.

① we expect others to wear

② other people expect us to wear

③ we expect others to react to our uniform

④ other people react to our appearance

⑤ our behaviors are restricted by expectations from ourselves

04. 다음 빈칸에 가장 적합한 단어를 고르세요.

3번 개인주의는 사회에 의해 조절되어야 하는데 순수한 개인주의는 사회적 참여를 안하고 편리함의 철학으로 이끈다고 하였다. 그러므로 우리의 기술이 우리를 편리함으로 향하게하는 본질적인 이기심을 준다고 함.

While individualism gives strength, it also can create a weakness if not moderated by involvement with others — family, friends, and society. Pure individualism may lead to a philosophy of convenience and a lack of participation in or appreciation of the civic and social process. This limits personal growth, mutes gaining leadership skills and traits, and deprives one of the true contexts of life that is the reality model of one's mind. The biggest problem the world now has is that we do not interact personally much anymore. Our technology removes some of reality and replaces it with perception, relativity, and inherent self-interest often pushing us to                 . We look at the world as centered upon us and give ourselves undue influence on the reality of events. We need to move into a position of not thinking the world rotates around us but how we fit into the world. This is the concept of context.

*civic 시민의, 도시의

① responsibility  ② discomfort ③ convenience ④ leadership ⑤ cooperation

05. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 우리는 뇌가 작동하는 법에 관심을 기울여야 한다. 즉 자신이 생각하는 방식에 대해 생각을 해 봄으로써 유용한 정신적인 기술을 습득하게 된다.

By taking a conscious interest in your brain and how it works, and by consciously trying some of the techniques that follow, you can acquire a variety of useful mental skills. It isn't really very difficult, but it won't happen by accident.  The prevalence of negative thinking, fuzzy and illogical thinking, and rigid thinking in our society proves the fact that these higher-level thinking skills do not come naturally. A cross section of our society represents the "average" level of thinking skill — the level one might expect of a large number of people who have never thought very much about thinking. To move beyond the level of average thinking, you must            . You must pay attention to how your brain works, and you must experiment with new techniques. Once you do that, you will clearly see the value of it.

*prevalence 만연 **fuzzy 애매한

① think about thinking

② think about our society and its rules

③ pay attention to your emotion

④ clearly see the value of honesty

⑤ acquire a variety of useful physical abilities

06. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 통계적 유의미라는 말은 결과가 중요하다는 것이 아니라 대신 동일한 조건에서 실험하였을 때 같은 결과가 나온다는 것이다. 그리고 진정한 유의미는 테이터를 올바르게 해석하는 것에 달려있다.

Instead, think of the term as suggesting that you would expect to find the same results 95 out of 100 times if a study is replicated in a similar manner or 90 out of 100 times, depending on what measure of reliability is used.

The term statistical significance is an unfortunate choice of words. ①But it's part of our research vocabulary, and it will continue to appear in reports. ②It refers to the fact that the results discovered, or differences between two sets of data, could reliably be expected to occur again if another study was conducted in a similar manner. ③But too many people hear the phrase "statistically significant" and assume it also suggests that the results are significantly important. ④That may or may not be true. ⑤True significance lies in interpreting the data correctly to ensure that it has meaning or importance for the organization you represent.

*replicate 반복하다

07. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 야생이 존재하고 있음을 자각하고 작은 야생 공간들을 농장이나 공장, 작은 도시 구역등에 만들어 인간이 건드리지 않도록 해야 한다.

The survival of wilderness — of places that we do not change, where we allow the existence even of creatures we perceive as dangerous — is necessary. Our sanity probably requires it.

a) Every farm should have one; wildernesses can occupy corners of factory grounds and city lots — places where nature is given a free hand, where no human work is done, where people go only as guests.

b) These places function, I think, whether we intend them to or not, as sacred groves — places we respect and leave alone, not because we understand well what goes on there, but because we do not.

c) Whether we go to those places or not, we need to know that they exist.  And I would argue that we do not need just the great public wildernesses, but millions of small private or semiprivate ones.

*sanity 온전한 정신 **free hand 자유재량 ***grove (작은) 숲

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

08. 다음 글에 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

4번 자신이 승진하지 못했을 때 그런 현실을 직면하고 다른 이들에게 조언을 구해 그들이 처방한 치료법을 그대로 따라가라.

Facing your difficulty head-on is the first positive step in the process of fixing it. Your promotion went to someone else — now what?  Face it ①directly. There must be a reason why your boss selected the other person.  Get your hurt and anger under control and go find out why you didn't get the promotion. Ask your boss what you need to do to ②improve yourself so you'll be considered more seriously next time. If you have just learned that you have a health problem, ③face it squarely and intelligently. What is the best treatment? Ask the top specialists for their advice. ④Ignore the remedies they prescribe. If some project you are working hard to finish on time encounters severe problems, examine the ⑤difficulty as a scientist would. What caused the problem? What are the options? Try to discover the best ways of dealing with the realities you face, focus on what will be most beneficial, then act accordingly.

*squarely 정면으로

01. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 피아노의 위치를 선정할 때 거대한 카페트나 긴 커튼이 없는 것이 피아노 소리가 가장 잘 나도록 한다.

Finding an ideal location for a piano is often difficult. In the order of importance, the location should help preserve the instrument, be acoustically satisfactory, and be aesthetically pleasing. Ideally, a piano should be placed on an inside wall, away from the direct rays of the sun. Moreover, it should not be placed next to heaters, stoves, air conditioners, or near heat ducts or cold air returns. Drafty locations next to open windows or doors should also be avoided. Instruments that are placed directly beneath water pipes or emergency sprinkler systems should be protected with a waterproof cover from possible water damage. Finding the best location for a piano also includes                 ; usually a piano sounds best in a room without thick wall-to-wall carpeting or heavy, sound-absorbing draperies.

*duct 덕트(공기와 같은 유체가 흐르는 통로)
**drafty 외풍이 있는 ***draperies 긴 커튼

① acoustical considerations

② outdoor situation

③ family members

④ aesthetic satisfactory

⑤ ornament arrangement

02. 다음 글의 알맞은 위치는?

5번 행복한 사람처럼 분노한 사람은 낙관적이고 슬프고 두려워하는 사람은 비관적이다.

Like happy people, angry people are more optimistic, feeling that change is possible and that they can influence outcomes.

Power, considered by some theorists to be the "entrance requirement" for anger, is not necessary for sadness. Anger is an "approach" emotion, while sadness is a "retreat" emotion.  Thinking of a person as sad makes us see them as weaker and more submissive. ①Anger, not sadness, is associated with controlling one's circumstances, such as competition, independence, and leadership. ②Anger, not sadness, is linked to assertiveness, persistence, and aggressiveness. ③Anger, not sadness, is a way to actively make change and confront challenges. ④Anger, not sadness, leads to perceptions of higher status and respect. ⑤Sad and fearful people tend toward pessimism, feeling powerless to make change.

*submissive 순종적인, 고분고분한

03. 다음 글에서 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

2번 행복이 마치 암탉의 이빨처럼 희귀하다고 사람들이 어려서부터 배웠음을 잘못 비판하는 글

Sadly enough, some of us have distorted lessons of happiness that developed in our childhood.  Our experiences developed as we grew up in different systems, such as our original family, our religious community, and our neighborhood. Many of us believe that only a few of us experience true happiness. Most believe attaining true happiness is like winning the lottery, and only some of us are lucky enough to win it. Or maybe some of us believe in "works of righteousness" — a theology that says if you work hard enough at anything, you will receive what you work for. Any one of these theories of happiness is born of the philosophy that happiness is scarce. Looking around our world right now I would have to agree that true happiness is in short supply. But this is because we have bought into a belief system that teaches us that happiness is                          .

*theology 종교적 믿음, 신학

① the one anyone can achieve

② as scarce as hen's teeth

③ born to the person who wants it

④ not inborn but earned

⑤ too huge for normal people to deal with

3-2 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 행복은 로또 같은 것이라는 이론과 열심히 노력해서 얻어야 한다는 이론 이 두가지 이론 때문에 행복은 희귀하다고 생각하게 됨.

Any one of these theories of happiness is born of the philosophy that happiness is scarce.

Sadly enough, some of us have distorted lessons of happiness that developed in our childhood.  Our experiences developed as we grew up in different systems, such as our original family, our religious community, and our neighborhood. ①Many of us believe that only a few of us experience true happiness. ②Most believe attaining true happiness is like winning the lottery, and only some of us are lucky enough to win it. ③Or maybe some of us believe in "works of righteousness" — a theology that says if you work hard enough at anything, you will receive what you work for. ④Looking around our world right now I would have to agree that true happiness is in short supply. ⑤But this is because we have bought into a belief system that teaches us that happiness is as scarce as hen's teeth.

04. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

3번 전쟁의 이유를 데이터로 분석해본 결과 전쟁은 인간의 불합리성 (감정,두려움등) 때문에 발생한 것이고 전쟁을 할 이유가 없다는 컴퓨터는 인간보다 더 합리적이라는 것이 확인됨.

The causes and consequences of war may have more to do with pathology than with politics, more to do with irrational pressures of pride and pain than with rational calculations of advantage and profit. There is a Washington story, perhaps apocryphal, that the military intellectuals in the Pentagon conducted an experiment in which they fed data derived from the events of the summer of 1914 into a computer and that, after weighing and digesting the evidence, the machine assured its users that there was no danger of war. What this "proves," if anything, is that computers are more             than men; it also suggests that if there is a root cause of human conflict and of the power drive of nations, it lies not in hopes of economic development, historical forces, or the workings of the balance of power, but in the ordinary hopes and fears of the human mind.

*pathology (사람의 행동에서) 병적 측면
**apocryphal 출처가 불분명한

① weak ② advantageous ③ rational

④ earnest ⑤ aggressive

01. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

수능특강 변형문제 4-6강

2번 노화가 되면 소비가 감소하고 투자보다는 저축을 증가하지만 한편으로 은퇴한 사람들이 저축을 지출하기 때문에 균형을 이루고 전체적인 저축과 투자는 감소한다.

Aging is an economic challenge because unless retirement ages are drastically increased so that older members of society can continue to contribute to the workforce an economic imperative that has many economic benefits, the working-age population falls at the same time as the percentage of dependent elders increases.

a) In addition, fewer people are likely to take entrepreneurial risks because aging workers tend to preserve the assets they need to retire comfortably rather than set up new businesses.

b) As the population ages and there are fewer young adults, purchases of big-ticket items such as homes, furniture, cars and appliances decrease.

c) This is somewhat balanced by people retiring and drawing down their accumulated savings, which in total lowers savings and investment rates.

*imperative 급선무, 필요성 **entrepreneurial 기업가적인

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

1-2. 다음 글에서 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

5번 인구의 노화가 증가하게 되면 저축이나 투자가 늘어나는 것이 아니라 감소하는 것이다.

Aging is an economic challenge because unless retirement ages are drastically increased so that older members of society can continue to ①contribute to the workforce an economic imperative that has many economic benefits, the working-age population falls at the same time as the percentage of ②dependent elders increases. As the population ages and there are fewer young adults, purchases of big-ticket items such as homes, furniture, cars and appliances ③decrease.  In addition, fewer people are likely to take entrepreneurial risks because aging workers tend to ④preserve the assets they need to retire comfortably rather than set up new businesses. This is somewhat balanced by people retiring and drawing down their accumulated savings, which in total ⑤augment savings and investment rates.

02. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

3번 뉴질랜드에 희귀새들을 보호하겠다는 것은 성공하지 못했지만 침입종으로부터 멸종위기 종들을 구하는 기술은 그들의 멸종을 막는 좋은 도구가 되어주었다.

During the 1890s Richard Henry was caretaker of Resolution Island in remote Fiordland on the west coast of New Zealand's South Island. A keen naturalist, he noted with concern the impact on native birds of the arrival of recently introduced stoats as they invaded this last corner of New Zealand. In a desperate attempt to protect populations of the flightless kakapo and little spotted kiwi between 1894 and 1900 he translocated hundreds of individuals from the mainland on to Resolution Island. Unfortunately, Resolution was too close to the mainland and stoats invaded in 1900. Thus, Henry's efforts were in vain. Nevertheless, the technique of isolating species in danger on predator-free islands that may or may not have been occupied by the species in the past became a vital tool to prevent extinctions from predation by                          in New Zealand.

*stoat 담비[북방 족제비] **little spotted kiwi 쇠알락 키위

① human intervention     ② exotic animal trade    ③ introduced predators       ④ biodiversity

⑤ eco-friendly policy

03. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 인간의 행동은 개성의 표현이고 목적이 있으므로 아이에게서 건설적인 목적을 찾는 것이 도움을 주려는 어른으로써 우리의 일이고 그 예시가 폭력적인 행위이다. 그 행위 자체를 좋게 볼 수는 없지만 그 행위의 본질 속에서 오히려 희생당하지 않으려는 마음을 발견하여 좋게 말해줌으로써 더 좋은 미래로 아이를 나아가도록 해야 한다.

Genes give us the foundation of our models.

a) Ask yourself in what context or situation the core of a particular behavior would signify value. For example, "Your refusal to be victimized will help you grow more tolerant with people as you mature." This comment orients the child toward a more fulfilling future because it validates the child's world view and enlists the core of the behavior as a positive resource.

b) This does not mean that we should view violent behavior as resourceful; rather, we can enlist the core of violent behavior as a positive resource (e.g., Violent behavior may exemplify an eagerness to take control, an ability to respond authoritatively, or a refusal to be victimized).

c) Experiences give us individual identities.  Behaviors express our individual needs, desires, urges, attitudes, beliefs, and so on. In this way, all behaviors are purposeful. It is our job as supportive adults to find a constructive purpose.

*exemplify 전형적으로 보여 주다 **orient 지향하게 하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

04. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 다른 이에게 음식을 제공할 때 상대의 바램을 알아야 하고 관계를 위해 사람들의 선호는 양보되어야 한다. 결혼한 커플과 손님과 집주인의 경우가 그러한 예이다.

Managing relationships is a value that represents how someone considers the interests and well-being of other people involved in a person's social world.

a) Personal needs and preferences are often compromised to build, maintain or repair relationships. Food is central to family harmony, and someone who adopts the role of the 'household food manager' is typically very attentive to the preferences, dislikes and patterns of eating of others.

b) When people provide food for others, share food with others or receive food from others, they typically consider the needs, preferences and feelings of those people related to what, how, when and where food is eaten.

c) For example, newly married couples must negotiate ways to make joint food choices and parent-child relationships contribute to constructing family food decisions. Being a host, guest or co-worker also shapes food choice situations where roles and relationships are primary considerations in food choice.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

01. 다음 글에서 어법 상 잘못된 부분을 고르세요.

1번 접속사 that 뒤에 주어가 와야 할 자리이다. choosing~~~~~ would

Thomas Edison failed ten thousand times until, like a bolt of lighting, the solution to the challenge of the incandescent light bulb hit him, and because of this, he transformed the world. Rosa Parks had no idea that ①chose to resist her conditioning — the injustice of racial prejudicing — and risking imprisonment, beating, or even worse, would spark a revolution ②that would transform history for all men and women, regardless of race. When Mother Teresa chose to leave her position ③educating the privileged classes of India in order to care for the poor and forgotten, people thought that she was crazy. At the time, Mother Teresa had no idea of the global impact ④that this decision would have on the world. Albert Einstein received the solution to his Theory of Relativity ⑤while dreaming that he was riding on a beam of light. So, too, will you receive your aha moments of brilliance, unexpectedly and through no effort of your own.

*incandescent 백열광을 내는

02. 다음 중 컨트리 음악에 대한 내용과 일치하지 않는 것을 고르세요.

4번 듣는 사람이 노동자 계층이든 아니든 상관없다.

The major themes of country music are work, freedom, and alienation, appearing in approximately one-sixth of all Top 20 selections. Country music is itself a commercial offshoot of the traditional song and instrumental music of the South, formerly carried on in an oral tradition. Consequently, from the start country music was an eclectic mix, which included ancient British ballads, Americanized versions of these, sacred songs, minstrel tunes, early blues, and songs of many sorts absorbed from the commercial popular music industry over the years. Over the 20th century it has grown from a homegrown and heartfelt music, expressing working-class identity, whether or not its listeners are actually working class. The symbolic meaning of country music as the declared favorite music of New England-educated, upper-class President George Bush — presenting him as a "regular American" — is unmistakable.

*offshoot 파생물, 갈래  **eclectic 절충적인 ***minstrel (중세의) 음유 시인

① 남부 전통 노래와 기악곡의 상업적 파생물이다.

② 상업 음악에서 흡수된 많은 종류의 음악이 포함되어 있다.

③ 20세기 전체에 노동 계층의 정체성을 가지고 있었다.

④ 듣는 사람의 대다수는 노동계층이고 그들의 정체성에 어필하도록 하였다.

⑤ 조지 부시 대통령이 가장 좋아하는 음악으로 공언되어 있다.

03. 다음 글에서 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

1번 게으름이 아니라 바쁜 것이 생산성과 동일한 것이 아님을 나타내는 글 business

We must understand that ①laziness does not necessarily equal productivity, and in order to accomplish anything in life, we must prioritize. What we put at the top of our list determines how we spend our time and how much value we get out of each and every day. The truth is, most of us are ②unconscious about how we truly  spend our time, ③prioritizing things that we say don't really matter to us. We waste our extra time watching TV, complaining, or sleeping our lives away. We mindlessly scroll through social media and spend hours talking on the phone, and we don't make ④good use of our time traveling to and from work. We do so much in a day, yet wonder where all of our time went. Once we get ⑤honest about how we're actually spending our days, we can begin to prioritize what's most important to us, and start taking back our time.

04. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 천재라는 말은 선천적 재능을 말하고 그것은 창의성의 직관이다 그래서 칸트는 그들을 모방 정신의 반대라 칭하였고 천재성을 과학적으로 규정할 수 없다고 했다. 그래서 천재 자신도 자신이 어떻게 그런 생각을 했는지 알수가 없다.

The term genius can be traced back to the Latin word ingenium: a natural-born talent.

a) The key significance for invention is that the so-called genius develops ideas that no one has had previously and, in the words of Immanuel Kant, that 'genius must be considered the very opposite of a spirit of imitation'.  In addition, Kant established that genius 'cannot indicate scientifically how it brings about its product, but rather gives the rule as nature.

b) The essence of this talent is seen as original productivity, which employs confident intuition to access new areas of creativity. The person who has genius — a brilliant creative power — is also known as a genius. It was not until the Renaissance that people began to describe an artistic creative potential or the source of inspiration as genius.

c) Hence, where an author owes a product to his genius, he does not himself know how he conceived the ideas, nor is it in his power to invent the like at pleasure, or methodically, and communicate the same to others in such precepts as would put them in a position to produce similar products.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

05. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 우리는 대중 매체를 통해 빠른 다이어트가 가장 하다고 믿게 된다. 그 예시가 바로 The biggest loser 이다. 그러나 우리는 최신 다이어트를 시도하고 난 뒤 빼야할 살이 더 많아졌음을 알게 된다. 사람들이 정말 받아들이지 못하는 것은 바로 변화에 시간이 걸린다는 점이다.

The way our society views weight and getting into shape is one example of where expectations are often out of touch with reality, and leads to impatience — one of the top reasons why over 95 percent of all diets fail.

a) While there are many factors that go into weight loss and healthy living, one of the hardest things for people to accept is that any real lifestyle change takes time: time to break bad habits and time to form new healthy ones.

b) We are led to believe through various media that dropping pounds is something that can be done quickly and effectively if we just try hard enough. The reality show The Biggest Loser, where contestants drop ten or even twenty pounds in one week, implies that rapid results are not only possible but commonplace.

c) We search for the latest fads and are drawn to products claiming to trim our waistline in thirty days or less. Yet time after time we find ourselves, after attempts to diet, with ever more weight to lose.        *fad (일시적인) 유행 **trim 줄이다, 다듬다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

5-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

4번 조급함에 의해 다이어트 실패. 사람들은 변화에 시간이 걸린다는 것을 인정못함

The way our society views weight and getting into shape is one example of where expectations are often out of touch with reality, and leads to              — one of the top reasons why over 95 percent of all diets fail. We are led to believe through various media that dropping pounds is something that can be done quickly and effectively if we just try hard enough. The reality show The Biggest Loser, where contestants drop ten or even twenty pounds in one week, implies that rapid results are not only possible but commonplace. We search for the latest fads and are drawn to products claiming to trim our waistline in thirty days or less.  Yet time after time we find ourselves, after attempts to diet, with ever more weight to lose.  While there are many factors that go into weight loss and healthy living, one of the hardest things for people to accept is that any real lifestyle change takes time: time to break bad habits and time to form new healthy ones.

*fad (일시적인) 유행 **trim 줄이다, 다듬다

① indulgence  ② negligence ③ eagerness

④ impatience ⑤ empathy

06. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

5번 짧은 비디오 영상은 학생들이 처음 이야기한 상대에 대한 평가가 학기가 끝나고 난 뒤에도 동일하다는 것을 보여준다. 즉 상대에게 나쁜 첫인상을 주는 것이 큰 실수라는 것을 알려준다.

Recent psychological research has revealed that college students who look at a two-second video clip of a professor teaching can predict how students who spend an entire semester with that professor will like that professor by the end of the semester. In other words, a student watching a two-second clip of a professor says, "I like him." Or, "I don't like him." That statement is then recorded. At the end of the semester, students who have taken a class with the professor anonymously record whether or not they liked the professor. With incredible accuracy, those watching the two-second clip predict what the entire class will feel at the end of the semester. It sounds unbelievable, but it is true. One of the big mistakes we make is                         *anonymously 익명으로

① choosing the best explanation too early

② prioritizing at comes to mind first

③ teaching only something new in an entire semester

④ trying to ignore the statement recorded

⑤ making a poor impression on others.

07. 다음 빈칸에 알맞은 단어를 고르세요?

5번 역할 연극에서 중요한 것은 다양한 상황과 다양한 배역에서 자신이 유연한 상상력을 발휘하여 적절하게 반응하는 것이다.

Imagination and creativity are the gate keys of fantasy role-playing.  If students cannot imagine themselves engaged by the fantasy world described to them, then the game cannot get off the ground. The students exercise their imagination and creativity in countless ways, from taking on the role of their assigned characters to interacting with other creatures and alien environments.  In every case, what is minimally called for is              in order to react appropriately to the multiple situations the students encounter, while looking ahead to the consequences of various actions and decisions. This means that fantasy role-playing provides an ideal environment to cultivate and test the productive use of imagination, utilizing it to enliven the fantasy narrative, envision alternatives, and empathize with others.  *empathize 공감하다

① cooperation spirit

② law observance

③ social pressure

④ reality awareness

⑤ imaginative flexibility

08. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 가전제품 광고카피라이터가 처음 등장하고 그를 다음 글에서 He 라고 받아주었다.

I don't have to be the first to break it to you that this is not the main concern of an advertising copywriter for a home appliance company.

Advertising is a form of persuasion. ①This means that from square one, your goals and interests goals and interests are often very different from those of the advertiser. ②Let's say your goal is to buy the best dishwashing machine you can afford.  ③He's unlikely to suffer a single pang of failure upon finding out that, by buying the washer in his beautifully-crafted ad, you've passed up a wiser purchase. ④If you really want to read something that's written with your best interests in mind, you pick up a copy of Consumer Reports — you don't go flipping through Good Housekeeping to find that dishwasher ad you saw last week. ⑤When you do read the ad, you take it for granted that any comparisons it makes to the competition are not necessarily "fair and balanced".

*pang 고통

01. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 집단 사고는 집단의 결속이 강할수록 불협화음을 만들고 싶지 않는 충동이 강해지는 것을 말한다.

Yale psychologist Irving Janis showed that just about every group develops an agreed-upon view of things — a consensus reality, the "PC" or politically correct view. Any evidence to the contrary is automatically rejected without consideration, often ridiculed, and may lead to exclusion of the person presenting the un-PC data. So group members are careful not to rock the boat by disagreeing with the consensus — doing so can seriously damage their standing.  In his classic book, Groupthink, Janis explained how panels of experts made enormous mistakes.  People on the panels, he said, worry about their personal relevance and effectiveness, and feel that if they deviate too far from the consensus, they will not be taken seriously. People compete for stature, and the ideas often just tag along. Groupthink causes groups to get locked into their course of action, unable to explore alternatives, because no one questions the established course. The more cohesive the group, the greater the urge of the group members                            .

*stature 위상, 지명도

① to avoid creating any discord

② not to be taken seriously

③ to present the un-PC data

④ to disagree with the consensus

⑤ to accept what each member suggests separately

02. 다음 글의 흐름에 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

3번 온도의 변화에 의해서 메뚜기나 귀뚜라미 등은 소리내는 것이 변화한다. 그래서 by no means 가 naver 의 의미이기 때문에 정답은 변화하는 이라는 fluctuating 이 아니라 일정한 constant 라고 해야 한다. 일정하지 않다는 의미.

The temperature of 54°F appears to be a magic ①threshold for several species. For example, at the height of summer, billowing meadows full of grasses and herbs are the habitat for grasshoppers and crickets, which ②provide an orchestral backdrop with their chirping. However, this soundscape is by no means ③fluctuating. Because to really make a decent sound, the air temperature must be at least 54°F. If it is cooler, you'll barely hear a squeak from these tiny musicians. As cold-blooded creatures, grasshoppers can't ④regulate their own body temperature, and only really get going when it's warm enough. Their body movements become faster with ⑤rising temperatures, resulting in ever more rapid vibrations of the legs and wings, which produce the chirping sound, depending on the type. This also changes the frequency of the tone produced: the warmer it is, the higher the pitch.

*threshold 문턱, 한계점 *billow 물결치다
*chirp 찍찍거리다

03. 다음 글의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

5번 그 다음해 주주 총회에서 성공적인 복종이 아니라 반역 rebellion이어야 뒤에 전체 간부들을 제거한다는 이야기와 연결됨

In America we have developed the Corporation Man. His life, his family, and his future lie with his corporation.  His training, his social life, the kind of car he drives, the clothes he and his wife wear, the neighborhood he lives in, and the kind and cost of his house and furniture are all ①dictated by his corporate status. His position in the pyramid of management is exactly defined by the size of his salary and bonuses. The pressures toward ②conformity are subtle but irresistible, for his position and his hopes for promotion are keyed to performance of duties, activities, and even attitudes which make the corporation ③successful. In the areas of management, sales, and public relations, the position of the corporation man is ④secure only from one stockholders' meeting to the next; a successful ⑤compliance there may sweep out whole cadres of earnest men and replace them with others.

*cadre 간부, 핵심그룹

04. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 어떤 것은 수량화 할 수 없다. 그것의 예시가 바로 사랑이다.

Now, as a matter of fact, some things can be quantified and some things cannot

Unfortunately, there are some social scientists who refuse to admit the limitations of their field of study. They push hard to make social science imitate physical science. This is usually done by the use of all sorts of numbers, tables, charts, and graphs in order to give the impression of a profound quantification of the subject matter. ①We cannot really quantify prejudice or love, for instance. ② When all is said and done, such attempted quantification is in vain.  ③What is often forgotten, even in the physical sciences, is that science is not primarily a matter of quantification. ④The use of mathematical techniques is not an end in itself but only a means to an end, namely, the discovery of what's true about the material world). ⑤The use of numbers is one way to be more precise in our effort to rationally understand causes.

quantification 수량화

4-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 사회과학이 자연과학을 모방하며 숫자와 표등을 이용하지만 사랑과 같이 수량화 할 수 없는 것들이 있고 심지어 물리학에서 조차 수학의 목표는 진리를 발견하는 수단일 뿐이다.

Unfortunately, there are some social scientists who refuse to admit the limitations of their field of study.

a) We cannot really quantify prejudice or love, for instance.  When all is said and done, such attempted quantification is in vain.  What is often forgotten, even in the physical sciences, is that science is not primarily a matter of quantification.

b) The use of mathematical techniques is not an end in itself but only a means to an end, namely, the discovery of what's true about the material world). The use of numbers is one way to be more precise in our effort to rationally understand causes.

c) They push hard to make social science imitate physical science. This is usually done by the use of all sorts of numbers, tables, charts, and graphs in order to give the impression of a profound quantification of the subject matter. Now, as a matter of fact, some things can be quantified and some things cannot.     *quantification 수량화

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

05. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

2번 문화를 구성하는 공통된 신념들은 시공간에 의해 변화한다. 그래서 삶에 표준이나 도덕에 대한 기본적인 가정들도 변화하기 쉽다.

Culture consists of the linked stock of ideas that define a set of commonsense beliefs about what is right, what is natural, what works.  These commonsense beliefs are not universal, but are instead typically bounded by time as well as by space. Today's orthodoxy may be the heterodoxy of yesterday and tomorrow. Although cultural change is not usually perceptible from day to day, when we look over a longer time span it becomes apparent that even the most fundamental assumptions about morality and the standards by which quality of life should be evaluated are                 . In his 1972 paper, Anthony Downs offers a vivid illustration of the extent of cultural change with his observation that "One hundred years ago, white Americans were eliminating whole Indian tribes without a blink. Today, many serious-minded citizens seek to make important issues out of the potential disappearance of the whooping crane, the timber wolf, and other exotic creatures."                   *orthodoxy 정설, 통설 **heterodoxy 이설, 비정통적 학설

① contradictory to each other

② subject to change

③ affected by nationality

④ universal among nations

⑤ timeless and unconditional

06. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 음악성은 선천적인 요소도 있지만 전문가가 되는 것에는 문화적인 영향도 같이 있다. 특히 사회마다 개인의 음악 참여를 권장하는 데 차이가 있는데 시골의 경우와 도시의 경우에 차이가 나타난다.

The world's societies differ in the degree to which they encourage individuals to participate in music.

There is the question of the innate musicality of humans. ①We know that all normal humans inherit the ability to learn language — it is somehow "hardwired" in the human brain — but whether the same is true of music, whether all humans are basically musical is not clear, in part because cultures differ so much in their conception of "singing." ②Yet it seems likely that all humans can learn to sing minimally, to beat rhythms accurately, and to recognize simple pieces. ③Not all can attain professional proficiency; but then, although all humans can learn to speak, not all can become great orators. ④In some rural societies, most people are considered about equally good at singing, and everyone participates in music-making at public events. ⑤In many urban societies, musical participation is largely limited to listening to live music and even more to recordings, whereas performance is left to professionals.

*orator 연설가

6-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 16번 문제 설명과 동일

There is the question of the innate musicality of humans.

a) We know that all normal humans inherit the ability to learn language — it is somehow "hardwired" in the human brain — but whether the same is true of music, whether all humans are basically musical is not clear, in part because cultures differ so much in their conception of "singing."

b) In some rural societies, most people are considered about equally good at singing, and everyone participates in music-making at public events. In many urban societies, musical participation is largely limited to listening to live music and even more to recordings, whereas performance is left to professionals.

c) Yet it seems likely that all humans can learn to sing minimally, to beat rhythms accurately, and to recognize simple pieces. Not all can attain professional proficiency; but then, although all humans can learn to speak, not all can become great orators. The world's societies differ in the degree to which they encourage individuals to participate in music.

*orator 연설가

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

07. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 투키디데스의 덫에 대한 설명을 하며 앨리슨의 프로젝트를 통해 아테네와 스파르타의 전쟁이 작은 동맹국의 행동에 의해 일어날 수 있었고 동아시아에 대만과 일본도 미국과 중국의 전쟁을 촉발할 수 있었다고 이야기한다.

Graham Allison intriguingly laid out his ideas about the Thucydides Trap, tensions between an established power and a rising one, in an essay for The Atlantic.

a) This can easily happen in East Asia. Both Taiwan and Japan have the potential to draw the US closer to war with China. Arguably, the US's allies might play a bigger role in the Thucydides Trap than fear of a rising power. This results in a situation where a great deal of effort is required to escape the Thucydides Trap.

b) As part of the Thucydides Trap Project, a team under Allison's direction examined sixteen cases where a rising power challenged an established one and determined the outcome of such challenges. The results are disturbing. Fourteen out of sixteen cases resulted in war.

c) The worrying factor, according to Allison, is the fact that normal events or 'standard crises' that can otherwise be resolved, nevertheless trigger war. In the case of Athens and Sparta, it was the actions of smaller allies that drew them closer to war.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

08. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 미이라는 처음 모레에 뭍다가 그들의 보존된 시신을 통해 사후세계에 믿음이 생겨나고 매장방식이 정교해지며 사원등이 등장하게 됨에 따라 사후에 신체 보존을 위해 미이라화를 하게 됨.

Mummification in Ancient Egypt was developed in response to a gradual change in the burial preferences of its deceased.

a) However, as belief in the afterlife and rebirth was fundamental to Egyptian burial practices, mummification was developed to artificially preserve the body in readiness for the journey to the underworld and to be judged by Osiris.

b) The physical features of the body would be retained, and this lifelike appearance of the corpse may have supported the belief of an afterlife. As burial practices became more sophisticated, with the construction of elaborate tombs and monuments to the dead, the bodies of the deceased were no longer buried in the desert sand.

c) The artificial preservation of bodies, both human and animal, was practised in Egypt from about 2686 BC until the beginning of the Christian era.  The earliest Egyptians were buried in the sand, typically in the foetal position to reduce the size of the hole that would need to be dug, and the hot, dry climate would dehydrate the body.

*the deceased 고인(故人) **foetal 태아의

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

01. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 평가자의 역할에 따라 다른 스키마를 쓰게 하지만 습관에 의해서 스키마가 결정되기도 한다. 즉 자주 활성화된 스키마는 자주 활성화 되어 새로운 자극을 이해하는데 도움이 된다.

You may have noticed that people differ in the schemas they tend to use when evaluating others. College professors are often concerned with whether someone is smart, sales managers with whether someone is persuasive, and those involved in the entertainment business with whether someone has charisma.

a) A frequently activated schema functions much like a recently activated one: its heightened accessibility increases the likelihood that it will be applied to understanding a new stimulus.

b) But sometimes the schema is simply determined by habit: if a person uses a particular schema frequently, it may become chronically accessible and therefore likely to be used still more frequently in the future.

c) As these examples illustrate, the role of the evaluator or the context in which a target person is encountered often influences which traits or schemas are used.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

02. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

4번 사람들은 다른 이들과 어울리고 싶은 본능에 의해 스포츠 경기에 참여하지만 만약 그가 혼자서 고립되어 선수들만 보게 된다면 비오는날 스텐드에 서있는 사람은 거의 없을 것이다.

Not everyone comes to see the game. For some, the contest merely provides the setting and opportunities for the expression of other motives. The social contact provided by the crowd itself suggests a reason for people to attend. This very point was elaborated by William McDougall in a book published in 1908, in which he developed his case for the existence of a gregarious instinct in humans. The question he posed at the turn of the century certainly argues convincingly for the view that we are social creatures.  However, additionally labeling the observed behavior as an "instinct" creates a tautology that adds nothing to our understanding.  McDougall asks his readers, "What proportion of the ten thousand witnesses of a football match would stand for an hour or more in the wind and rain, if each man were                               ?"  We would guess very few in 1908, fewer today.

① exposed to the expressive behaviors of others in the same stadium

② allowed to get along with others or even their acquaints on the stand

③ trying to compete with and defeat his or her opposing team members

④ isolated from the rest of the crowd and saw only the players

⑤ made to be with people he doesn't want to be with in the stadium

03. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 친구중에 한명은 고요할 때 창의적인 글쓰기가 될 것이라 생각했지만 실제로 아이를 낳고 난 후 격한 활동을 하면서 더 주어진 시간에 집중하게 되어 창의적인 작품이 나오게 되었다.

There is a widespread belief that creativity is best served through inner peace, stillness, and calmness.

a) Shortly thereafter, her first baby was born and her schedule went from long, open, peaceful, unstructured days to tightly orchestrated, minute-by-minute slots tightly orchestrated, minute-by-minute slots, punctuated by extreme activity. The result? She became prolifically productive.

b) One of my colleagues was convinced that her own creative writing was best when she had no distractions, quietly sipping tea in a peaceful setting. However, after three months of such languid writing days, she produced nothing that she was proud of.

c) In her words, she was "wired." The way she put it to me was, "I have ninety minutes when Sam is napping, and I run to the computer and write like crazy. I'm totally focused."  Turns out, my colleague is onto something.  In fact, it is better to be aroused when attempting to think creatively.

*languid 나른한 **punctuate 간간이 끼어들다
***prolifically 다작 면에서

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

04. 다음 중 어법 상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

2번 that 과 if 가 함께 쓰여서 문장에 S+V가 두 번등장 해야 한다. 그래서 관계대명사가 아니라 they 라는 주어의 형태가 필요하다. (that절)

During a particularly trying time early in my sales career, a sales manager gave me a poster that read, "If it is ①to be, it is up to me." I realized within that moment that if any changes or improvements were going to occur in my outside world, ②which needed to begin within my inside world. In life, all meaningful or macrocosmic change within society begins on a microcosmic level — that's you and me. You cannot authoritatively impose effective change upon any society; rather, it must be a choice that is felt ③deep within the consciousness of its inhabitants. Collectively, society's individuals must band together and say with one voice, "We're mad as hell and we're not gonna take it any more." For this to occur, however, one person must be willing ④to take the reins of change, with all of the risk those reins entail, and with an iron resolve, ⑤lead the charge of effective change.

*rein 통제권, 고삐

05. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 델포이 기법은 여러 사람들의 의견을 종합하여 여러번의 피드백을 실행하고 그것을 통해서 하나의 의견 일치 또는 판단을 얻고자 하는 방법이다.

According to Greek mythology, the Oracle at Delphi was consulted to gauge the risk of waging a war. In modern times, the term Delphi refers to a group survey technique for combining the opinions of several people to develop               . The technique comprises a series of structured questions and feedback reports. Each respondent is given a series of questions (e.g., what are the five most significant risks in this project?), to which he writes his opinions and reasons. The opinions of everyone surveyed are summarized in a report and returned to the respondents, who then have the opportunity to modify their opinions. Because the written responses are kept anonymous, no one feels pressured to conform to anyone else's opinion. If people change their opinions, they must explain the reasons why; if they don't, they must also explain why. The process continues until the group reaches a collective opinion. Studies have proven the technique to be an effective way of reaching consensus.

*oracle 신탁(神託), 신의 말씀

① a collective judgment

② an effective alternative

③ a useful complement

④ a competitive mood

⑤ an faked estimation

06. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

3번 백인은 어린 시절 흑인들과 친구이지만 나이가 들수록 인종적인 편견을 가지게 된다. 즉 사회적인 구조는 사람들의 생각하는 방식에 영향을 준다.

What is the basic idea of sociology? It is this: Social structure pushes people around, influences their careers, and even affects how they think. My Tougaloo College students readily understood that social structure pushed people around. Not one of their parents was an architect, for example, because no school in the Deep South in their parents' generation both taught architecture and admitted African Americans. So my Tougaloo students knew how social structure might influence careers. Then, too, neighbors of theirs — white children — had been their friends when they were four and five years old, but by the time they were fourteen and fifteen a barrier had gone up between them. My black undergraduates could see that this racial bias was hardly innate; rather, it showed that social structure affects               .  Hence they were open to the sociological perspective.

① what people can do ② how long they can live

③ how people think ④ what language they will use  ⑤ what they eat

07. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

3번 종교의 기원이 되는 신화 전설의 인물들은 자연 현상을 인간의 인격화시키는 능력에 의해 의인화 한 것으로 여겨지고 있다.

According to the scholars of the Indian traditions (Vedas), the origin of religion was to be sought in the impressions that natural phenomena made upon man. The mythological figures were thought to be                   . The impressive manifestations of nature stimulated the personifying fantasy of man. The primary stage of religion was not due to the religious nature of man, or to the 'need of the human heart', as O. Müller expressed it in his book, but to man's elementary capability of seeing personal figures in the impersonal phenomena of his surroundings. What finally led to the formation of religion was, thus, the elaboration of a nature mythology, and the veneration of the respective figures. The beginning of religion was the worship of many natural objects, with a predominance of such phenomena as the sun, the sky, thunderstorms, lightning, rain, and fire.

*veneration 숭배

① identifications with desires of people

② faked characters from ancestor’s imagination

③ personifications of natural objects

④ irrational and overly emotional creatures

⑤ the saviors of the world in chaos

08. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 민주주의는 대중 매체의 권력이 집중되어서는 안된다. 그 첫 번째가 작은회사들이 서로 경쟁하도록 하는 것이고 두 번째가 독립적인 대안 미디어 뿐만 아니라 비상업적인 공적인 미디어를 만드는 것이다.

Let's give control to a greater number of smaller companies that could legitimately compete with a broader range of information.

A well-functioning democracy requires a media system that provides diverse sources of information and encourages civic participation. ①The government once considered the airwaves such an integral part of our democracy that politicians decided the public should own and control them. ② It is time for the public to reclaim the responsibility of producing quality media from the corporate conglomerates. ③The first step is to break up the concentration of media power. ④ Also, we must create and maintain a noncommercial public media system as well as independent alternative media that exist outside the control of transnational corporations and advertisers. ⑤The rise of independent political blogs, and that of alternative podcasts, radio networks and television channels are all examples of citizens rising up to take back control of our media.

*airwaves 방송 전파 **conglomerate 대기업

09. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 암탉은 밖에 작은 잔디보다는 자신의 둥지에 계속 머무르기를 원하고 (첫번째 발견) 익숙한 곳을 박탈 당했을 때 문화 충격을 받아서 회복하는데 긴 시간이 필요하다 (두번째 발견)

Consider the question often asked by scientists, including even those who are well disposed toward animals, as to whether the hen suffers from what she has never known. The Oxford researcher Marian Dawkins conducted experiments to determine what hens felt about their homes.

a) And fowl expert Valerie Porter points out that chickens taken from a battery cage "will be in a considerable state of what you might call cultural shock if they are deprived of the only type of environment they have ever known.

b) In fact, they will curl up in a corner in a state of terrified agoraphobia and it will take a great deal of time and patient understanding to rehabilitate them to real life."

c) Somewhat to her surprise, she found that hens who had been confined to battery cages, cages no larger than a sheet of newspaper, when given the choice between a small outside run with grass and the cages they had known all their lives, chose to stay in the cages.

*battery cage (촘촘히 이어진) 닭장 **agoraphobia 광장공포증

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

10. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

2번 인간이 다리를 디자인 하는데 있어 성공과 실패의 반복은 시대를 초월하여 계속 주기적으로 반복되어진다.

The cyclical nature of success and failure has been well established in the field of modern bridge design and engineering, in which experience spans about two centuries. Unfortunately, the lessons learned from failures are too often forgotten in the course of the renewed period of success that takes place in the context of technological advance. This masks the underlying fact that the design process now is fundamentally the same as the design process thirty, three hundred, even three thousand years ago. The creative and inherently human process of design, upon which all technological development depends, is in effect         . What this means, in part, is that the same cognitive mistakes that were made three thousand, three hundred, or thirty years ago can be made again today, and can be expected to be made indefinitely into the future. Failures are part of the technological condition.

① restrictive ② timeless ③ flawless  ④ conventional  ⑤ irregular

11. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

5번 reshoring 은 결국 그 회사의 소유주가 미국이냐 베트남이냐 하는 문제와는 별개로 생산시설과 재료 공급 업자가 국내에 있는 것이 중요한 것이다. 그래서 누가 생산활동을 하는지와는 독립적인 문제이다.

The popular press deems reshoring to be "bringing manufacturing back home..." from a current location that is not home. The term is agnostic as to whether the manufacturing being brought home occurred in a wholly owned facility in an offshore location or in the factory of an offshore supplier. GE, for example, reshored its appliance manufacturing from its production facility in China to the U.S. in its own plant to meet the U.S. demand, whereas the U.S.-based Vaniman Manufacturing decided to no longer buy sheet metal fabrication from an overseas supplier and to instead source from a local supplier to meet demand in the U.S.  Both would be considered reshoring more precisely, reshoring back to the U.S.. Reshoring is fundamentally concerned with where manufacturing activities are to be performed, independent of                                     — a location decision only, as opposed to a decision regarding location and ownership.               *agnostic 관련이 없는

① where they want to sell their products

② how much investment will be needed to build a new factory

③ which location would be easy to access to for exporting products abroad

④ whose material has superior quality to other suppliers

⑤ who is performing the manufacturing activities in question

12. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 집단 업무에 대한 기대감을 주고 그들의 자기 소개서를 상대에게 보여준 후 그들로 하여금 같이 일할 사람을 선택하도록 하였지만 결국 연구자들은 임으로 피실험자들에게 일을 부여하였고 그들 중 일부는 자신들의 기대와 다르게 혼자 일을 하게 된다. 혼자 일을 하게 된 사람들은 낮은 자존감을 보여주게 된다. 이로써 타인의 나에 대한 인정이 자존감에 영향을 준다는 것을 알게되었다.

Mark Leary and his colleagues led participants to believe that they were to perform a group task.

a) The experimenter ignored the participants' actual preferences and randomly assigned some participants to a condition in which they had supposedly been passed over by the others and had to work alone, and other participants to a condition in which they were in high demand by others and worked with a group.

b) Before the task, each participant was asked to write an essay about "what it means to be me" and "the kind of person I would most like to be." The experimenter then gave each person's essay to other participants (in another location) who were asked to indicate who they would like to work with in the group setting.

c) Participants in the work-alone condition, who believed they had been excluded, reported lower levels of self-esteem than those involved by the group. Our momentary feelings of self-worth strongly depend on the extent to which others approve of us and include us.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

01. 다음 글의 빈칸에 알맞은 말은?

2번 과학자는 혼자 실험실에 있는 사람이 아니라 다른 동료로부터 feedback을 받고 그것으로 논문을 발표할 수 있으므로 과학은 매우 사회적인 활동이다

Movies and cartoons sometimes portray scientists as loners in white lab coats, working in isolated labs. In reality, science is             . Most scientists work in teams, which often include both graduate and undergraduate students. And to succeed in science, it helps to be a good communicator. Research results have no impact until shared with a community of peers through seminars, publications, and websites. And, in fact, research papers aren't published until they are vetted by colleagues in what is called the "peer review" process.  Most of the examples of scientific inquiry described in science textbooks for college students, for instance, have all been published in peer-reviewed journals.

*vet 심사하다

① an loosely tightened rein

② an intensely social activity

③ a creative independent job

④ an investigative report

⑤ a competitive zero-sum game

02. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 인간의 면역은 나이가 들면서 기능이 쇠퇴하게 되어 더 이상 자신의 몸과 외부 조직을 구별하지 못하게 되며 결국 자기 자신을 공격하게 된다.

The immune system is the body's defense against foreign invaders such as bacterial. The immune system protects and preserves the body's integrity, and it does this by developing antibodies to attack hostile invaders.

a) According to the autoimmune theory of aging, the system may eventually become defective and no longer distinguish the body's own tissues from foreign tissues.

b) The body may then begin to attack itself, as suggested by the rising incidence of autoimmune diseases with advancing age.

c) We know that the immune system begins to decline after adolescence, and the weakening of immune function is linked to age-related vulnerability.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

03. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 화가는 후원자가 이해할 수 있도록 자신의 의도를 잘 전달해야 하는 감정적인 의사소통 능력이 필요하다. 즉 화가는 관객들이 완전하게 자신의 감정을 이해할 것이라 기대하진 않지만 이것에 근접하기를 희망한다.

When a painter is working for a patron, as Leonardo da Vinci did for the Medici, there can be emotional communication resulting from the artist's intention to produce something that the patron will appreciate and enjoy. Even Vincent van Gogh, who was isolated and sold few paintings in his life, cared about the reactions of his brother to the paintings that he produced. Some artists often take pains concerning the framing and presentation of their work for the benefit of the viewers of their art, such as when Mark Rothko was highly particular about the lighting of his paintings. So painting is a social process involving the communication of emotional judgments of the artist to the people who view it.  Painters cannot expect viewers to appreciate their work with exactly the same perceptions and emotions that went into their Summary creation, but they can hope to                             .

① generate some approximation of these

② avoid enjoying their works too much

③ leave some cues in their products for viewers

④ refrain from the communication of emotional judgments

⑤ reject something from the patron’s intention

04. 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 것은?

4번 도치구문 이어서 주어가 access 즉 단수. was 필요

Salt was historically so ①costly and important in Europe that its consumption was linked to social status.  In the medieval world, with its rigid hierarchy, the way ②in which people dined and the food that they ate reflected their position in society. Royalty and nobility sat at the high table, ③positioned on a dais, while their social inferiors ate at lower tables below them.  Among the privileges granted to the elite ④were access to salt, placed in a container on the high table. This clear expression of social divide is reflected in the phrases "above the salt," ⑤referring to someone of high rank and "below the salt," which means someone of lower rank or less socially acceptable.

*dais (식당의 상단, (귀빈용) 높은 자리

05. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

2번 큰 하나의 물건을 이루고 있는 무수히 많은 작은 부분들에 대한 이야기. 그 예시로써 컴퓨터는 단순히 컴퓨터가 아니라 매우 많은 재료들로 이루어져 있다고 이야기함.

If you stop to think about all of the tiny parts that make up any one thing, you could be thinking about it for quite some time. There are almost an infinite number of things that influence and impact any larger thing, right down to atoms and smaller molecules. A computer, for example, looks like a big hunk of metal and glass, but if you look closer, moving your way down from the big things to the tiniest parts that make the computer up, you start to see how a computer is really many smaller things combined to make something bigger. A computer isn't just a computer: It's metal, glass and plastic, screws, springs, wires, copper, ink, electricity, and so much more. How                        is what matters, but how often do we take time to think about that fact?

*hunk 덩어리

① the whole is more than the sum of its part

② those small parts come together to make the bigger parts

③ beauty is in the eye of the behold

④ Every minute seems like a thousand

⑤ The grass is greener on the other side of the fence

06. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 뇌는 형태가 변화하여 치료를 스스로 한다. 예를 들어 뇌졸중으로 팔을 사용하지 못하는 사람을 위한 CI기법이 있고 심지어 난독증이나 언어손상 그리고 나이에 따른 여러 가지 문제를 해결하는 데에도 사용될 수 있을 것이라 믿고 있다.

Taub and his co-workers have already found strong evidence that the brain can be healed by its own plasticity.

a) Amazingly, some people who have lost the use of an arm through a stroke have been trained to use it again by having the good arm restrained and being forced to use the apparently dead one, a technique called 'constraint-induced (CI) movement therapy'.

b) Although this research is still in its early days, Michael Merzenich of the University of California, San Francisco, believes the brain's plasticity may really enable us to protect ourselves against age decline.

c) Even though the part of the brain that controlled the arm was damaged, the Cl movement therapy forced the brain to open up new areas in order to move the dead limb. Similar results have been produced with speech impairment and even dyslexia.

*plasticity 가소성(理性), 유연성 **dyslexia 난독증

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

07. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

5번 자연 풍경에 대한 이미지들은 큰 화면의 이미지로 볼 때 그 에너지가 커진다.

When you watch a documentary on a small standard (4x3) video screen and then see it on an equally small wide-screen (16x9) receiver, you probably notice relatively little energy change. When you switch from the small screen to a large HDTV screen, however, the energy change is readily apparent. This is why some movies that emphasize landscape from actual landscapes to spaceships or battle scenes must be seen on the large screen to feel the total impact.  Even if you use proper conversion methods for aspect ratios, squeezing such large images into the small video screen reduces not only image size but also, if not especially, event energy.Close-ups, inductive sequencing, and a dense audio track help generate some aesthetic energy on the small video screen, but they cannot compete with               and high-volume surround sound.

*aspect ratio 영상비, 화상[영상]의 가로 세로의 비
**inductive sequencing 근접 촬영 장면 연결법

① the expensive latest HDTV

② the high resolution screen

③ the right aspect ratios

④ the real natural images

⑤ the large movie images

08. 다음 어휘 중 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 것을 고르세요.

4번 도로 주변에 재녹지화를 진행할 때에는 반드시 야생동물에 대해 민감하게 생각하여서 진행하여야 한다는 글.

Revegetation techniques are put in place with an understanding of the resultant effects on wildlife.  For instance, the planting of tree lines and woodland areas within roadside landscape may naturally force birds to fly higher above roads when crossing between forest edges, as was shown in the Netherlands. Verges should be ①widened and landscape planting on bends or curves on a road should be set back, to improve visibility and to ②discourage crossings by wildlife. In contrast, along straight sections of road carriageway, vegetative cover should extend as ③close to the road as permitted by road construction and safety standards.  Landscaping of centre medians, junctions, roundabouts or interchanges should be ④insensitive to wildlife.  Berry-producing plants should not be selected as they may prove attractive yet fatal to wildlife due to the close ⑤proximity of traffic.

*verge 길가(도로변) **centre median 중앙분리대

01. 다음 글의 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요.

4번 as가 because 의 의미를 가지고 있어서 뒤에 S+V 가 와야한다. takes place 라고 써야함.

A diverse garden will become a habitat for a variety of bird species. But if all the birds were to sing at the same time, each one's melody ①would be drowned out in the cacophony of voices.  In order for each singer ②to be adequately appreciated by his rivals or his sweetheart, each species ③focuses on a specific time in the morning. Or rather, not a time, but a certain position of the sun. These are relative to sunrise, a precisely definable event. Unfortunately, it changes constantly, as throughout spring, the sunrise ④taking place a little earlier each day, until the summer solstice on June 21, when it starts getting later again. So, bird song is perhaps not ideal as a genuine replacement for your watch, although each species tends to observe its relative time slot, day by day, with ⑤astonishing accuracy.

*cacophony 불협화음 **summer solstice 하지

02. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 시간 압축 광고는 광고를 빨리 돌려서 높은 음이 나오게 하는 것이 아니라 오히려 단어 사이와 모음의 길이를 줄임으로써 메시지가 음의 변화 없이 빠르게 진행되도록 하는 것이다.

Rather, the time-compression technique involves the shortening of pauses between words, and the reduction of the length of vowel sounds

With reference to the variable of intensity, it is almost stating the obvious to say that bright lights or loud sounds can attract our attention. We have all been exposed to countless examples of commercial advertisements that seem to be based solely upon this premise. ①One unusual example of the use of intensity in advertising contexts is the practice of time-compressed speech in radio commercials. ②The experiment conducted by LaBarbera and MacLachlan exposed people to five radio commercials that were either normal or time-compressed on the order of 130%. ③These time-compressed commercials were not "sped up" by making the tape run faster; that would also increase the frequency of the auditory signal, and make the announcer sound like a high-pitched Mickey Mouse. ④This results in a message that runs more quickly, without changing the pitch of the announcer's voice. ⑤These researchers found that the time-compressed advertisements elicited more interest and better recall than the normal ads.

*premise 전제 **elicit 끌어내다

03. 다음 글에 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

2번 재활용은 방사성 물질의 경우 재생하는 것에서 여전히 위험이 남아있기 때문에 한계(limitations) 가 있다.

Recycling means recovery and reprocessing of waste materials for use in new products.  Recycled waste can be ①substituted for raw materials, reducing the quantities of wastes for disposal as well as potential pollution of air, water and land resulting from mineral extraction and waste disposal. However, recycling has certain ②applications when applied to radioactive materials. Due to their inherent radiation, radionuclides are much more ③difficult to recover from contaminated materials. Recovery usually presumes concentration of species into a smaller volume even though this may result in more dangerous materials. Waste radionuclides recovered from contaminated materials are ④difficult to recycle in new devices or compounds. Hence, even materials that contain large amounts of radioactive constituents (e.g. sealed radioactive sources as used in industry, medicine and research) often are immobilized (conditioned) and ⑤safely stored and disposed of rather than recycled.

*species (물리) 핵종(種)(=nuclide) **radionuclide 방사성 핵종(校)

04. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 an anti-affordance 라는 말이 처음으로 사용된 곳이며 그 아래에 같은 단어가 반복되어 진다.

The blockage of passage can be considered an anti-affordance — the prevention of interaction.

Glass affords transparency. At the same time, its physical structure blocks the passage of most physical objects. As a result, glass affords seeing through, but not the passage of air or most physical objects (atomic particles can pass through glass). ①To be effective, affordances and anti-affordances have to be discoverable — perceivable. ②This poses a difficulty with glass. The reason we like glass is its relative invisibility, but this aspect, so useful in the normal window, also hides its anti-affordance property of blocking passage.③ As a result, birds often try to fly through windows. ④ And every year, numerous people injure themselves when they walk (or run) through closed glass doors or large picture windows. ⑤If an affordance or anti-affordance cannot be perceived, some means of signaling its presence is required.

*transparency 투명(성)
**affordance 행동 유도성(특정 행위를 하게 하는 사물의 특성)
***picture window 전망창

05. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 공식적인 식사자리에서는 말보다는 음식 분배가 중요한 사회적 메시지를 보낸다. 그래서 가장 중요한 손님이 가장 신중히 고른 음식을 받는다. 그리고 다른 요소들도 훨씬 많은 것들을 이야기 할 수 있다.

The most valued guest often gets the choicest portion, and so on down.

In cultural contexts that require polite formulas rather than honest words, language may lose almost all its communicative function, and here food often takes over the role.①In formal dinners around the world, it is not usually appropriate to send the important social messages verbally. ②Words are bland and carefully chosen. ③More information about the actual social transactions going on at the dinner is transmitted by food choice and distribution. ④Other aspects of the ritual may communicate even more. ⑤Everyone carefully observes who sits next to the host, who sits at the host's table, who is the first one to be greeted, who is served first, who gets the best piece of meat, or who is urged to have seconds.

**bland 부드러운, 건조한

06. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

3번 이 글은 비둘기들이 먹이가 나오는 것과 자신의 행동이 관련되어 있다고 생각하여 그 행동들을 반복하게 된다는 내용입니다. 그래서 미래의 결과에 영향을 미치는 의식적인 행동(반복적으로 하는 행동)이 답이 됩니다.

designed to influence future events is not, it seems, limited to humans. B. F. Skinner's classic research into 'superstition in the pigeon', conducted at Indiana University in 1948, supports this hypothesis. Skinner described an experiment in which pigeons were placed inside a box and were presented with a small piece of food once every fifteen seconds, regardless of their behaviour. After a few minutes the birds developed various little unusual rituals, such as walking round in circles, moving their heads up and down and so on. The pigeons appeared to have concluded that their little routines were causing the release of the food even though in reality there was no relationship whatsoever. Skinner's explanation for this phenomenon was that the accidental pairing of the release of food early on in the process with whatever the bird happened to be doing was enough to reinforce that particular type of activity.

① Holistic training

② Specific experiment

③ Ritualistic behaviour

④ Visual intervention

⑤ External distraction

07. 다음 글이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 두 물건이 동일하다고 할 때 그것은 두 개의 물건을 말하는 것이지만 반대로 두 물질이 동일하다고 말할 때에는 그것은 어떤 전체성(다른 것들과 구분되는 온전한 하나)에 대한 개념이 없다. 그래서 이 모레와 저 모레는 같은 물리적인 요소들로 이루어져 있다면 둘 다 동일한 것이다.

In contrast, when we say that two substances are identical or the same, there is no notion of wholeness.

Within the domain of concrete entities, objects and substances have very different properties.  Objects are individuated, whereas substances are nonindividuated. ① Thus, the two kinds of entities have fundamentally different criteria for the notion of identity or sameness.  ②When we say that two objects are identical or the same, we are referring to two objects in their entirety and not to two distinctive parts of a single object.  ③Substances are of scattered existence, and there is no such thing as whole sand, whole water, or whole clay. ④ This portion of sand is identical to that portion of sand, as long as the two portions consist of the same physical constituents. ⑤ This difference in identity or sameness between objects and substances leads to fundamentally different extension principles for determining category membership across the two ontological kinds. *individuate 개별화하다 **constituent 성분, 구성요소 ***ontological 존재론상의

08. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는 ?

3번 통신 기술의 등장으로 주류 서양문화와 언어가 퍼져나갔지만 디지털 기술의 발전이 소수 또는 멸종될 위기의 언어들과 그들을 사용하는 사람들을 보존하는 생명선이 되어 주었다.

Yet, for some endangered languages, the tide is changing through the digital revolution.

Although the efforts to revive dying languages are admirable, the challenges facing those who would reverse the extinction process are intimidating. Not all of the extinctions are the direct result of hostility and repression from a dominant government, as was the case with American Indians throughout most of U.S. history. ①But where brutal repression failed to make indigenous languages and culture extinct, intense globalization since the 1980s has been more successful. ②The recent revolution in communications technology has provided powerful tools (through the airwaves and cyberspace) for the spread of mainstream Western culture and language. ③As Rosenberg points out, digital technology, discussion groups, software companies, and apps are lifelines for language preservation for minority and endangered language communication needs. ④At one time technology forced some language speakers to adopt the dominant language of their community or nation. ⑤Now, new tools create the possibility for revitalizing languages and retaining language speakers of endangered languages. *intimidating 위협적인, 겁을 주는 **repression 억압, 탄압 ***indigenous 고유한, 토착의

8-2. 다음 글의 흐름에 맞지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

수특영어 변형문제 14-16강

5번 처음에 기술은 지배적인 언어를 선택하도록 adopt 강요했지만 지금은 새로운 도구들이 언어를 부활시키고 멸종위기에 처한 언어를 지켜주고 있다.

Although the efforts to revive dying languages are admirable, the challenges facing those who would reverse the extinction process are ①intimidating. Not all of the extinctions are the direct result of hostility and repression from a dominant government, as was the case with American Indians throughout most of U.S. history. But where brutal repression ②failed to make indigenous languages and culture extinct, intense globalization since the 1980s has been more successful. The recent revolution in communications technology has provided powerful tools (through the airwaves and cyberspace) for the ③spread of mainstream Western culture and language. Yet, for some endangered languages, the tide is changing through the digital revolution. As Rosenberg points out, digital technology, discussion groups, software companies, and apps are ④lifelines for language preservation for minority and endangered language communication needs. At one time technology forced some language speakers to ⑤reject the dominant language of their community or nation. Now, new tools create the possibility for revitalizing languages and retaining language speakers of endangered languages. *intimidating 위협적인, 겁을 주는 **repression 억압, 탄압 ***indigenous 고유한, 토착의

8-3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말을 고르세요.

2번 설명 위와 동일

Although the efforts to revive dying languages are admirable, the challenges facing those who would reverse the extinction process are intimidating. Not all of the extinctions are the direct result of hostility and repression from a dominant government, as was the case with American Indians throughout most of U.S. history. But where brutal repression failed to make indigenous languages and culture extinct, intense globalization since the 1980s has been more successful. The recent revolution in communications technology has provided powerful tools (through the airwaves and cyberspace) for the spread of mainstream Western culture and language. Yet, for some endangered languages, the tide is changing through the digital revolution. As Rosenberg points out, digital technology, discussion groups, software companies, and apps are lifelines for language preservation for minority and endangered language communication needs. At one time technology forced some language speakers to adopt                 of their community or nation. Now, new tools create the possibility for revitalizing languages and retaining language speakers of endangered languages.

① more sophisticated culture

② the dominant language

③ the global identity ④ successful elite group

⑤ minority and endangered language

01. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 문장은 ?

2번 사회적인 배척을 당한 사람은 집단에 수용되기 위해 노력을 하고 집단의 생각에 순종하고 다른 이에 대한 정보에 민감하다고 하였다. 그 중 3번째에 대한 이야기이다.

Several studies have shown that individuals who are ostracized, excluded, or rejected by others behave in ways that will increase their chances of eventually becoming accepted.  These behaviors range from working harder in group settings, to conforming to group perceptions, or being more sensitive to information about others. For example, Williams and Sommer found that women responded to ostracism by increasing their efforts on a subsequent group task. Similarly, Williams, Cheung, and Choi observed that ostracized individuals were more likely than others to conform to the opinions of other people.  Thus, these studies show that in response to social rejection, people seek to reconnect themselves with their social worlds. In addition, Gardner, Pickett, and Brewer found that individuals who experience social rejection are more likely to remember                      that is consistent with one's motive.

*ostracism 배척 **retention 보유

① new group identity

② socially relevant information

③ some violent behavior

④ an individual or group effort

⑤ numerous positive aspects

02. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 마음이 잘 집중되어 있으면 마음이 toward state가 되고 하고 있는 일에 더 호기심을 가지게 되어 사람들을 더 행복하게 만들지만 기술의 공격이 사람들을 스트레스를 주어 toward state 에 문을 닫고 반복적으로 (자동적으로) 그냥 살아가도록 한다.

David Rock, author of Your Brain at Work, has described in fascinating detail the intricate mechanics of the brain on creativity and stress.

a) We know, for example, that self-described happy people have more new ideas. We now know that stress decreases our cognitive resources, whereas mindfulness induces what is called a toward state in the brain, an openness to possibilities.

b) Long hours, hard work, and high pressure are made worse by our being permanently plugged in.  Though the introduction of laptop computers, high-speed Internet, mobile technology, and social media have wonderful advantages in how we connect, they also reinforce behaviors that shut down the toward state and set us on autopilot.

c) In this condition, we feel curious, open-minded, and interested in what we are doing — all excellent qualities for thriving on the job.  Neuroscience tells us that creativity and engagement are essential to making people happier. But the technological onslaught of today's world can also become highly stressful.

*intricate 복잡한 **onslaught 맹공격

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

2-2. 다음 글의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

5번 기술은 사람들이 앞으로 나아가는 사고를 하지 못하고 자동적으로만 사는 행동을 강화한다. (reinforce)

David Rock, author of Your Brain at Work, has described in fascinating detail the intricate mechanics of the brain on creativity and stress.  We know, for example, that self-described happy people have more new ideas. We now know that stress ①decreases our cognitive resources, whereas mindfulness ②induces what is called a toward state in the brain, an openness to possibilities. In this condition, we feel curious, open-minded, and interested in what we are doing — all excellent qualities for ③thriving on the job.  Neuroscience tells us that creativity and engagement are essential to making people happier. But the technological onslaught of today's world can also become highly stressful.  Long hours, hard work, and high pressure are made ④worse by our being permanently plugged in.  Though the introduction of laptop computers, high-speed Internet, mobile technology, and social media have wonderful advantages in how we connect, they also ⑤weaken behaviors that shut down the toward state and set us on autopilot.

*intricate 복잡한 **onslaught 맹공격

03. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 성인 멍게는 바닥에 정착해서 번성할 수 있지만 어린 멍게가 정착하면 붐비게 되어 먹이 부족이 발생한다. 그래서 어린 멍게는 성인 멍게가 되기 전까지는 떠다니다가 어른이 될 때 즈음 바닥에 정착하게 된다.

For sea squirts, a two-part life cycle provides a quite obvious advantage.

a) But then, if the young sea squirts immediately settled down to the bottom, the sea squirt colony would soon be so crowded that they would have to grow on top of each other. There would not be enough food to feed the huge crowds of sea squirts, all jammed into a small area.

b) Adult sea squirts live very nicely, attached to the sea bottom. All the food they need comes drifting to them in the ocean currents, and they never have to move. They have even solved the problem of getting together to mate by shooting their sperms and eggs out into the water.

c) So instead, the tadpole-like swimming larvae of the sea squirts do not settle down immediately.  They swim and drift with the ocean currents. By the time they are ready to change to adults and take up a place on the ocean bottom, they have been scattered over a wide area.

*sea squirt 멍게 **sperm and egg 정자와 난자
***tadpole  Cause 올챙이

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

04. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 직장에서 처음 주 동안 좋은 인상 또는 처음 일년 동안에 좋은 관계는 후광효과에 의해 그의 단점을 한참 뒤에 알게 만들고 그의 특정한 특징을 좋아하게 됨으로써 다른 요소들까지 긍정적 평가가 확대되어 진다. 그 예시가 아름다운 사람을 똑똑하다고 생각하게 되는 것이다.

The halo effect causes one trait about a person to color your attitude and perceptions of all her other traits.  Even stranger, the more noticeable the aspect is when you form your first impression, the more difficult it becomes to change your attitude about that aspect.

a) So, for example, if you are bowled over by the warmth and kindness of a coworker in your first week at a new job, you'll let him get away with a host of obnoxious behaviors later on, maybe even for years.

b) Beautiful people seem more intelligent, strong people seem nobler, friendly people seem more trustworthy, and so on.  When they fall short, you forgive and defend them, sometimes unconsciously.

c) If the first year of a relationship is deeply fulfilling and life-altering, it can take a long time to notice if things turn sour later.  lf you like specific aspects of an individual, the halo effect causes the positive appraisal to spread to other measurements and to resist attack.

*bowl over ~에게 강한 인상을 주다  **obnoxious 아주 불쾌한
***appraisal 평가

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

05. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

4번 다이버들이 물위로 올라오게 될 때 몸속에서 녹은 질소에 의해 거품이 일어나는 것은 탄산음료의 뚜껑을 열었을 때 거품이 일어나는 것과 유사하다. similar

Divers working at high pressures underwater usually breathe "air" that is a mixture of oxygen and helium.  Helium is ①substituted for nitrogen in this mixture because it is less soluble than nitrogen and therefore less likely to dissolve in the bloodstream. This offers better protection against one of the major ②hazards of diving, called the "bends." If a diver returns to the surface too quickly after a dive, the relatively ③lower pressure at the surface than deep underwater causes dissolved gases to bubble out of solution in the blood.  The effect is ④contrary to the frothing in a bottle of soda water when the cap is removed. In human bodies, the gas bubbles released in this way often get trapped in the joints, causing extreme pain for the diver.  This pain often makes it ⑤impossible for the diver to straighten up, which is why this condition is aptly named the bends.

*frothing 거품 일기 **aptly 적절히

06. 다음 중 틀린 어법을 고르세요.

3번 decrease 가 자동사 이기 때문에 뒷문장이 완전하다. whose 가 적합하다

In England in the early 1900s property owners whose land was being eroded by wave action clamored for the Government to take preventive action.  Their island was disappearing beneath the sea! They argued so ①loudly that a Royal Commission was appointed to study the matter. After making a careful survey, the commission reported that over a period of thirty-five years England and Wales lost 4,692 acres and gained 35,444 acres, ②giving a net gain of nearly nine hundred acres a year. This finding seemed to prove that people whose land disappeared complained more loudly than those ③whom land was increasing.  It must be admitted, however, that the land lost probably was good cliffland on the open coast which ④disappeared in a spectacular way, whereas the land gained was low, sandy and not particularly valuable. Non-geologists are usually not aware ⑤that the very existence of a cliff is warning that erosional processes are at work, even though the changes seem to be very slow.

*erode 침식시키다 **clamor 아우성치다 ***net 순(純)

07. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어는?

4번 물은 결합되어지는 경향성에 의해 통제되어지지 않기 때문에 unconstrained를 사용하는 것이 적합하다.

Solid objects cohere as wholes.  While their shapes can be distorted to some degree to the extent that they are elastic, in the main they accelerate or tend to move as wholes in the direction of an applied force. Bodies of liquid ①differ in this respect. They freely adapt their shape to a containing vessel or an immersed solid and will simply give way to a solid object moving ②slowly through them.  If a liquid body is subject to a force it will not tend to move as a whole in the direction of that force. Rather, the applied force is ③converted by the liquid into an isotropic one that will urge the liquid to move in any direction open to it, ④constrained by any tendency for the liquid body to cohere.  Water will tend to leak from a pipe with ⑤equal facility in any direction and not just in the direction of the weight of the head of water bearing down on it.

*isotropic 등방성(물질의 특성이 방향에 따라 달라지지 않는 성질)의

08. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

1번 미술은 작가의 주관성에 의해서 작가와 관람객 사이에 생각에 완벽한 의사소통이 불가능하다.

is an integral part of all art, and sometimes, even where it seems the least likely, one finds a comprehensive communication between the artist and the audience very difficult.  For example, not just in abstract painting, but in the most straightforward painting. Just take one of the best-known paintings, the Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo da Vinci. No one mistakes that this painting is the portrait of a woman; that much we know.  However, the intriguing smile in this painting is interpreted in so many different ways, in terms of what state of the mind this smile depicts. Therefore, an audience can never be sure exactly what the artist had in mind.  This holds true on all levels, and thus, perfect communication cannot occur between most artists and their audiences through their art alone.

*intriguing 호기심을 자아내는

① Subjectivity ② Credibility ③ Compliance ④ Abstraction ⑤ Generalization

01. 다음 글의 흐름과 관계없는 문장을 고르세요.

수특영어 변형문제 14-16강

4번 4번은 노루에 대한 설명일 뿐 실험의 내용이 아니다.

Recent research has shown that trees are not as passive as we long supposed.  To investigate this further, European scientists simulated attacks on small beeches and maples. ①Whenever a roe deer takes a bite out of the top growth of a young tree, it leaves a little saliva behind in the wound, and it soon became clear that wounded trees can clearly detect the presence of this saliva. ②To simulate browsing by roe deer, the researchers cut off buds or leaves and dripped roe deer saliva onto the damaged areas. ③ What they noticed was that in response the little trees produced salicylic acid, which in turn led to an increased production of bad-tasting defensive compounds, which discouraged the roe deer from eating them. ④The roe deer is relatively small, reddish and grey-brown, and well-adapted to cold environments, eating leaves of beeches and maples. ⑤However, when the scientists simply broke off new growth without applying any saliva, all the beeches and maples produced were hormones to heal the damage as quickly as possible.

*saliva 침 **browse (잎 등을) 뜯어 먹다

02. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 언어와 유전자는 모두 현재의 대상을 연구해서 과거를 추적할 수 있도록 하지만 둘의 차이는 언어는 하나의 조상을 가지고 있다는 것이고 유전자는 여러 조상들을 가진다는 점이다.

But the definition of "earlier community" is different in each case.

Historical linguists study the languages spoken today, and from them make estimates about the ancestral languages from which they descended. Where possible, linguists also work from written records on languages in earlier times.  ①For linguistics as for genetics, we assume that present data give us the remnants of earlier communities. ②For language, it is assumed that each language has one parent. ③In genetics a person has more and more ancestors as one goes to earlier generations, while a language has a single ancestor at each stage.  ④The "tree model" of languages presents the range of languages descended from an ancestor, and indicates relationships with other languages descended from the same ancestor. ⑤ Because of the single-ancestor characteristics of the linguistic "tree model", language gives more evidence on path of early human migration than does genetics, because it allows for fewer possibilities.

*remnant 자취, 나머지

03. 다음 글의 흐름에 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 아이는 부모와 달리 지금 경험하는 세상이 전부이기 때문에 비교 대상이 없지만 부모는 과거의 세상을 경험하였기 때문에 새로운 세상에 대한 거부감이 있다. 그래서 아이들은 부모의 야단 법석을 이해를 할 수가 없다. 즉 아이와 부모의 세상 경험은 다르다.

The more things change, the more they stay the same.  One thing that has remained the same over the centuries is parental disdain for the new kind of world they see around them. This world is only ①new to us, and it's the only one our children know. They haven't lived long enough to see the kind of social change that has taken place in the last twenty or thirty years.  For them, what they see around them is ②"normal," and they have nothing to compare it with until they start to learn about history. It has always been this way.  Parents feel the changes in the world in the world; kids don't.  Parents often react defensively, and children do not understand what all the fuss is about. ③Negative parental reactions often originate in hostility toward change. Most adults tend to see their own formative years as ④normal and what comes afterward as a decline. The only constant is change, and parents and their children experience this in fundamentally ⑤similar ways.

*disdain 경멸

3-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 위의 설명 참조

The more things change, the more they stay the same.  One thing that has remained the same over the centuries is parental disdain for the new kind of world they see around them. This world is only new to us, and it's the only one our children know.

a) It has always been this way.  Parents feel the changes in the world in the world; kids don't.  Parents often react defensively, and children do not understand what all the fuss is about. Negative parental reactions often originate in hostility toward change.

b) They haven't lived long enough to see the kind of social change that has taken place in the last twenty or thirty years.  For them, what they see around them is "normal," and they have nothing to compare it with until they start to learn about history.

c) Most adults tend to see their own formative years as normal and what comes afterward as a decline. The only constant is change, and parents and their children experience this in fundamentally different ways.  *disdain 경멸

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

04. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 인간 게놈 연구를 사기업과 공기업이 진행하고 있었는데 개인 기업은 개방의 규칙을 위반하며 유전자 배열에 대한 특허를 얻고 싶어 했지만 공공 연구소는 그러한 기업들과 같은 이윤추구가 없었기 때문에 결국 그 둘은 타협을 보고 함께 연구 논문을 출판하였지만 특허 발행과 관련된 논쟁은 계속 되고 있다.

The public laboratory had, or claimed to have, no such business interest.

Because scientific research is so often conducted in the interests of national defense or under the sponsorship of private firms that hope to profit from applications of the findings, the norms of common ownership and publication are often suspended.  ①Such situations have led to innumerable conflicts in scientific circles. ②An outstanding example is the race to publish the complete map and inventory of the human genome — all the sequences of human DNA that constitute our genes. ③In 2001, two rival groups raced to be the first to complete the research, one in the private sector, the Celera Genomics Corporation, led by J. Craig Venter, and the other a government-funded laboratory headed by Francis Collins. ④ An argument raged over whether the private corporation was trying to establish patents on human genetic sequences, a violation of the norm of openness. ⑤Eventually the competing teams compromised and issued a joint publication of the map, but the controversy and legal battles over issuing patents for genetic material have continued.   *innumerable 무수한

4-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는 ?

5번 위의 설명 참조

Because scientific research is so often conducted in the interests of national defense or under the sponsorship of private firms that hope to profit from applications of the findings, the norms of common ownership and publication are often suspended.

a) The public laboratory had, or claimed to have, no such business interest.  Eventually the competing teams compromised and issued a joint publication of the map, but the controversy and legal battles over issuing patents for genetic material have continued.

b) In 2001, two rival groups raced to be the first to complete the research, one in the private sector, the Celera Genomics Corporation, led by J. Craig Venter, and the other a government-funded laboratory headed by Francis Collins.  An argument raged over whether the private corporation was trying to establish patents on human genetic sequences, a violation of the norm of openness.

c) Such situations have led to innumerable conflicts in scientific circles. An outstanding example is the race to publish the complete map and inventory of the human genome — all the sequences of human DNA that constitute our genes.

*innumerable 무수한

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

01. 다음 글의 어법 상 틀린 것을 고르세요.

5번 to whom 이라고 써야합니다. 뒷문장이 완전합니다. dedicate A to B

William Allingham, poet and editor, is known mainly through a small group of poems that regularly appear in anthologies of Irish verse.  In his own day, however, Allingham was well known ①to poets such as Robert Browning, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Alfred Tennyson, and his work inspired later Irish poets, ②including W. B. Yeats and John Hewitt. He was born in Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland and his first job was in the local bank, ③where his father was manager. In 1846, he took a post with the national excise service and spent the next twenty-four years ④working as a customs officer.  He first visited England in 1843 and eventually settled there in 1863. He befriended the influential poet, critic, and editor, Leigh Hunt, ⑤whom he dedicated his first book of poems in 1850.  His most ambitious work was the verse novel, Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland, in which he tried to promote reform of land ownership and tenants' rights.

*anthology 선집 **excise 소비세 ***tenant 소작인

02. Marc 에 관한 다음 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

5번 도둑들이 터널에 숨어있다가 공격하기 시작함

The first tunnel built under the Thames was designed by Marc Isambard Brunei (1769-1849).  Brunel fled the French Revolution for New York and then London, and at one point found himself in debtor's prison. While in prison, he watched a shipworm bore a hole through a piece of wood by passing the chewed-up wood pulp through its body and excreting it as it progressed. Once released, Brunei worked on his observation, and eventually constructed a huge drill with corkscrew blades that passed dug-up material down its length as it moved forward, which was used to bore a tunnel from Wapping to Rotherhithe.  The tunnel took 18 years to build, and 10 men died during its construction. When it opened, it was at first targeted by thieves who would lie in wait in the shadows for unsuspecting pedestrians.  The East London Railway took over the tunnel in 1869, and it now carries the East London Underground line across the river.

*bore 파다, 뚫다 **excrete 배설하다

① 테임즈 강 하부에 최초의 터널을 설계하였다.

② 채무자 감옥에 수감된 적이 있었다.

③ 좀조개 (배벌레) 가 나무를 먹는 모습을 보고 터널 드릴의 영감을 얻었다

④ 터널 건설 기간 동안 10명이 목숨을 잃었다.

⑤ 터널이 완성되고 난 후 도둑이 줄어 들었다

03.다음 글의 어법 상 틀린 것을 고르세요.

4번 which가 아니라 until의 주어인 it이 와야합니다.

At Greenwich in 1796, the astronomer Maskelyne dismissed Kinnebrook, his assistant, because Kinnebrook observed the times of stellar transits almost a second later than he ①did.  Maskelyne was convinced that all through 1794 there had been no discrepancy between the two of them. Then in August, 1795, Kinnebrook was found ②to be recording times about half a second later than Maskelyne. His attention was called to the "error" and it would seem that he ③must have striven to correct it.  Nevertheless, it increased during the succeeding months until, in January, 1796, ④which had become about eight tenths of a second. Then Maskelyne dismissed him.  The error was serious, for upon such observations ⑤depended the calibration of the clock, and upon the clock depended all other observations of place and time.

*stellar transit 별이 망원경의 시야를 통과하는 것
**discrepancy 차이, 불일치 ***calibration 보정, 눈금 매기기

04. 다음 글에 나타난 Kay 의 심경은 ?

4번 할머니의 예상치 못했던 행동에 당황하고 충격받아서 아무말도 못하는 모습이 보입니다.

When her grandmother didn't answer right away, Kay got worried and started to say something, but before she could she watched as Teresa reached into the drawer by her bed and to Kay's astonishment, pulled out a tape recorder.  What was her grandmother up to now? Where could she have gotten a tape recorder? And from the looks of it, she knew exactly how to use it.  Kay had never seen her grandmother with anything like that. Teresa didn't even like using the phone.  She once told Kay that she was allergic to the stuff the world made. She never said manmade.  She always said "world made" so how and why..., as the question was beginning to form Teresa said, "I made this recording so I won't forget anything. I need you to listen closely." Teresa looked at Kay to make sure she was listening.  Too shocked to say anything, Kay nodded as she sat down in the chair facing her grandmother's wheelchair as Teresa played the tape.

① guilty and embarrassed

② scared and threatened

③ amused and excited

④ confused and shocked

⑤ relived and relaxed

수능특강 변형문제 19-21

01. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 방하기가 끝나기 전 사냥 채집을 하며 반 정착을 하다 빙하기 후부터 한 지역에서 농사를 하게 된다. 농사가 확대되며 사냥과 채집을 하던 사람들은 외곽지역으로 밀려나게 되어 지금은 인류학자들에 의해서 연구되는 소수만 남아있다.

For over a million years humans lived in small, mobile groups gathering their food from the wild and hunting animals.  When resources permitted, they came together in larger groups and occasionally, when they could rely on particularly rich sources of food, they became semi-sedentary.

a) In less than ten thousand years this new, agricultural way of life had spread around the globe. Hunting and gathering groups survived but they were increasingly pushed into more marginal areas and those that the farmers could not utilize.

b) Then, in a relatively short period of time after the end of the last ice age, about 10,000 BCE, this stable and well-balanced way of life began to change. Across the world humans slowly began to settle in one location and replace gathered plants with ones grown on special plots of land while a few animals were also domesticated.

c) By the twentieth century only a few groups of such people survived to be studied by anthropologists. The adoption of farming was the most fundamental change in human history and led on to all that we call civilization and recorded human history.            *semi-sedentary 반정착민의 **anthropologist 인류학자

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

02. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

4번 기존 과학 이론으로 설명할 수 없는 건강과 감정의 관계는 데카르트의 입장에서 증명할 수 없는 것이고 그것은 과학 기술이 발전하여 설명할 수 있게 될 때 비로서 증명가능한 영역으로 전환될 수 있다.

Most historians and philosophers agree that it was the teachings of the seventeenth-century French philosopher René Descartes that ushered in the thinking of the modern age and began the unraveling of the ancient link between emotions and health.  In his reaction to the religious wars and the resulting chaos that spread across Europe for most of his adult life, Descartes formulated the concepts of rationalism and the necessity of visible proof that were to become the founding principles of modern science. In that era, emotions seemed to be a thing of magic, fleeting and undefinable in the framework of the science of the day. In Descartes's orderly division of the world into rational and irrational — provable and unprovable — emotions and their relationship to health and disease clearly fell into the latter domain.  And there they remained until              powerful enough to challenge the categorization could rescue them.

*usher in ~이 시작되게 하다 **unravel 풀다

***fleeting 순식간에 지나가는

① emotional awakening ② philosophic freedom

③ government agency   ④ scientific tools

⑤ immune system

03. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 과거 통나무집은 하층민을 상징했지만 1960년대부터 변화하면서 유행에 앞서가는 사람들이 통나무집을 가리고 있던 옆면의 합판을 제거하고 사회적인 유산을 즐겼다. 이것은 소수의 부유한 사람들이 추구하였고 결과적으로 통나무집은 미국의 아이콘이 되었다.

However, in the prosperous 1960s, when many individuals were seeking a challenge to the status quo, fashions changed and social pressure relaxed.

Fashions and social pressures shift. ① Throughout almost the first three-quarters of the 20th century, log houses in the United States, as in Norway, were considered to be rough, primitive, and low-class housing. ②As a consequence, weatherboards were widely used to mask earlier log construction.  ③These changes encouraged persons who wished to ride the crest of changing fashion, to seek out hidden log buildings, to remove the siding, and to enjoy the glow of their visual confirmation of society's rediscovery of its heritage. ④Needless to say, this was not a widely pursued innovation, but enough affluent people did do so in their quest to maintain their position as societal leaders. ⑤ As a result, the log house reasserted its position as an American icon, regardless of the ethnic background of its original builders.

*the status quo 현재 상태
**ride the crest of ~으로 성공을 구가하다 ***quest 추구

3-2. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 위의 설명 참조

Fashions and social pressures shift.  Throughout almost the first three-quarters of the 20th century, log houses in the United States, as in Norway, were considered to be rough, primitive, and low-class housing.

a) These changes encouraged persons who wished to ride the crest of changing fashion, to seek out hidden log buildings, to remove the siding, and to enjoy the glow of their visual confirmation of society's rediscovery of its heritage.

b) As a consequence, weatherboards were widely used to mask earlier log construction. However, in the prosperous 1960s, when many individuals were seeking a challenge to the status quo, fashions changed and social pressure relaxed.

c) Needless to say, this was not a widely pursued innovation, but enough affluent people did do so in their quest to maintain their position as societal leaders.  As a result, the log house reasserted its position as an American icon, regardless of the ethnic background of its original builders.

*the status quo 현재 상태
**ride the crest of ~으로 성공을 구가하다 ***quest 추구

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

04. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 지리학은 양피지를 반복해서 사용한 palimpsest 라 설명할 수 있다. 이 양피지는 과거 문서의 흔적이 남아있어 시각 장치(X ray 등등)를 이용하여 추적할 수 있는데 마찬가지로 지리학은 지구상에 있는 암석과 토양에 초기 흔적들을 시각 장치를 이용하여 표면에 보이는 것 뿐만 아니라 보이지 않는 것 까지 찾아낸다.

A suitable way to describe how geologists perceive rocks and landscapes is the metaphor of a palimpsest the term used by medieval scholars to describe a parchment that was used more than once, with old ink scraped off to allow a new document to be inscribed.  Invariably, the erasure was imperfect, and traces of the earlier text survived.

a) These remnants can be read using X-rays and various illumination techniques, and in some cases are the only sources of very ancient documents (including several of the most important writings of Archimedes).

b) The discipline of geology is similar to an optical device for seeing the Earth text in all its dimensions. To think geologically is to hold in the mind's eye what is not only visible at the surface but also present in the subsurface, what has been and will be.

c) In the same way, everywhere on Earth, traces of earlier eras persist in the contours of landforms and the rocks beneath, even as new chapters are being written.

*parchment 양피지 **remnant (주로 복수로) 남은 부분, 잔존물 ***contour 윤곽, 등고선

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

4-2. 다음 지문에 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

5번 위 설명 참조

A suitable way to describe how geologists perceive rocks and landscapes is the metaphor of a palimpsest the term used by medieval scholars to describe a parchment that was used more than once, with old ink scraped off to allow a new document to be inscribed.  Invariably, the erasure was imperfect, and traces of the earlier text survived. These remnants can be read using X-rays and various illumination techniques, and in some cases are the only sources of very ancient documents (including several of the most important writings of Archimedes). In the same way, everywhere on Earth, traces of earlier eras persist in the contours of landforms and the rocks beneath, even as new chapters are being written.  The discipline of geology is similar to            for seeing the Earth text in all its dimensions. To think geologically is to hold in the mind's eye what is not only visible at the surface but also present in the subsurface, what has been and will be .

*parchment 양피지 **remnant (주로 복수로) 남은 부분, 잔존물
***contour 윤곽, 등고선

① a chemical notation   ② a lie detector

③ invisible illusion       ④ ancient documents

⑤ an optical device

01. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

수능특강 변형문제 19-21

5번 원래 적도에서 뜨거워진 물이 북쪽으로 올라가 냉각되어 내려오지만 빙하가 녹으며 민물이 유입되어 그 통로를 차단함으로써 북쪽지역에 난류가 공급되지 않아 빙하기가 시작될 것이라는 과학자의 걱정이 다시 시작되었다.

One possible disaster resulting from warmer temperatures in northern areas is a potential tipping point associated with the Greenland ice sheet.  The "Atlantic conveyor belt" consists of warm water moving up the eastern coast of North America as the Gulf Stream and then sinking 10,000 feet near Greenland and moving back to the equator, where it warms and rises again.

a) Climate scientists worried about this possibility several decades ago and then decided about a decade ago that it was very unlikely, but they have now begun to worry about it again.

b) This could trigger an ice age in North America and Europe an ironic consequence of global warming but lone associated in the past with the conveyor-belt shutdown.

c) Large amounts of freshwater entering the North Atlantic off Greenland as the ice melts could shut down the conveyor belt because freshwater does not sink like saltwater.

*tipping point 티핑 포인트(균형을 깨뜨리는 극적인 변화의 시작점

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

02. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 댐건설로 연어가 유입되지 못해 회색곰이 피해를 보고 그것이 산림과 주변 동물들이 다른 곳으로 이동하게 되어 생태계의 아치에 틈이 생기게 된다. (곰이 처음 등장하는 지문)

In this example, one such keystone species would be the grizzly bear.

Dams affect keystone species.  First they block the migration of salmon upstream to their spawning streams. Scientists have created fish ladders as well as management schemes that transport the fish around the obstacles, but these efforts have limited success. As salmon are separated from the ecological functions of a habitat, other keystone species are impacted. ①Without a large amount of salmon, grizzly bears cannot transport the amount of oceanic nutrients inland to help enrich soils for trees. ② Lack of vegetation cover then affects songbirds and small mammals. ③If these species disappear, the animals that hunt them disappear. ④Rivers that do not produce a bonanza of salmon will not attract bears. ⑤They migrate to other areas entirely, creating a gap at the center of the ecological arch.

*spawn 산란하다 **bonanza 풍부한 것

2-2. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은

4번 key stone 은 아치 형태의 문의 중앙에 틈을 매꾸기 위해 끼우는 돌을 의미한다. 그래서 키스톤 종이 영향을 받게 됨으로써 생태계라는 아치에 틈이 생기게 된다는 것.

Dams affect keystone species.  First they block the migration of salmon upstream to their spawning streams. Scientists have created fish ladders as well as management schemes that transport the fish around the obstacles, but these efforts have limited success. As salmon are separated from the ecological functions of a habitat, other keystone species are impacted.  In this example, one such keystone species would be the grizzly bear. Without a large amount of salmon, grizzly bears cannot transport the amount of oceanic nutrients inland to help enrich soils for trees.  Lack of vegetation cover then affects songbirds and small mammals. If these species disappear, the animals that hunt them disappear.  Rivers that do not produce a bonanza of salmon will not attract bears. They migrate to other areas entirely,                                  .

*spawn 산란하다 **bonanza 풍부한 것

① worsening the extinction of key species in other areas

② invading into non-native areas without any natural enemy

③ making spawning of salmon easier than it was before

④ creating a gap at the center of the ecological arch

⑤ destructing structures built by humans accelerating revegetation.

03. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 운석의 충돌로 공룡이 멸종하였고 황이 하늘로 올라가 산성비를 내려 바다가 산성화되어 산호초와 같은 탄화칼슘으로 된 종들이 거의 살아남지 못해 지금 2백만년 동안 그들의 화석이 남아있지 못하다는 글.

Sixty-five million years ago a meteor the size of New York slammed into the Earth.  The environmental chaos that ensued is widely believed to have put paid to the dinosaurs.

a) A handful of corals must have survived, or we would not still have them on Earth today.  But they were nonetheless too scarce to leave their imprint; they did not reappear in the fossil record for a full two million years.

b) But it also had a less well-known effect. According to Ken Caldeira at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in California, the meteor also threw up vast amounts of sulfur, which then rained down on the ocean as sulfuric acid.

c) The upper ocean became acidified for a brief moment, perhaps only one or two years. But that was enough.  More or less every sea creature that built shells or skeletons out of calcium carbonate became either rare or extinct.

*ensue 뒤따르다 **put paid to ~을 멸종시키다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 극 소수의 산호초가 남아있지만 그럼에도 불구하고 화석을 남길만큼은 아니었다.

A handful of corals must have survived, or we would not still have them on Earth today.

Sixty-five million years ago a meteor the size of New York slammed into the Earth. The environmental chaos that ensued is widely believed to have put paid to the dinosaurs. But it also had a less well-known effect. According to Ken Caldeira at the Carnegie ①Institution of Washington in California, the meteor also threw up vast amounts of sulfur, which then rained down on the ocean as sulfuric acid.  ②The upper ocean became acidified for a brief moment, perhaps only one or two years. ③But that was enough. ④ More or less every sea creature that built shells or skeletons out of calcium carbonate became either rare or extinct. ⑤ But they were nonetheless too scarce to leave their imprint; they did not reappear in the fossil record for a full two million years.

*ensue 뒤따르다 **put paid to ~을 멸종시키다

3-3. 다음 글의 어법상 틀린 곳을 고르세요.

1번 공룡이 멸종한 것은 과거이기 때문에 완료 부정사를 사용해야 합니다. to have put

Sixty-five million years ago a meteor the size of New York slammed into the Earth.  The environmental chaos that ensued is widely believed to ① put paid to the dinosaurs. But it also had a less well-known effect. According to Ken Caldeira at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in California, the meteor also threw up vast amounts of sulfur, ②which then rained down on the ocean as sulfuric acid.  The upper ocean became ③acidified for a brief moment, perhaps only one or two years. But that was enough.  More or less every sea creature that built shells or skeletons out of calcium carbonate became ④either rare or extinct. A handful of corals must have survived, or we ⑤would not still have them on Earth today.  But they were nonetheless too scarce to leave their imprint; they did not reappear in the fossil record for a full two million years.

*ensue 뒤따르다 **put paid to ~을 멸종시키다

04. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어를 고르세요.

4번 방음벽의 설계는 양면이 동일하지 않고 한쪽에 나무를 심는 것 역시도 별개의 정체성을 염두에 두고 설계되어야 한다.

It is not common for both sides of a noise barrier to look identical because it is usually only one side of the barrier that is required to reflect or absorb noise.  The difference between the two sides of a barrier should be determined on aesthetic as well as acoustic grounds each side of the barrier should be designed to integrate with the landscape character and the backdrop against which it is to be viewed. Thus, the face of the barrier that may be facing a road corridor may include a pattern or have a bright colour whereas the other face which could stand opposite housing, may be treated in a more discreet fashion. Here, the façade may be plain and designed to merge in with neighbouring planting.  Most barrier types can be designed with this in mind with the obvious exceptions of transparent barriers and many bio-barriers. Planting on either side of the barrier should also be designed with each        in mind.

*corridor 회랑 지대(주요 도로나 강을 따라 나 있는 좁고 긴 땅)
**discreet 조심스러운, 신중한 *** façade 정면

① identical pattern

② environmental consideration

③ sympathetic communication

④ separate identity

⑤ resident trait

수능특강 변형문제 19-21

01. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 과학이 등장한 이유는 사람들이 주변 현상을 이야기를 통해서 설명하려고 하기 때문. 과학자들은 그러한 이야기들을 제거하고 오직 사실만을 재배열하여 이야기를 만들면서 편견과 오류가 가득한 이야기들은 결국 역사에서 물러나게 되었다.

The people who came before you invented science because your natural way of understanding and explaining what you experience is terrible. When you have zero evidence, every assumption is basically equal. You prefer to see causes rather than effects, signals in the noise, patterns in the randomness.

a) Those data sit there, naked and exposed, so they can be reflected upon and rearranged by each new visitor.  Scientists and laypeople will conjure up new stories using the data, and they will argue, but the data will not budge.

b) They may not even make sense for a hundred years or more, but thanks to the scientific method, the stories, full of biases and fallacies, will crash against the facts and recede into history.

c) You prefer easy-to-understand stories, and thus turn everything in life into a narrative so that complicated problems become easy.  Scientists work to remove the narrative, to boil it away, leaving behind only the raw facts.

*conjure up ~을 생각해 내다 **budge 조금 움직이다
***recede (서서히) 물러나다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

1-2. 다음 글이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 raw fact 만이 남아있게 되었고 그것은 그 다음줄에 those data , naked 와 의미가 동일하다.

Scientists work to remove the narrative, to boil it away, leaving behind only the raw facts.

The people who came before you invented science because your natural way of understanding and explaining what you experience is terrible. When you have zero evidence, every assumption is basically equal. ①You prefer to see causes rather than effects, signals in the noise, patterns in the randomness. ②You prefer easy-to-understand stories, and thus turn everything in life into a narrative so that complicated problems become easy.  ③Those data sit there, naked and exposed, so they can be reflected upon and rearranged by each new visitor. ④ Scientists and laypeople will conjure up new stories using the data, and they will argue, but the data will not budge. ⑤They may not even make sense for a hundred years or more, but thanks to the scientific method, the stories, full of biases and fallacies, will crash against the facts and recede into history.

*conjure up ~을 생각해 내다 **budge 조금 움직이다
***recede (서서히) 물러나다

1-3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어를 고르세요.

2번 사람들이 만들어낸 이야기들은 오류로 가득하여 결국 과학자들에 의해 역사에서 물러나게 됨.

The people who came before you invented science because your natural way of understanding and explaining what you experience is terrible. When you have zero evidence, every assumption is basically equal. You prefer to see causes rather than effects, signals in the noise, patterns in the randomness. You prefer easy-to-understand stories, and thus turn everything in life into a narrative so that complicated problems become easy.  Scientists work to remove the narrative, to boil it away, leaving behind only the raw facts. Those data sit there, naked and exposed, so they can be reflected upon and rearranged by each new visitor.  Scientists and laypeople will conjure up new stories using the data, and they will argue, but the data will not budge. They may not even make sense for a hundred years or more, but thanks to the scientific method,              , full of biases and fallacies, will crash against the facts and recede into history.

*conjure up ~을 생각해 내다 **budge 조금 움직이다
***recede (서서히) 물러나다

① the data     ② the stories    ③ the evidences

④ complicated problems ⑤ naked facts

02. 다음 글의 알맞은 어법은?

1번 such 라 써야함. 강조용법에서는 such a 형용사 명사 어순 . so 형 a 명사 의 어순

As the sun rises in the morning, sunlight warms the ground, and the ground warms the air in contact with it by conduction.  However, air is ①so a poor heat conductor that this process only takes place within a few centimeters of the ground. As the sun rises higher in the sky, the air in contact with the ground becomes even warmer, and there ②exists a thermal boundary separating the hot surface air from the slightly cooler air above. ③Given their random motion, some air molecules will cross this boundary: The "hot" molecules below ④bring greater kinetic energy to the cooler air; the "cool" molecules above bring a deficit of energy to the hot surface air.  However, on a windless day, this form of heat exchange is slow, and a substantial temperature difference usually exists just above the ground. This explains ⑤why runners on a clear, windless, summer afternoon may experience air temperatures of over 50°C (122°F) at their feet and only 32°C (90°F) at their waist.

*thermal 열의 **kinetic 운동의

03. 다음 Francis Bacon에 대한 내용 중 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

3번 계획된 실험이 아니라 즉흥적인 실험

The idea of using cold temperatures to extend the shelf life of food has been known for centuries.  The great Francis Bacon, the early seventeenth-century polymath rather than the twentieth-century painter, is generally credited with inventing the frozen chicken. It was not all the did, but certainly the only thing relevant to refrigeration. In the early spring of 1626, while on the way to Highgate in North London, for reasons unrecorded, Bacon decided to buy a chicken whose organs had been removed and stuff it with snow, thus demonstrating that refrigeration was a remarkable way of keeping food fresh for longer.  Unfortunately, as the whole escapade was a spontaneous experiment, Bacon must have been unsuitably dressed for the snow. He caught a chill, which became pneumonia, and he died shortly thereafter while still at Highgate.  He died a martyr to his science and sadly history does not record the fate of the world's first oven-ready frozen chicken.

*escapade 엉뚱한 행위 **polymath 박식가
***martyr 목숨을 바치는 사람

① 17세기에 활동하며 냉동 닭고기를 발명한 것으로 인정받는다.

② Highgate 로 가능 도중 닭을 사서 내장을 제거하고 속을 눈으로 채웠다.

③ 실험은 계획했던 것과 다르게 그가 폐렴에 걸려 죽게 하였다.

④ 그는 Highgate에 머무르는 동안 죽었다.

⑤ 냉동 치킨의 운명에 대해서는 기록이 남아있지 않다.

04. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

3번 숲의 유전적 자원을 위해 관리해야 할 것들은 결국 인간이 아직 연구조사하지 않은 그러한 숲과 나무들 이다.

Genetic diversity, the heritable diversity among individuals and populations within species, provides the basis for evolution.  Over millions of years it has enabled forests and trees to adapt to changing conditions. Some tree species have been domesticated, but the management of forest genetic resources mainly involves tree populations that have undergone                              . The vast majority of forest genetic diversity remains undescribed, especially in the tropics.  Estimates of the number of tree species vary from 80,000 to 100,000, but fewer than 500 have been studied in any depth. Until recently, studies of forest tree genetic resources have concentrated on the few species regarded as the most suitable for domestication for use in plantations and agroforestry systems to produce wood, fibre or fuel.  The present and future potential of most tree species to adapt in response to novel climatic conditions or for genetic improvement for human use remains largely unknown.                                          *agroforestry 산림 농업

① being domesticated by peasants   ② being suitable for commercial uses

수능특강 변형문제 22~24강

③ changing conditions by humans   ④ genetic improvement for human use

⑤ little selection by humans

01. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

5번 포획된 동물들에게 야생 사냥을 모방할 방법은 없다.

Today zoo managers recognize the need to provide a place for privacy for their charges.  Most species need the opportunity to be free from the peering faces. The animal's 'flight distance' — the distance at which it will flee an approaching human — must be respected. Since animals spend much of their time foraging, wherever possible food must be hidden so that it is sought.  It is unnatural to provide a wild animal with unearned food — thereby depriving it of one of its predominant activities in the wild — so every effort must be made to replicate that activity. Unfortunately, that can never be done for the large carnivores. Even if, say, one were to introduce a live zebra into a lion's area there would be no hunt — merely a short chase. And this would be as distasteful as it would be unnatural. There is no means of replicating the hunt for the large carnivores in           .

*forage (동물이)먹이를 찾다  **carnivore 육식 동물

① crowd ② the distance ③ the wild ④ freedom ⑤ captivity

02. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 로마와 같은 대도시를 관광하는데 기항지에 하루도 안머무르는 여행시간표는 적합하지 않다. 그래서 그 해결책으로 대도시를 출발지 또는 최종 도착지로 정해진 크루즈를 선택하면 앞뒤에 몇일을 더하여 관광을 할 수 있다.

One solution to this potential disadvantage is to select a cruise that begins and/or ends in a large city — and this is the majority of Mediterranean cruises.

Cruise ships generally stay at ports of call between six and twelve hours, although you will find a number of itineraries with overnight port stays.  ①This limited time allotment in port is fine for small towns and other "specialized" ports of call, such as ancient historic sites or resort islands, but it can present a problem when visiting larger cities. ②A pet peeve of mine, for example, is the cruise that has Rome as a day port of call. ③How can anyone do justice to Rome in a single day?  ④Again, how much of a problem this is depends upon your expectations.  ⑤ You can then add days at either or both ends of your cruise to allow more time for in-depth sightseeing.

*port of call 기항지  **itinerary 여행 일정
***pet peeve 아주 싫어하는 것

03-04. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

1번 훌륭한 선수들 조차도 잘하고 있다는 격려가 항상 필요하다

Does an NBA all-star who is young, handsome, rich, and famous need to be told by his coach that he's playing well?  Apparently, the answer is yes. In 1999, Chuck Daly was considered lone of the best coaches in the NBA, and Penny Hardaway, lone of Daly's players on the Orlando Magic, was one of the stars of the league. Hardaway hit a mild slump in his shooting and the team lost three in a row.  Daly said little to him, so Hardaway concluded that the coach had lost confidence in him. In an interview with The New York Times, Hardaway said he had probably jumped to the wrong conclusion from the coach's silence.  "I know we make all this money and everything, and you wouldn't think some of us need           . But you want to hear from your coach that you're doing well, even at this level."

① reinforcement ② flexibility ③ coworkers ④ collaboration ⑤ reflection

수능특강 변형문제 22~24강

01. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

2번 음색은 과학적으로 설명할 수도 있지만 특정한 문화에서 얼마나 아름다운 소리가 날 수 있는가가 가장 중요하다.

Although tone color has a scientific explanation, its function in music is          .  Music is an art of sound, and the quality of that sound has much to do with our response to it. Indeed, the concept of tonal beauty varies considerably in different periods, styles, and cultures. On the other hand, within a particular context, ideals of beauty may be quite firmly established and performers often pay extraordinary prices for instruments that can produce that ideal sound.  But no instrument automatically produces a beautiful tone, so the finest violin will produce a rasping, scraping sound in the hands of a beginner. Even at the most advanced stages of accomplishment, achieving what is considered to be a beautiful tone is a criterion of a good performance.

*rasping 귀에 거슬리는 **scraping (듣기 싫은) 긁는 소리의

① natural

② aesthetic

③ diverse

④ cultural

⑤ academical

02. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 처음 카메라는 회화처럼 있는 그대로의 세상(원근법)을 나타내었지만 세상을 바라보는 다른 시각적 방식을 만드는 장치가 아니라 여러 절차를 통해 정해져 있는 범위에서 이미지를 생산하기 위해 발전하였다. 그래서 표현되는 그 대상(외부대상)은 바뀌지 않았고 카메라는 이미지를 나타내는데 중요한 기능을 수행하고 있다.

The camera was not designed as a radical device to unleash a new way of seeing, but evolved to produce a predefined look that took into consideration formulas and procedures such as composition, angle and point of view, quality of light, and selection of subject matter.

Although they were internally organized by machines — cameras — early photographs resembled drawings and paintings because they depicted the world according to linear perspective. ①  The camera obscura was popular with artists because it automatically modified a scene by compressing form and emphasizing tonal mass according to Western pictorial standards. ② What was being represented remained unchanged. ③ This does not diminish the camera's importance in defining an image. ④ As with most inventions, unforeseen side effects create unintentional changes. ⑤ As imagemakers became more sophisticated they routinely used specific cameras and lenses to shape an image, and knowledgeable viewers can often trace the connections between the camera/lens and the resulting picture.

*linear perspective 선원근법  **camera obscura 암상자(초창기의 카메라) ***unleash 촉발시키다,

불러일으키다

2-2. 다음 중 글의 흐름에 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

5번 카메라는 이미지를 정의하는데 중요하므로 카메라와 결과적인 이미지 사이에 불일치가 아니라 connection을 관객은 추적해 낼 수 있다고 해야 함.

Although they were internally organized by machines — cameras — early photographs resembled drawings and paintings because they depicted the world according to linear perspective.  The camera obscura was ①popular with artists because it automatically modified a scene by compressing form and emphasizing tonal mass according to Western pictorial standards. The camera was not designed as a radical device to unleash a new way of seeing, but evolved to produce a ②predefined look that took into consideration formulas and procedures such as composition, angle and point of view, quality of light, and selection of subject matter. What was being represented remained ③unchanged.  This does not diminish the camera's importance in ④defining an image. As with most inventions, unforeseen side effects create unintentional changes.  As imagemakers became more sophisticated they routinely used specific cameras and lenses to shape an image, and knowledgeable viewers can often trace the ⑤ discrepancy between the camera/lens and the resulting picture.

*linear perspective 선원근법  **camera obscura 암상자(초창기의 카메라) ***unleash 촉발시키다, 불러일으키다

03. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 친환경 건축은 에너지 보전이 가장 중요하다. 추운곳에 단열 더운곳에 통풍 등이 그 예시이다. 이러한 에너지 의식 디자인은 넓고 복잡한 구조의 현대적 건축과는 대조적이다.

The effectiveness of green architecture depended upon the balance of on-site energy sources with building energy conservation.  The more "conservative" the building envelope, insulation and the tightness of construction, the easier it was to match essential energy loads to the availability of on-site resources.

a) In warmer climates attention was given to the solar control of the envelope, especially roofs and western facades, as well as to natural ventilation and daylighting.

b) The design motto was "conservation first!" In colder climates, construction was focused on solar energy gain, heat retention using higher insulation values and double-glazing, and even movable insulation.

c) Conservation conscious design was in sharp contrast to previous modernist tendencies of spatial generosity, complexity of form, expansive glazing areas, and reliance on abundant fossil fuels and mechanical systems for heating and cooling.

*insulation 단열〔절연〕처리 **glazing 창유리
***facade (건물의) 전면〔정면〕

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

04. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 음악 관광은 그 음악과 음악가에 대한 선호에 의해 그리고 관광 계획에 의해 이루어지는 데 비틀즈의 음악을 좋아하는 사람이 Abbey road를 방문할 수도 있지만 여행 추천지여서 방문할 수도 있다. 그리고 음악은 문화와 국가와 관계가 있을 수도 있는데 뉴올리언즈에 프랑스 사람들이 방문하는 것이 그러한 이유이다.

Music tourism sites and attractions generally attract two kinds of visitors: those particularly drawn for whatever reason to the memory or music of a particular performer, composer or genre (most obvious for festivals), and those who are there because the place fits into an itinerary devised for other reasons or because the visit is likely to be enjoyable.

a) Particular links to music sites are, however, much more idiosyncratic and dependent on personal musical taste. Wider cultural and national links may also be evident.  New Orleans and the Cajun region are popular with French tourists.

b) For French tourists, travel to New Orleans in part allows an experience of Francophone identities in the New World, just as it is more likely to be Americans who visit Jim Morrison's grave in Paris.

c) Thus, at Abbey Road, a place identified in many general guidebooks, most visitors were there because they had some appreciation of the Beatles' music, but others were there simply because it was part of an agenda that included a range of obvious London landmarks.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

01. 다음 지문에 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요.

1번 앞에 관계대명사 that 이 있어서 뒷문장이 불완전해야 함. 그래서 knows를 써서 목적어가 없는 문장을 만드세요.

Making a discovery, whether in the laboratory or library archives, about something that no one else in the world ①is known at a particular time is a thrilling experience for an undergraduate student. College students who have the opportunity ②to participate in undergraduate research can experience this thrill of discovery. They may identify a new bacterial strain, ③make a connection between previously separate concepts, or uncover long-forgotten archival documents that lead to a new understanding of an issue. Nearly every U.S. college and university ④includes undergraduate research experiences in the learning opportunities offered to students.  Institutions of higher education of all types are implementing a number of creative ⑤approaches to facilitate innovation, problem-solving and discovery, and they see undergraduate research as a critical vehicle for achieving these objectives.

02. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 처음 슬럼가 학생들을 조사하였을 때 그들의 미래가 암울할 것이라 생각했는데 20년뒤에 그들 중 대다수가 성공한 것을 발견하게 된다. 그 이유는 한 선생님이 아이들에게 보여준 기대였다.

A professor sent his sociology class to a school in a slum to record case histories of 200 young boys.

a) Of the 180 still surviving in that neighborhood, all of these men had achieved extraordinary success as doctors, lawyers, and productive members of the community.  The professor, determined to find out how these men had beaten seemingly overwhelming odds, followed up with interviews.

b) Each of the men credited the same particular teacher; someone who had seen great potential in each of them.  This teacher's expectations, held with conviction, drove her to actively nurture and support imminent success in all her students.

c) The sociology students concluded that each boy appeared doomed to a bleak future. More than two decades later, another sociology professor sent his class out to find out what had happened to these 200 boys.

*bleak 암울한 **imminent 절박한

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

03. 다음 글의 어법상 잘못된 문장을 고르세요.

2번 대동사 문제이다. 앞 문장 동사가 일반동사이기 때문에 과거시제 did를 사용해야 한다.

Samuel and Pearl Oliner found large differences between European Gentiles who harbored Jews from the Nazis and those who did not: Rescuers reported close childhood associations with more people of different social classes and religions.  Moreover, ①while growing up, they felt a sense of similarity to a wider and more varied group of people than ②were nonrescuers. Not only ③was this expanded sense of "we" related to their decisions to aid people different from themselves during the war but also, when interviewed half a century later, rescuers were still ④helping a greater variety of people and causes. All this suggests a piece of advice for prospective parents who want their children ⑤to develop a broadly charitable nature: Give them positive contact in the home with individuals from a wide spectrum of backgrounds.

*Gentile 비(非)유대인

04. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 자신이 부모라는 것 = 이러한 태도 를 나타내고 그 뒤에 아이들의 관점을 생각하지 못했다고 하며 그 뒤에 나오는 아이들의 생각을 고려하지 않는다는 내용과 이어진다.

This attitude, however, fails to consider the child's point of view.

Have you ever said something to your child like the following? Your room is a mess; I want you to clean it up before you go to the game. ①Have you then wondered why she didn't do what she was told to do, right away and with a smile? ②You made a unilateral decision, and she was expected to carry it out according to your time frame and standards. ③ Because, After all, I’m the parent! ④When you neglect to consider your child's thoughts, feelings, needs, and possible solutions to getting the room cleaned, you do so at the risk of losing her respect and goodwill. ⑤Your child's grumbling resistance is, in effect, a natural consequence of your choice to operate without her input.

*unilateral 일방적인 **grumble 투덜거리다

01. 다음 지문의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 문장을 고르세요.

수능특강 변형문제 25~27강

3번 자신이 순간의 만족 때문에 자신에게 이익이 되는 일을 미루는 것에 대해 이야기하고 있지만 3번은 종이서류가 가장 혼잡함을 만드는 주요한 요소라는 것을 말하고 있다.

The ancient Greeks had a word that lies at the heart of procrastination: akrasia, which means doing something against our own better judgment.  When we procrastinate, we act against our own self-interests, satisfying the desire for immediate gratification by sacrificing our own longer-term goals and well-being. ①The essence of procrastination is to willingly put off something even though you expect the delay to make you worse off. ②The pile of important papers you never quite get to. ③Between receipts, bills, mail, and important documents, paperwork can be a major contributor to countertop clutter. ④The new job you put off looking for even though going to your current place of employment is the bane of your existence. ⑤Whenever we knowingly delay doing what's necessary in favor of the easier, less important task, we feed the demon of procrastination.

*procrastination 미루는 버릇, 지연 **gratification 만족 ***bane 골칫거리

02. 다음 중 어법상 틀린 것을 고르세요.

4번 뒤에 동사 are 있으므로 mark 가 아니라 marking 또는 which mark 이라고 써야한다.

In addition to gender, cultures have many other ways of dividing people into categories.  Common examples include age, class, religiosity level of religious commitment, political stance, and value system. In all these examples, dress ①functions as a way of marking that a person is a member of a particular category. For example, older women in both the United States and Europe have created Red Hat Societies, in which red hats and purple clothing are used to formally ②mark entrance into middle and older age with fun and spirited apparel.  These category systems help people ③living within cultural groups to interact easily, with dress functioning as a sign system allowing for rapid sorting of people into known and accepted groupings important to the given culture. Rituals, ceremonial occasions ④mark significant events such as weddings, graduations, and important holidays, are often events which are dressed for, where categories considered ⑤important by a society are visually displayed for all to see and appreciate.

*apparel 의복

03. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어를 고르세요.

3번 세계 이민자들의 수가 증가하면서 다문화적인 관점의 지도자와  평화가 존재하기 위해 사회 정의와 경제 평등을 목표로 하는 다문화 능력을 가진 시민들이 필요하다는 것. 그러므로 사람들의 이동문제를 해결해야 한다는 것.

James Banks states that "worldwide immigration is increasing racial, ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity throughout the United States as well as in other Western nations such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Australia."  Indeed, these are not the only countries that are experiencing changing populations. Banks argues that this is a time when the world "demands leaders, educators, and classroom teachers who can bridge impermeable cultural, ethnic, and religious borders, envision new possibilities, invent novel paradigms, and engage in personal transformation and visionary action." Christine Bennett adds to this argument by stating currently, more than ever before, there is an urgent need for citizens in the world that have a strong "multicultural competence" and who aim for global goals such as social justice and economic equality in order for there to be a sustainable peace.                                                  in recent times has not gone unnoticed, and must be addressed if peaceful societies are to exist.

*impermeable 통과할〔지나갈〕수 없는

① The race discrimination in Western societies

② The religious conflicts in some countries

③ The intensified movement of people

④ The education improvement in undeveloped countries

⑤ Overly Rapid reaction without contemplation

3-2. 다음 글에서 잘못된 단어를 고르세요.

3번 문화적인 장벽을 bridge 연결할 수 있어야 하는 것. 장벽을 지어서는 안됨. 자세한 이야기는 위의 설명 참조.

James Banks states that "worldwide immigration is increasing racial, ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious ①diversity throughout the United States as well as in other Western nations such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Australia."  Indeed, these are not the only countries that are experiencing ②changing populations. Banks argues that this is a time when the world "demands leaders, educators, and classroom teachers who can ③build  impermeable cultural, ethnic, and religious borders, envision new possibilities, invent novel paradigms, and engage in personal transformation and visionary action." Christine Bennett adds to this argument by stating currently, more than ever before, there is an urgent need for citizens in the world that have a strong "④multicultural competence" and who aim for global goals such as social justice and economic equality in order for there to be a sustainable peace.  The intensified movement of people in recent times has not gone ⑤unnoticed, and must be addressed if peaceful societies are to exist.

*impermeable 통과할〔지나갈〕수 없는

04. 다음 글에 흐름상 어울리지 않는 지문을 고르세요.

4번 읽고 쓰기는 현대의 발명품이고 읽고쓰는 능력이 생존과 역관계라는 것을 이야기하며 문맹률이 낮을수록 출산률도 낮다고 이야기한다. 하지만 4번은 유럽 이민자의 출산율이 높고 프랑스의 경우 대가족을 이루는 경향이 많다는 내용이다.

Literacy is a common end of persons nowadays but reading and writing are recent inventions, only five thousand years old.  There was no selection for literacy. In order to read, we utilize brain areas originally selected to track animals. One way to put the matter is that literacy didn't initially matter one iota for fitness.  ① It couldn't have. We were not literate for almost the entire history of our species. ②Furthermore, literacy does not seem to contribute to fitness, size there is an inverse correlation between fitness — as measured by birthrate, a proxy for inclusive fitness — and literacy. ③The birthrate is at zero or below in many parts of Europe where literacy is almost universal, and over 5 percent in places like Yemen and Niger, where literacy is low. ④While the birthrate of immigrants in Europe is nearly everywhere higher than for women of non-immigrant origin, the French phenomenon of enlarging families is particularly noticeable in the middle and professional classes. ⑤ Nonetheless, literacy seems to be really important for something else: human flourishing.

*inverse correlation 역 상관관계 **proxy 대용물, 대체물 ***not one iota 전혀〔조금도〕아닌

수능특강 변형문제 25~27강

01. 다음 글에서 맞지 않는 어법을 고르세요.

5번 advocates가 주절의 주어이기 때문에 동사가 필요하다 see 로 사용해야 한다.

Reformers have seen the Internet as a means of moving toward the ideal of responsive democratic governance in the area of public administration.  They view the burgeoning presence of government on the Internet as an attempt ①to respond to citizens as clients and customers. They believe that conducting public business online ②provides many of the same advantages as conducting private business online. Information can be accessed and services can be ③delivered at the convenience of the citizen.  No standing in line at a government office, no trying to reach a bureaucrat by telephone, no waiting for forms ④to arrive in the mail. Just as the Internet has brought dramatic changes to e-commerce, so advocates of e-government, the provision of governmental information and services online, ⑤seeing the Internet as a way to modernize the public sector and democratize the relationship between individual citizens and their government.

*burgeon 급증하다 **bureaucrat 관료

02. 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 곳을 고르세요.

4번 what 은 뒷문장이 불완전해야 하는데 뒷문장이 완전한 상태이다. 그래서 How를 사용해야 한다. 의문사 뒤에 tov 가 오는 경우 tov의 목적어가 있으면 완전한 문장이다.

Even if we give robots the ability to learn what we want, an important question remains ①that AI alone won't be able to answer.  We can make robots try to align with a person's internal values, but there's more than one person ②involved here. The robot has an end user (or perhaps a few, like a personal robot ③caring for a family, a car driving a few passengers to different destinations, or an office assistant for an entire team); it has a designer (or perhaps a few); and it interacts with society — the autonomous car shares the road with pedestrians, human-driven vehicles, and other autonomous cars. ④What to combine these people's values when they might be in conflict ⑤is an important problem we need to solve.  AI research can give us the tools to combine values in any way we decide but can't make the necessary decision for us.

*align with ~에 맞추다

03. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 문장을 고르세요.

3번  TV 프로그램을 통해 기업들이 광고를 하는 이야기이다. 그 예시로써 1950년대 초 Howdy Doody 쇼, 1950대 말 The Mickey Mouse Club을 이야기하였다. 3번 지문은 미국의 다른 기업이 디즈니와 같이 지적재산권이 풍부하지 못하다는 내용이다.

Children, of course, have less control over their attention than adults, but when they do pay attention, they open their minds more fully to the message presented.  By the early 1950s advertisers had come to understand the commercial potential of reaching children by television. ①The Howdy Doody Show, featuring a clown and a dancing puppet, for instance, was sponsored by a famous food company, and during every show Howdy Doody would dance around a cereal box. But those were the early days.  ②By the late 1950s, programmers had learned to create shows that in a sense served as advertisements themselves, like The Mickey Mouse Club, which helped nurture enduring attachments to characters like Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and other friends. ③In fact, many companies in America lacked Disney's reservoir of globally appealing intellectual property — including characters such as Mickey Mouse and the Avengers — and instead relied on more traditional themes. ④That, in turn, helped drive sales of toys, tickets to Disney's feature films, trips to Disneyland, and so on. ⑤And by the late 1950s, toy makers began creating toys specifically designed to be advertised on television — like Mattei's first girl-directed toy, the Barbie doll, whose commercials, which ran during breaks in The Mickey Mouse Club, chronicled glamorous episodes in Barbie's life.             *chronicle 연대순으로 기록하다 **glamorous 화려한

04. 다음 중 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

2번 인터넷상에 정보 공유의 위험으로 인해 익명성의 새로운 플랫폼을 개발하도록 자극하여 시간 제한을 하여 메시지를 보낼 수 있는 어플이 개발되어 자신의 인터넷 자취를 통제할 수 있게되었다. inspired를 사용하는 것이 적절하다

With so many people sharing the most intimate details of their lives with the world, something was bound to ①disrupt the trajectory of online sharing.  The year 2013 saw NSA (National Security Agency) leaks, hackers targeting consumer credit cards, and blanket inquiries into individuals' personal lives through their online connections, to name a few. These invasions of privacy and more have ②hindered whole new platforms based on giving the user a digital experience that can be anonymous, deleted, and secure. For example, app developers have created a photo messaging app that ③enables users to send a photo or video with text to a specific group of people and control the time ④limit for how long they can view the sent message from one to ten seconds.  When the time limit ends, the message is no longer available and is deleted from the app's servers. In this way users can ⑤control their digital footprints.                                     *trajectory 진행 과정 **anonymous 익명의

01. 다음 글의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 지문을 고르세요.

4번 전자 정부의 여러 가지 장점에 대한 글이다. 4번은 디지털 정부라는 용어와 전자 정부 용어를 구분된다는 내용이다.

Reformers have seen the Internet as a means of moving toward the ideal of responsive democratic governance in the area of public administration.  They view the burgeoning presence of government on the Internet as an attempt to respond to citizens as clients and customers. ①They believe that conducting public business online provides many of the same advantages as conducting private business online. ②Information can be accessed and services can be delivered at the convenience of the citizen. ③ No standing in line at a government office, no trying to reach a bureaucrat by telephone, no waiting for forms to arrive in the mail. ④As of 2014 the OECD uses the term digital government, and distinguishes it from e-government in the recommendation produced there for the Network on E-Government of the Public Governance Committee. ⑤Just as the Internet has brought dramatic changes to e-commerce, so advocates of e-government, the provision of governmental information and services online, see the Internet as a way to modernize the public sector and democratize the relationship between individual citizens and their government.

*burgeon 급증하다 **bureaucrat 관료

02. 다음 글의 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요.

5번 being 이 아니라 how (명사절)의 동사가 필요하다 is 가 적당하다

Even if we give robots the ability to learn what we want, an important question ①remains that AI alone won't be able to answer.  We can make robots try to align with a person's internal values, but there's more than one person ②involved here. The robot has an end user (or perhaps a few, like a personal robot caring for a family, a car ③driving a few passengers to different destinations, or an office assistant for an entire team); it has a designer (or perhaps a few); and it ④interacts with society — the autonomous car shares the road with pedestrians, human-driven vehicles, and other autonomous cars. How to combine these people's values when they might be in conflict ⑤being an important problem we need to solve.  AI research can give us the tools to combine values in any way we decide but can't make the necessary decision for us.

*align with ~에 맞추다

03. 다음 글의 알맞은 어법을 고르세요.

2번 ② during (뒤에 every show 만 가진다)..... which (미키마우스 클럽이 선행사이기 때문에 선행사와 관계대명사 사이에 , 가 있으면 that을 사용할 수 없다) ..... chronicled (whose 지문의 commercials 의 동사가 필요하다)

Children, of course, have less control over their attention than adults, but when they do pay attention, they open their minds more fully to the message presented.  By the early 1950s advertisers had come to understand the commercial potential of reaching children by television. The Howdy Doody Show, featuring a clown and a dancing puppet, for instance, was sponsored by a famous food company, and (A) (during /while) every show Howdy Doody would dance around a cereal box. But those were the early days.  By the late 1950s, programmers had learned to create shows that in a sense served as advertisements themselves, like The Mickey Mouse Club, (B) (that /which) helped nurture enduring attachments to characters like Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and other friends. That, in turn, helped drive sales of toys, tickets to Disney's feature films, trips to Disneyland, and so on.  And by the late 1950s, toy makers began creating toys specifically designed to be advertised on television — like Mattei's first girl-directed toy, the Barbie doll, whose commercials, which ran during breaks in The Mickey Mouse Club, (C) (chronicled /chronicling) glamorous episodes in Barbie's life.

*chronicle 연대순으로 기록하다 **glamorous 화려한

(A)        (B)         (C)

① during ..... that    ..... chronicled

② during ..... which  ..... chronicled

③ during ..... that    ..... chronicling

④ while  ..... which  ..... chronicled

⑤ while  ..... which  ..... choronicling

04. 다음 중 단어의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것을 고르세요.

4번 시간 제한을 제거하는 것이 아니라 통제함으로써 일정 시간후 메시지가 사라지도록 하는 어플이 계발되었다. control 이 적합하다.

With so many people sharing the most intimate details of their lives with the world, something was bound to ①disrupt the trajectory of online sharing.  The year 2013 saw NSA (National Security Agency) leaks, hackers targeting consumer credit cards, and blanket inquiries into individuals' personal lives through their online connections, to name a few. These ②invasions of privacy and more have inspired whole new platforms based on giving the user a digital experience that can be ③anonymous, deleted, and secure. For example, app developers have created a photo messaging app that enables users to send a photo or video with text to a specific group of people and ④remove the time limit for how long they can view the sent message from one to ten seconds.  When the time limit ends, the message is no longer available and is ⑤deleted from the app's servers. In this way users can control their digital footprints.                                     *trajectory 진행 과정 **anonymous 익명의

01. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

수능특강 변형문제 27~30강

1번 사회적 촉진이 있으면 타인에게 좋은 인상을 주고자 하고 그래서 함께 있는 사람에 의해 더 잘하고자 동기부여를 받지만 실패의 경우 그것이 당황함을 일으킬 수 있다. 그래서 쉬운 일의 경우 실패를 하지 않기 때문에 향상이 있지만 어려운 일의 경우 실패를 수반하기 때문에 당황스러움에 의해 수행력을 망치게 된다.

One approach to social facilitation that proposes an influence in social presence is based on the idea that people generally try to present the best possible appearance to others and to make a favorable impression.

a) This being the case, observers or coactors may not only motivate individuals to work hard at whatever task is being carried out, but also increase the person's sense of embarrassment when performance leads to failure.

b) Difficult tasks are often failed, however, at least at the beginning.  Embarrassment caused by such failure may cause stress and cognitive interference of sufficient intensity to disrupt performance.

c) Failure is not likely to happen when the task is a simple or familiar one, so that the increased motivation is sufficient to produce improvement.

*social presence 사회적 실재감

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

02. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

3번 가치있는 일을 할 때 항상 위험이 있다. 하지만 실패를 두려워한다면 자신을 발전시킬 수 없다.

Name a person who's accomplished something great, and you'll find a trail of risk along their personal path to greatness.  Do you think Martin Luther King, Jr., wasn't afraid? Do you suppose that JFK, Mother Teresa, Gandhi, and Nelson Mandela weren't scared about how their message would be received? These were people who heard the call, felt the fear, and moved forward regardless. They weren't afraid to turn the volume up on their lives so they could ultimately turn the volume up on their love. When you're going after anything           in life, know that you're going to eventually fall, look stupid, and make mistakes; it's part of the process of achieving.  If you're not failing, you're probably not stretching yourself. The comfort zone is a place where dreams go to die, and where vitality goes to die with it.

① scaring ② familiar ③ worthwhile ④ strange ⑤ unpopular

03. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

2번 자신이 안좋은 날이라 생각하면 그런 날이 펼쳐지는 것이기 때문에 자기 충족 예언이라고 한다.

We so often reach the conclusion, soon after we wake up, that " it's just one of those days," and by doing so create one of those days; or we enter a situation and predict that it's going to be bad — boring, irritating, frustrating, or annoying — and our prediction becomes                      .  In fact, however, we can make most days and most encounters cheerful, lively, positive, and pleasant — if we choose to bring these kinds of emotions to the situation. Emotions are contagious. Just as I am affected by other people's moods, other people are affected by mine.  If I choose to enter a room with a sense of joy and excitement, my positive mood will spread and will affect those present. And while I should certainly allow myself to experience painful emotions at times, in some situations it may be appropriate to "fake it till I make it" and imbue myself and others with positive energy.

*imbue 스며들게 하다

① a self-conscious stage        ② a self-fulfilling prophecy

③ a selfless benevolence     ④ a self-help spirit       ⑤ a self-control state

3-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

2번 아래 글을 보면 자신의 감정이 타인에게 영향을 주고 타인의 감정도 자신에게 영향을 준다고 하였다. 그래서 감정이 감염된다는 표현이 맞다.

We so often reach the conclusion, soon after we wake up, that " it's just one of those days," and by doing so create one of those days; or we enter a situation and predict that it's going to be bad — boring, irritating, frustrating, or annoying — and our prediction becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.  In fact, however, we can make most days and most encounters cheerful, lively, positive, and pleasant — if we choose to bring these kinds of emotions to the situation. Emotions are                . Just as I am affected by other people's moods, other people are affected by mine.  If I choose to enter a room with a sense of joy and excitement, my positive mood will spread and will affect those present. And while I should certainly allow myself to experience painful emotions at times, in some situations it may be appropriate to "fake it till I make it" and imbue myself and others with positive energy.

*imbue 스며들게 하다

① extreme ② contagious ③ absurd ④ inborn ⑤ defensive

3-3. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 자신이 그저 그런날로 생각하면 하루가 그렇게 된다 마찬가지로 감정은 전염되기 때문에 자신이 타인에게 또는 타인이 자신에게 영향을 준다. 그래서 때로는 고통스러운 감정을 겪는다 하여도 그것이 해결될 때까지 감추어두고 자신과 타인에게 긍정적인 감정을 스며들게 해야 한다.

We so often reach the conclusion, soon after we wake up, that " it's just one of those days," and by doing so create one of those days; or we enter a situation and predict that it's going to be bad — boring, irritating, frustrating, or annoying — and our prediction becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.

a) And while I should certainly allow myself to experience painful emotions at times, in some situations it may be appropriate to "fake it till I make it" and imbue myself and others with positive energy.

b) Just as I am affected by other people's moods, other people are affected by mine.  If I choose to enter a room with a sense of joy and excitement, my positive mood will spread and will affect those present.

c) In fact, however, we can make most days and most encounters cheerful, lively, positive, and pleasant — if we choose to bring these kinds of emotions to the situation. Emotions are contagious.

*imbue 스며들게 하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

04. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 이 글은 상대방에게 어떻게 질문을 하는가에 따라서 원하는 답을 얻을 수 있는지 없는지가 결정된다는 것이다. 그래서 올바른 질문을 해야 한다는 것이 답으로 옳다.

You can steer a conversation in any direction that you choose.  Take this example. Let's say that while you are at a friend's house, she shows you her brand-new dining room table. If you want to know if it was really expensive, would asking directly be your best bet?  Usually not, because she may get a little defensive. But if you said to your friend that it's the most gorgeous table you have ever seen, what might she respond with? You guessed it — how expensive it was! If you said, "This looks like it cost a fortune. How could you spend so much on a table?"  What response might you get? She would tell you about its quality and the craftsmanship that went into it. When you say it's expensive, she'll talk about the quality.  lf you say that it looks beautiful, she'll tell you about the cost. By               , you can steer the conversation in any direction you want and elicit the information that you need.

*elicit (정보·반응 등을) 이끌어 내다

① asking the right questions

② keeping your emotion in check

③ directly asking what you want to know

④ learning how to appease others

⑤ answering a question from others immediately

01. 다음 글에서 어법상 알맞지 않은 것을 고르세요.

수능특강 변형문제 27-30

3번 The shipment 의 동사가 없다. eliminated 로 써서 동사가 되어야 한다.

In the United States, the coming of the railroads opened up local and regional markets to competition.  Local producers had difficulty ①competing with large manufacturers, and many local companies went out of business or merged with other firms producing similar foods. The shipment of ②dressed beef from the Midwest to eastern cities, for instance, all but ③eliminating local slaughterhouses and reduced the number of butchers. In 1860, New York City had more than 2,000 butchers only a few hundred ④survived in 1900.  These butchers had counted on their customers' appreciation of the quality and flavor of their meats, but shoppers readily gave up locally butchered beef and pork for cheaper cuts ⑤shipped from the Midwest.

*dressed 요리용으로 준비된

02. 다음 지문의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

4번 시대를 초월한 유행은 없다. 유행은 사회적인 여러 가지 제약에 의해 영향을 받고 심지어 역사적으로 멋있다는 자격을 받을 만한 로드 바이런의 경우에도 사회적인 경제적인 자유가 있었기 때문에 멋있을 수 있었다.  freedom

There are limits to the idea of "timeless" fashion.  Fashions from the Victorian era or from Elizabethan times do not appear cool or fashionable now, no matter who wears them. Indeed, it is interesting to consider whether the concept of "cool" can be applied to historical eras in which fashion is ①constrained by social and gender conventions to a far greater degree than is the case in most modern liberal societies. It's ②hard to imagine a woman dressed in Jane Austen-era clothes as "cool" even though she might be ③fashionable given the standards of the time.  Historical figures who might qualify as "cool" such as Lord Byron, are individuals who had a degree of financial and/or social ④limitation (usually arising from wealth and leisure) that allowed them to exercise their aesthetic choices in a way that was not possible for individuals who were more ⑤constrained by convention and circumstance. Perhaps, then, being cool is also a matter of having freedom to exercise one's tastes, and the resources to be able to do this.

03. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 문장은?

2번 정치가들은 나르시즘이 있고 자신에 대해 지나치게 낙관적이다 그래서 세상이 자신을 둘러싸고 돌고 있다고 생각한다.

Politicians, especially those in the national spotlight, are often jokingly accused of being narcissists but, in all seriousness, their profession lends itself to this particularly destructive personality trait.  For example, in order to be a successful candidate, you have to be unnaturally optimistic even in the face of probable defeat and possess high levels of self-esteem despite the constant criticism that comes with the territory. Furthermore, you are constantly given sole credit for successes — even though those successes were achieved, in part, by the work of many aides and assistants. Finally, you constantly have people relying on you, believing in you, and holding you responsible as the sole representative of a cause.  All of this power can lead to an exaggerated sense of self-importance that can cause some individuals to believe that              . That's when their out-of-control behaviors become easier to rationalize.

*narcissist 나르시시스트(자기 자신을 사랑하거나, 훌륭하다고 여기는 사람)

**come with the territory 일상적인 일이다

① to be unnaturally optimistic is not advantageous

② the world revolves around them

③ their irrational behaviors can be under control

④ the constant criticism can improve their thinking skill

⑤ they are not deserved to get sole credit

04. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

3번 세계화를 반대하는 사람들은 자신의 국가가 자신의 이익을 보호해주고 특히 민주주의에서는 자신의 운명에 대해 목소리를 낼 수 있지만 다국적기업이나 세계적인 기구들에서는 목소리를 낼 수가 없다. 그래서 그들은 세계화가 민주주의를 훼손한다고 생각한다.

Many of those who oppose globalization reserve their highest loyalties to the sovereign state, which they believe exists to protect their interests.   They argue that in democratic states, such as those in Europe and North America, citizens have a voice in determining their own fates but have little or no voice in the boardrooms of giant transnational corporations, remote international bureaucracies like the EU or WTO, or economic markets, and such institutions are not accountable to citizens. Thus, anti-globalizers argue, globalization has created                          by empowering institutions in which people have no voice and unleashing economic and cultural forces over which they have no control. Globalization, they believe, is eroding the rights and capacity of people to determine their own future.  The result is alienation and anxiety, as people's lives are troubled by remote forces beyond their control or understanding.

*sovereign state 주권 국가 **bureaucracy 관료 (체제)

① an income unequality     ② a racial wage gap    ③ a democratic deficit ④ trade protectionism       ⑤ philanthropic activities

01. She의 감정 변화로 올바른 것을 고르세요?

수능특강 변형문제 27-30강

5번 처음에는 자신의 처지에 우울하였지만 나중에 아이의 답변에 흥분과 활기를 함께 느끼게 된다.

A middle-aged woman sat in a clinic's sitting room waiting to be fitted for a prosthesis to replace the leg she lost in an accident.  Although considerable time had passed since the accident and she had adjusted well, she continued to feel emotionally devastated by her loss. The woman watched as a young boy with a patch over his eye played with some toys. The thought of losing an eye at such a tender age made her own difficult situation seem minor by comparison.  She struck up a casual conversation and eventually asked what happened to his eye. He replied, "Oh nothing. I'm a pirate." The word "pirate" transformed her immediately and changed her entire outlook.   She vividly imagined the romantic thrill of sailing the high seas in search of adventure.  Some time later, the little boy asked what happened to her leg. She replied proudly, "I'm a pirate too."

*prosthesis 인공 보철물(의족·의안·의치 등)

① scared -> relieved        ② amused -> sad

③ depressed -> disappointed ④ cheerful -> angry

⑤ melancholy -> excited

02. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 칼로리는 지방이 아니라 에너지를 의미한다. 그래서 피부재생이나 손톱등이 자라기 위해 필요할 뿐만 아니라 산책이나 자전거, 독서를 하기 위한 에너지를 생산한다. 그리고 충분한 칼로리를 섭취하지 않으면 신체 뿐만 아니라 심리적으로도 문제가 생긴다. 그래서 충분한 에너지를 섭취하는 것이 좋은 감정을 유지하는 방법이다.

The definition of a calorie does not refer to something that produces fat, but to something that produces energy.

a) Consuming enough calories is necessary not only for healthy physical functioning but also for psychological well-being.  The intake of sufficient calories is a necessary condition to be in a positive frame of mind.

b) Calories produce the energy needed for walking, bicycling, reading, talking over the phone, texting and so on.  Without the intake of calories, the body cannot develop energy for physical, psychological and social activities and becomes exhausted.

c) Calories are an important source of energy for the body and the brain. They are necessary for the growth of nails and hair and to replace skin cells.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

03. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 현대 반노화 산업은 세포와 장수에 집중되어 있어 더 넓은 사회 문화적인 요소들을 놓치고 있다. 더 넓은 약용 식품에 대한 지식을 가짐으로써 인간의 몸과 음식의 관계를 이해하고 장수보다는 삶의 질을 향상해 나가는 것으로 매일 접근 가능한 자기 관리를 할 수 있다.

The anti-aging industry promotes a particular image of longevity that is reduced to biomechanical processes at the cellular level.

a) Such discourse focuses on longevity as an individual body's battle against aging rather than considering aging in a broader social and historical context. In an era when care of the self comprises a vast industry, healing through nutrition and healthy diets may seem too low-tech or slow.

b) We can greatly influence our well-being through diet and nutritional knowledge, not just consuming dietary supplements.  Longevity is not guaranteed, but the possibility of accessible self managed care on a daily basis through attention to one's food can enhance the quality of one's life.

c) Gaining broader cultural knowledge of medicinal foods may offer alternatives to anti-aging discourse in which bodies are subject to biomechanical processes.  Traditional systems of medicine offered insights based on observation of the subtle interactions of food and environment of human bodies.

*biomechanical 생체 역학의

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-2. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

2번 위 글 참조 ( 식단을 통한 접근법은 장수보다는 삶의 질 즉 well-being 에 목표를 둔다 )

The anti-aging industry promotes a particular image of longevity that is reduced to biomechanical processes at the cellular level.  Such discourse focuses on longevity as an individual body's battle against aging rather than considering aging in a broader social and historical context. In an era when care of the self comprises a vast industry, healing through nutrition and healthy diets may seem too low-tech or slow. Gaining broader cultural knowledge of medicinal foods may offer alternatives to anti-aging discourse in which bodies are subject to biomechanical processes.  Traditional systems of medicine offered insights based on observation of the subtle interactions of food and environment of human bodies. We can greatly influence                through diet and nutritional knowledge, not just consuming dietary supplements.  Longevity is not guaranteed, but the possibility of accessible self managed care on a daily basis through attention to one's food can enhance the quality of one's life.

*biomechanical 생체 역학의

① our longevity ② our well-being ③ our economy ④ our healing process ⑤ our society

04. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 그는 좋지 않은 위생 환경속에 살아가면서도 장수하는 사람들이 있다는 것을 알게 된다. 그 예시가 바로 불가리아 이다.

He was also struck by the fact that some people lived to a ripe old age despite harsh rural conditions and poor hygiene associated with poverty.

As early as 1907, one prominent Russian zoologist, Ilya Metchnikoff, began to question if the "all bacteria are bad" orthodoxy might be flawed. ① During the cholera epidemic of 1892 in France, Metchnikoff mixed bacteria together in a petri dish and found that some bacteria could stimulate cholera growth, but to his surprise found that other bacteria hindered it. ②This led him to speculate whether swallowing some types of helpful bacteria might be useful for preventing deadly diseases. ③ In Bulgaria, he noted, there were peasants in the Caucasus Mountains who lived beyond one hundred years. ④He observed that the oldest villagers were drinking fermented yogurt containing the bacteria Lactobacillus Bulgaricus. ⑤Metchnikoff suggested that one secret to longevity is consuming healthy bacteria. History would prove him right.

*orthodoxy 정설 **petri dish 페트리〔세균 배양용〕접시

4-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 메치니 코프 박사는 콜레라 박테리아를 혼합함으로써 나쁜 박테리아 뿐만 아니라 좋은 박테리아도 있다는 것을 발견하고 그것을 먹는 것에 대해 생각해보았다. 그는 또한 좋지 않은 환경에서도 장수하는 불가리아 사람들이 젖산이 포함된 발효된 요쿠르트를 마시는 것을 보고 장수의 비결은 좋은 박테리아를 먹는 것이라 말하였고 역사는 그것을 증명해주었다.

As early as 1907, one prominent Russian zoologist, Ilya Metchnikoff, began to question if the "all bacteria are bad" orthodoxy might be flawed.

a) He was also struck by the fact that some people lived to a ripe old age despite harsh rural conditions and poor hygiene associated with poverty.  In Bulgaria, he noted, there were peasants in the Caucasus Mountains who lived beyond one hundred years.

b) He observed that the oldest villagers were drinking fermented yogurt containing the bacteria Lactobacillus Bulgaricus.  Metchnikoff suggested that one secret to longevity is consuming healthy bacteria. History would prove him right.

c) During the cholera epidemic of 1892 in France, Metchnikoff mixed bacteria together in a petri dish and found that some bacteria could stimulate cholera growth, but to his surprise found that other bacteria hindered it. This led him to speculate whether swallowing some types of helpful bacteria might be useful for preventing deadly diseases.

*orthodoxy 정설 **petri dish 페트리〔세균 배양용〕접시

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

수능특강 변형문제 27-30강

01. 다음 글의 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요.

3번 than 뒷문장에 비교 대상이 일치하기 위해 are 가 아니라 who are 라고 써야합니다.

We received your application for the Steven Christopher Scholarship.  We sincerely appreciate your interest. Each year hundreds of students apply for the scholarship, and your outstanding academic record ①placed you among the finalists. However, we regret ②to inform you that the scholarship has been granted to someone else who has a wider experience in the industry.  Considering that you are a few years younger than the others ③are also applying, we encourage you to gain more experience and expose ④yourself more to different challenges and situations in the corporate world. This experience will greatly benefit your qualifications the next time you ⑤apply for the same scholarship.  We encourage you to reapply for next year's slot, and wish you the best of luck in your academic career.

02. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 숨이 안 쉬어 졌는데 호흡을 천천히 하면서 진정하려고 하면서 효과를 본 장면이다.

I worked to calm myself: Slow your breathing, adjust your buoyancy, move slowly.

I signaled to David, my diving teacher, that I was going down into the sea.  As I slowly sank away from the lighted sea surface, I swam toward the cave wall. With a growing uneasiness, I realized that the cold was not nearly as much a problem as the dark. Underwater, it was completely, disorientingly dark. ① I couldn't see David, couldn't see the bottom, and I could barely see the surface. ②I was breathing too fast, and my suit was too tight and confining.   ③My panic grew at a rate almost too fast to control. ④It worked; didn't dash to the surface, I looked at David, and out of habit only I gave him a grin and a thumbs-up, but it was enough to refocus and follow my training, adjust my buoyancy, take a slow breath, and proceed down. ⑤Now I was looking at my old invertebrate friends on the cave wall that had been the site of my very first underwater job.

*disorientingly 방향감각을 상실케 할 정도로 **buoyancy 부력
***invertebrate 무척추동물

03. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 사람들은 정보가 많아 산만해지기 때문에 메시지를 잘 받아들이지 못한다. 그래서 반복을 해주어야 하는데 그 반복을 다양한 채널을 통해서 한다면 사람들의 마음에 도달하여 기억에 남을 것이다.

People are distracted.

a) They are distracted because information is everywhere and the selection of the relevant messages becomes increasingly difficult. So, even if a piece of information was successfully delivered, it doesn't mean it's been noticed, understood, internalised and pondered. It may just be forgotten or neglected.

b) But only multi-channel information can somehow guarantee that a piece of information really reaches the audience.  So, do not hesitate to repeat your content in emails, intranet, staff meetings and so on. At some point It will reach the minds of your people and stick in their memory.

c) This is why Consul Marcus Tullius Cicero said 'Repetita iuvant'(repetitions help). And the purpose is clear: ensuring the reception of that message or piece of information.  It's best to repeat messages in different channels, even if it seems a redundant exercise.

*ponder 신중히 고려하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 반복하는 것이 좋다는 표현이 처음으로 등장하는 부분.

This is why Consul Marcus Tullius Cicero said 'Repetita iuvant'(repetitions help).

People are distracted.  They are distracted because information is everywhere and the selection of the relevant messages becomes increasingly difficult. So, even if a piece of information was successfully delivered, it doesn't mean it's been noticed, understood, internalised and pondered. It may just be forgotten or neglected.  ①And the purpose is clear: ensuring the reception of that message or piece of information.  ②It's best to repeat messages in different channels, even if it seems a redundant exercise. ③But only multi-channel information can somehow guarantee that a piece of information really reaches the audience.  ④So, do not hesitate to repeat your content in emails, intranet, staff meetings and so on. ⑤At some point It will reach the minds of your people and stick in their memory.

*ponder 신중히 고려하다

3-3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현을 고르세요.

2번 정보를 전달할 때는 다양한 채널을 통해 반복하여서.

People are distracted.  They are distracted because information is everywhere and the selection of the relevant messages becomes increasingly difficult. So, even if a piece of information was successfully delivered, it doesn't mean it's been noticed, understood, internalised and pondered. It may just be forgotten or neglected.  This is why Consul Marcus Tullius Cicero said 'Repetita iuvant'(repetitions help). And the purpose is clear: ensuring the reception of that message or piece of information.  It's best to repeat messages in               , even if it seems a redundant exercise. But only multi-channel information can somehow guarantee that a piece of information really reaches the audience.  So, do not hesitate to repeat your content in emails, intranet, staff meetings and so on. At some point It will reach the minds of your people and stick in their memory.

*ponder 신중히 고려하다

① rigid thought

② different channels

③ cultural background

④ staff meetings

⑤ moderate manners

04. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 훌륭한 팀은 팀원들의 협력이 중요하다. 어린 시절 삼촌과 함께 야구장에 갔을 때 가장 좋아하는 투수의 강속구에 상대 선수들이 이길 수가 없었다고 하였지만 그 누구도 혼자서 승리할 수 없다고 생각하여 자신이 그 투수의 포수였다면 그는 그렇게 대단한 투수가 될 수 없었을 것이라 함.

The foundation of an effective team is the recognition that each member needs every other member, and no individual can be successful without the cooperation of others.

a)My uncle claimed that Robin Roberts was unstoppable.  Eben as a young boy I intuitively knew that no one was unstoppable by himself. I told my uncle that I knew how to stop Robin Roberts: "Make me his catcher."

b) My uncle, who took me to my first ball game, explained that opposing batters were so intimidated by Robert's fastball that they were automatic "outs" even before they got to the plate.

c) As a young boy I was a very enthusiastic baseball fan. My favorite player was the Hall of Fame pitcher Robin Roberts of the Philadelphia Phillies. During the early 1950s, his fastball dominated the National League.

*plate (야구)타석 쪽 홈베이스

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

4-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

3번 위 글 참조

The foundation of an effective team is the recognition that each member needs every other member, and no individual can be successful without the cooperation of others.  As a young boy I was a very enthusiastic baseball fan. My favorite player was the Hall of Fame pitcher Robin Roberts of the Philadelphia Phillies. During the early 1950s, his fastball dominated the National League.  My uncle, who took me to my first ball game, explained that opposing batters were so intimidated by Robert's fastball that they were automatic "outs" even before they got to the plate. My uncle claimed that Robin Roberts was unstoppable.  Eben as a young boy I intuitively knew that no one was                . I told my uncle that I knew how to stop Robin Roberts: "Make me his catcher."

① dependant on others

② helpless in their territories

③ unstoppable by himself

④ aware of their own power

⑤ more enthusiastic for baseball than I

05. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 서비스업은 고객을 접촉해야 한다. 호텔의 손님이 줄서 있거나 같은 시설들을 공유할 때 그러한 상호작용속에 고객의 만족을 극대화 해야 하는데 예를 들어 , 퇴역 군인들과 술을 마시지 않는 종교 모임을 함께 예약을 받지 않는 것과 레스토랑에 흡연자와 비흡연자를 분리하는 것이 바로 그러한 것이다.

People or firms that purchase services come in contact with other consumers as well as the service employees.

a) Therefore, service firms must manage consumer interactions to the best of their abilities to ensure customer satisfaction.  For example, a hotel's sales office would not want to book group business with a nondrinking religious group at the same time as a reunion of military veterans.

b) The two groups are significantly different in behavior, and the expectation is that they would not mix well within the facilities at the same time.  Similarly, restaurants separate smokers and nonsmokers, and they should try to separate other patrons that show some potential for conflict.

c) For example, a hotel guest waits in line at the front desk or the concierge desk with other guests. In addition, the guests share facilities such as the pool, the restaurant, and the fitness center.

*concierge (호텔의) 안내원

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

06. 다음 중 잘못된 어법을 고르세요.

3번 was used tov (위해 사용되다) 가 아니라 해석상으로 used to V (하곤 했었다.) 로 써야 한다.

Great coaches know that they can get their athletes to perform well by drumming certain ideas into their heads.  Foremost is the idea ①that the players are winners, so that they will think only of winning and never about the possibility of losing. Chances are high that they indeed will win because the image of themselves as winners will force them ②to concentrate only on the moves that ensure winning. This is basically the technique Jack Nicklaus, perhaps the greatest golfer of the past several decades, ③was used to enhance his performance.  Before every shot, he formed a mental picture ④in which he saw three things: (1) the target area the ball would land in, (2) the flight path of the ball to the target area, and (3) himself using the appropriate wing for that particular shot. In short, if athletes define ⑤themselves as winners, they are more likely to win.  By the same token, if athletes define themselves as losers, the will very likely lose.

*foremost 가장 중요한

07. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

5번 이끼류는 공기 오염에 민감하여 초록빛 회색 이끼나 오렌지 색 이끼는 오염된 지역에서 그리고 비오염 지역에서는 다양한 이끼가 나타난다. 특히 특정한 공기 오염 화학물질 (이산화황)에 민감하다. 그래서 미시간에 과학자들이 이끼를 통해 북서쪽에 화석연료를 태우는 시설을 지역 오염의 주범으로 지목하게 되었다.

A lichen is an organism consisting of a fungus and an alga living together, usually in an interdependent relationship.  These hardy species are good biological indicators of air pollution because they continually absorb air as a source of nourishment. A highly polluted area around an industrial plant might have only gray-green crusty lichens or none at all. An area with moderate air pollution might support only orange crusty lichens.  In contrast, areas with clean air can support larger varieties of lichens. Some lichen species are sensitive to specific                       .  Old man's beard and yellow Evernia lichens, for example, can sicken and die in the presence of excessive sulfur dioxide (SO2), even if the pollutant originates far away. For this reason, scientists discovered SO2 pollution on Isle Royale, Michigan, in Lake Superior, an island where no car or tall factory chimney has ever existed.  They used Evernia lichens to point the finger northwest toward coal-burning facilities in and around the Canadian city of Thunder Bay, Ontario.

*lichen 이끼, 지의류 **alga 조류, 말

① marine pollution

② industrial pollutants

③ fine dust

④ regional difference

⑤ air-polluting chemicals

7-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 위에 내용 참조

Some lichen species are sensitive to specific air-polluting chemicals.

A lichen is an organism consisting of a fungus and an alga living together, usually in an interdependent relationship.  These hardy species are good biological indicators of air pollution because they continually absorb air as a source of nourishment. A highly polluted area around an industrial plant might have only gray-green crusty lichens or none at all. ①An area with moderate air pollution might support only orange crusty lichens. ② In contrast, areas with clean air can support larger varieties of lichens. ③Old man's beard and yellow Evernia lichens, for example, can sicken and die in the presence of excessive sulfur dioxide (SO2), even if the pollutant originates far away. ④For this reason, scientists discovered SO2 pollution on Isle Royale, Michigan, in Lake Superior, an island where no car or tall factory chimney has ever existed. ⑤They used Evernia lichens to point the finger northwest toward coal-burning facilities in and around the Canadian city of Thunder Bay, Ontario.                            *lichen 이끼, 지의류 **alga 조류, 말

7-3. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 위 내용 참조

A lichen is an organism consisting of a fungus and an alga living together, usually in an interdependent relationship.  These hardy species are good biological indicators of air pollution because they continually absorb air as a source of nourishment.

a) Some lichen species are sensitive to specific air-polluting chemicals. Old man's beard and yellow Evernia lichens, for example, can sicken and die in the presence of excessive sulfur dioxide (SO2), even if the pollutant originates far away.

b) A highly polluted area around an industrial plant might have only gray-green crusty lichens or none at all. An area with moderate air pollution might support only orange crusty lichens.  In contrast, areas with clean air can support larger varieties of lichens.

c) For this reason, scientists discovered SO2 pollution on Isle Royale, Michigan, in Lake Superior, an island where no car or tall factory chimney has ever existed.  They used Evernia lichens to point the finger northwest toward coal-burning facilities in and around the Canadian city of Thunder Bay, Ontario.

*lichen 이끼, 지의류 **alga 조류, 말

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

7-4. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 위 내용 참조

For this reason, scientists discovered SO2 pollution on Isle Royale, Michigan, in Lake Superior, an island where no car or tall factory chimney has ever existed.

A lichen is an organism consisting of a fungus and an alga living together, usually in an interdependent relationship.  These hardy species are good biological indicators of air pollution because they continually absorb air as a source of nourishment. A highly polluted area around an industrial plant might have only gray-green crusty lichens or none at all. ①An area with moderate air pollution might support only orange crusty lichens.  ②In contrast, areas with clean air can support larger varieties of lichens. ③Some lichen species are sensitive to specific air-polluting chemicals. ④ Old man's beard and yellow Evernia lichens, for example, can sicken and die in the presence of excessive sulfur dioxide (SO2), even if the pollutant originates far away. ⑤ They used Evernia lichens to point the finger northwest toward coal-burning facilities in and around the Canadian city of Thunder Bay, Ontario.

*lichen 이끼, 지의류 **alga 조류, 말

12. 다음 지문에 어울리지 않는 단어는?

5번 사회적인 표준과 기준에 의해 자신의 행동을 조절하고 그로인해 상대와 나의 기대되는 행동에 따라 서로에게 영향을 준다. 그 예시로 내가 파티에서 상대에게 미소를 지어 친해지고자 하는 의도를 표현할 때 상대 또한 미소를 보내면 친해지고자 하는 동일한 의도를 표현한 것이므로 대화가 시작된다.  (*hinder 방해하다   가 아니라 initiate  시작하다 )

We behave (perform roles) as we think the role or roles should be performed (e.g., daughter or son, mother or father, etc): this is known as role-taking.  We also assume that others we encounter will behave as we would behave if we were in their roles, that they will ①conform to a community standard or model. By ②adapting our behavior accordingly, the expected behavior or the perspective of the other is acting upon us. As we try to guess the intentions of the other, the other is ③impacting our behavior.  For example, if you smile at someone while at a party, it may be your way of attempting to make the person's ④acquaintance. If someone smiles back at you, your assumption is that he or she has the same intentions as you — to make your acquaintance.  Your behavior then may be to ⑤hinder a conversation with the person based on the smile being an assumed symbol or sign of cordiality.

*cordiality 친근함

12. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 위글 참조

We behave (perform roles) as we think the role or roles should be performed (e.g., daughter or son, mother or father, etc): this is known as role-taking.

a) We also assume that others we encounter will behave as we would behave if we were in their roles, that they will conform to a community standard or model. By adapting our behavior accordingly, the expected behavior or the perspective of the other is acting upon us.

b) If someone smiles back at you, your assumption is that he or she has the same intentions as you — to make your acquaintance.  Your behavior then may be to initiate a conversation with the person based on the smile being an assumed symbol or sign of cordiality.

c) As we try to guess the intentions of the other, the other is impacting our behavior.  For example, if you smile at someone while at a party, it may be your way of attempting to make the person's acquaintance.

*cordiality 친근함

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

13. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 건축가가 처음 등장 . 다음 지문에서 He 로 받아준다.

If you have already selected your architect, bring him along to offer his opinion on the sites you are considering.

Which comes first, the site or the plan for the house?  I advise my clients to choose the site first. This allows you to design a house to fit the land. You wouldn't buy a rug and then figure out what room it fits in later on.  I believe a house should "grow" from its site and not look like it has been imported and dropped there haphazardly. ① He may well see things about a site that you may not see. ② The site you have in mind might not be appropriate for the house you desire. ③ How many times have we seen houses placed awkwardly on a slope when the house design would clearly have been more comfortable on a flat site? ④Developments of tract houses are fertile ground for examples of house designs that were poorly fitted to their sites.⑤These mismatches of house to site are akin to wearing a tuxedo with tennis shoes.

*haphazardly 아무렇게나 **tract house 규격형 주택

14.다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 사무실 직원이 운동을 함으로써 회사는 건강보험료를 줄이고 인본주의적으로 질병의 위험이 감소하며 또한 회사내 집단 지식을 향상시킨다. 이것은 실험실에 운동을 통해 문제 해결능력이 좋아하지는 것을 통해 나타나고 있으며 이는 사업의 환경에서도 마찬가지이다.

Office workers can sometimes choose their own desk setups,              on an individual basis.  But businesses have compelling reasons to incorporate such radical ideas into company policy as well. Business leaders already know that if employees exercised regularly, it would reduce health-care costs. There's no question that halving someone's lifetime risk of a debilitating stroke or Alzheimer's disease is a wonderfully humanitarian thing to do.  But exercise also could boost the collective brain power of an organization. Fit employees are more capable than sedentary employees of mobilizing their God-given IQs.  For companies whose competitiveness rests on creative intellectual horsepower, such mobilization could mean a strategic advantage. In the laboratory, regular exercise improves problem-solving abilities, fluid intelligence, and even memory — sometimes dramatically so.  It's worth finding out whether the same is true in business setting, too.                    *debilitate 심신을 약화시키다

① taking regular breaks

② listening to music

③ integrating exercise

④ performing donation

⑤ conforming to rule

14-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 지능에 대한 이야기가 시작되는 부분이다.

But exercise also could boost the collective brain power of an organization.

Office workers can sometimes choose their own desk setups, integrating exercise on an individual basis.  But businesses have compelling reasons to incorporate such radical ideas into company policy as well. Business leaders already know that if employees exercised regularly, it would reduce health-care costs. ①There's no question that halving someone's lifetime risk of a debilitating stroke or Alzheimer's disease is a wonderfully humanitarian thing to do. ②Fit employees are more capable than sedentary employees of mobilizing their God-given IQs. ③ For companies whose competitiveness rests on creative intellectual horsepower, such mobilization could mean a strategic advantage. ④In the laboratory, regular exercise improves problem-solving abilities, fluid intelligence, and even memory — sometimes dramatically so. ⑤ It's worth finding out whether the same is true in business setting, too.               *debilitate 심신을 약화시키다

14-3. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 위 내용 참조

Office workers can sometimes choose their own desk setups, integrating exercise on an individual basis.  But businesses have compelling reasons to incorporate such radical ideas into company policy as well.

a) In the laboratory, regular exercise improves problem-solving abilities, fluid intelligence, and even memory — sometimes dramatically so.  It's worth finding out whether the same is true in business setting, too.                          *

b)  But exercise also could boost the collective brain power of an organization. Fit employees are more capable than sedentary employees of mobilizing their God-given IQs. For companies whose competitiveness rests on creative intellectual horsepower, such mobilization could mean a strategic advantage.

c) Business leaders already know that if employees exercised regularly, it would reduce health-care costs. There's no question that halving someone's lifetime risk of a debilitating stroke or Alzheimer's disease is a wonderfully humanitarian thing to do.         debilitate 심신을 약화시키다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

14-4. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 위 내용 참조 (회사도 마찬가지라고 5번에 등장)

In the laboratory, regular exercise improves problem-solving abilities, fluid intelligence, and even memory — sometimes dramatically so.

Office workers can sometimes choose their own desk setups, integrating exercise on an individual basis.  But businesses have compelling reasons to incorporate such radical ideas into company policy as well. Business leaders already know that if employees exercised regularly, it would reduce health-care costs. ① There's no question that halving someone's lifetime risk of a debilitating stroke or Alzheimer's disease is a wonderfully humanitarian thing to do. ②But exercise also could boost the collective brain power of an organization. ③Fit employees are more capable than sedentary employees of mobilizing their God-given IQs. ④ For companies whose competitiveness rests on creative intellectual horsepower, such mobilization could mean a strategic advantage. ⑤It's worth finding out whether the same is true in business setting, too.              *debilitate 심신을 약화시키다

15. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

2번 컴퓨터 등에서 바로 찾을 수 있는 정보와 다르게 지식은 학자들의 연구를 통해 오랜 시간동안 그들의 머릿속에 형성되는 것이다.

It is very important in the information age to understand the difference between knowledge and information.  What is accessible by computer and, indeed, what is published in the journals is information. Knowledge is something that has to be constructed in the mind of the expert reader. This is what scholarship is about.  Information is, these days, instantly accessible, but knowledge sill takes years of dedicated study to acquire. Imagine that a freak accident wiped out an entire field of experts on a subject while all were attending a conference.  How long would it take to reconstruct expertise in the field so that research could once again progress? It would probably take many years, despite the fact that their research was all published.  To take another example, what do producers of science documentaries for television programmes do when they are researching their subjects? They talk to the experts rather than trying to read the journals. Quite rightly, as that is the only place that knowledge is to be found —                            .                                            *freak 매우 이상한

① in the mind of the amateur reader

② inside the heads of the scholars

③ in the journals and computer

④ at the tip of user’s fingers

⑤ in science documentaries for television programmes

15-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 다튜멘터리 pd들이 다음 글에서 they 로 이어짐.

To take another example, what do producers of science documentaries for television programmes do when they are researching their subjects?

It is very important in the information age to understand the difference between knowledge and information.  What is accessible by computer and, indeed, what is published in the journals is information. Knowledge is something that has to be constructed in the mind of the expert reader. This is what scholarship is about.  Information is, these days, instantly accessible, but knowledge sill takes years of dedicated study to acquire. ①Imagine that a freak accident wiped out an entire field of experts on a subject while all were attending a conference. ② How long would it take to reconstruct expertise in the field so that research could once again progress? ③It would probably take many years, despite the fact that their research was all published. ④  They talk to the experts rather than trying to read the journals. ⑤Quite rightly, as that is the only place that knowledge is to be found — inside the heads of the scholars. *freak 매우 이상한

16. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 설득하는 메시지에 올바르게 반응하기 어려운 사람들은 다른 이들의 반응을 보고 행동한다. 예를 들어 정치연설을 듣고 다른 이들의 반응을 본 후 연설이 좋았다고 생각하고 의견일치를 더 할수록 그들이 이끄는 대로 따라간다. 이것은 심문하는 사람들이 나라고 하기 보다는 우리라는 말을 사용해서 이야기하는 것과 동일하다

When people want to react correctly to a persuasive message but don't have the motivation or ability to think about it deeply, there is a shortcut they can take.  They can observe the responses of others to the message.

a) In addition, the more consensus you witnessed among audience members, the more likely you would be to follow their lead, even if you didn't initially agree with them.

b) For example, if under such conditions you heard a political speech and everyone in the audience around you responded enthusiastically to it, you might well conclude that the speech was a good one and become persuaded in its direction.

c) It's for this reason that interrogators are taught to say to a suspect "We believe you are guilty" rather than "I believe you are guilty."

*consensus 합의, 의견 일치 **interrogator 심문자

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

17. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 대중들이 전쟁에 참여하는 이유는 정착과 돈과 관련되어 있지만 그것말고 다른 이유가 있다. 그것은 잉여 자본과 사람들을 식민지에 보내었을 때 그 곳에 간 사람들은 모국의 국적을 얻기 위해 전쟁에 참여하게 된다. 그 예시가 스코틀랜드 사람들이 영국 국적을 얻기 위한 식민지 전투 참여이다.

But individuals also participated in nineteenth-century imperial campaigns for a novel reason.

Popular participation in conflict in the nineteenth century cannot be understood without examining the role of empire. ① Individuals had always gone to the colonies for profit or the settle. ②Hannah Arendt later dismissively characterized imperialism as "the export of superfluous men and superfluous capital."  ③She was correct that colonial functionaries were often from marginal populations — Cecil Rhodes, after all, would advocate imperialism "to settle surplus population" and thus "avoid civil war" — but these marginalized individuals increasingly used their participation in colonial conflicts to make claims to membership in the home nation. ④Scots, for example, were excluded from membership of the English community, but by participating in the wars against France and the empire in India, they became part of the British nation, increasing the war-fighting capacity of the latter. ⑤ Empire was a crucial mechanism in constructing the exchange in the nineteenth century.

*funcionary 공무원, 직원 **surplus 잉여의
***Scot 스코틀랜드 사람

18. 다음 글에서 어법상 잘못된 것은?

4번 뒤에 empty 가 동사로 사용되었기 때문에 동사가 오면 안된다. are를 지워야 한다.

Agricultural effects on water quality can ①occur at local, regional, and national scales.  For example, increased levels of nutrients from agricultural fertilizers can stimulate algal blooms and ②affect the ecology of local streams. Nitrate and some chemical weed killers can move through the soil to groundwater and, eventually, to local streams. Farther downstream, these ③elevated nutrients can increase costs associated with treating the water so that it is suitable for drinking.  Ultimately, chemicals ④are associated with agricultural activities such as nutrients and pesticides and sediment (eroded soil) empty into our river mouths and can harm valuable commercial and recreational fisheries. ⑤Elevated nutrient inputs stimulate harmful algal blooms along the Us coasts causing negative economic impacts.

*algal bloom 조류의 대증식 **nitrate 질산염
***sediment 퇴적물

19. 다음 중 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

4번 글의 흐름상 단정한 것이 아니라 badly 가 되어야 한다.

Many sociologists identify themselves as researchers to the people they study.  They do not worry that ①revealing their true identity will change their subjects' behavior. They are not overly concerned that subjects will hide secrets from them. Usually, they strive to ②minimize these problems by not getting too deeply involved with their subjects while simultaneously establishing a good rapport with them.  This is not easy to accomplish, though. Nevertheless, such efforts have ③paid off, as indicated by some sociological insights that have emerged from their work.  Herbert Gans, for example, became a participant observer in a poor Italian neighborhood in Boston in the late 1950s. On the surface, the neighborhood looked like a ④tidily organized place, an urban jungle of its period.  Yet Gans discovered that it was a well-organized community — an urban village rather than a jungle — where the residents ⑤enjoyed close social relationships with one another.

*rapport (친밀한) 관계

20. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 위 글에서는 벌목을 하여 산림이 훼손된 것을 보여주지만 미국 산림청에서 벌목 전략을 변경하여 재수목화 (regeneration) 하기 위해 성숙한 나무를 남겨두었다고 이어진다.

The U.S. Forest Service, under public pressure and court orders, has altered the former approved clear-cutting strategy.

Only 10 percent of the midlatitude rainforest in the Pacific Northwest remains untouched.  Forests in their natural condition once masked the area. This has been replaced by a checkered mosaic composed of plots of bare ground, recently replanted commercial saplings and some mature forests. This type of land cover threatens the habitat of many plants and animals.  Current conditions represent a chronically degrading environmental condition. ① Now some mature trees are left standing with the hope of encouraging a more natural regeneration of forest lands. ②Throughout the tropics, a pattern of replacing numerous species with a few favored ones is common. ③ In particular eucalyptus has been preferred over existing local species because it is fast growing and, when cut for coppicing, its shoots quickly develop into new tree growth. ④However, the oil in its leaves results in a ground litter that inhibits undergrowth with the result that soil erosion occurs. ⑤Hence reforestation utilizing eucalyptus tree is not environmentally friendly.

*sapling 묘목 **coppice (어린 나무가 빨리 자라도록) 윗부분을 자르다 ***litter 부엽토(층)

20-2. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 지문은?

3번 유칼립투스 나무의 오일에 다양한 용도를 설명하는 내용이 어울리지 않는다.

Only 10 percent of the midlatitude rainforest in the Pacific Northwest remains untouched.  Forests in their natural condition once masked the area. This has been replaced by a checkered mosaic composed of plots of bare ground, recently replanted commercial saplings and some mature forests. The U.S. Forest Service, under public pressure and court orders, has altered the former approved clear-cutting strategy.  Now some mature trees are left standing with the hope of encouraging a more natural regeneration of forest lands. ①Throughout the tropics, a pattern of replacing numerous species with a few favored ones is common.  ②In particular eucalyptus has been preferred over existing local species because it is fast growing and, when cut for coppicing, its shoots quickly develop into new tree growth. ③Eucalyptus oil has a history of wide application, as a pharmaceutical, antiseptic, repellent, flavouring, fragrance and industrial uses. ④However, the oil in its leaves results in a ground litter that inhibits undergrowth with the result that soil erosion occurs. ⑤Hence reforestation utilizing eucalyptus tree is not environmentally friendly.

*sapling 묘목 **coppice (어린 나무가 빨리 자라도록) 윗부분을 자르다 ***litter 부엽토(층)

20-3. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 본문에 유칼립투스가 처음 등장하고 그 다음 글에 its oil 이라고 받아준다.

In particular eucalyptus has been preferred over existing local species because it is fast growing and, when cut for coppicing, its shoots quickly develop into new tree growth.

Only 10 percent of the midlatitude rainforest in the Pacific Northwest remains untouched.  Forests in their natural condition once masked the area. This has been replaced by a checkered mosaic composed of plots of bare ground, recently replanted commercial saplings and some mature forests. This type of land cover threatens the habitat of many plants and animals.  Current conditions represent a chronically degrading environmental condition. ①The U.S. Forest Service, under public pressure and court orders, has altered the former approved clear-cutting strategy. ② Now some mature trees are left standing with the hope of encouraging a more natural regeneration of forest lands. ③Throughout the tropics, a pattern of replacing numerous species with a few favored ones is common. ④However, the oil in its leaves results in a ground litter that inhibits undergrowth with the result that soil erosion occurs. ⑤Hence reforestation utilizing eucalyptus tree is not environmentally friendly.

*sapling 묘목 **coppice (어린 나무가 빨리 자라도록) 윗부분을 자르다 ***litter 부엽토(층)

21. 다음 글에서 흐름상 맞지 않은 문장을 고르세요.

2번 다른 문장은 남성 대명사가 아닌 중립적인 표현을 사용하는 것에 대한 이야기이지만 2번은 정중한 의사가 좋다는 것이다.

One particular problem that people sometimes struggle with is avoiding the use of masculine pronouns to refer to both men and women.  Students often argue that using "he" or "his" is less cumbersome than writing "he or she" or "his or her." As an alternative, you can rephrase a sentence to use a gender-neutral plural pronoun. ①The sentence "A doctor should be polite to his patients" excludes the possibility of female doctors, but "Doctors should be polite to their patients" makes the same point without the gender bias. ②Polite doctors can be safer doctors so how your doctors speaks to you matters more than you might think.  ③ In the same way, you can replace masculine terms to refer to humans with gender-inclusive alternatives. ④Instead of saying "Man cannot live without water," you could say "One cannot live without water" or "People cannot live without water."  ⑤Avoiding sexist language isn't all that difficult, but it may take conscious effort; the pay-off is more effective interpersonal communication.

*cumbersome (어구가) 길고 복잡한  **sexist 성차별적인

22. 다음 지문의 어법상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

1번 contribute to N ~에 기여하다. 뒷 문장에 contribute 뒤에 to가 문장 앞으로 가 to which 가 되어야 한다. which 는 뒷문장이 불완전해야 하는데 contribute가 자동사로 사용되어 완전하다

The need for distinctiveness is a basic human need ①which sport fandom can contribute.  Although humans want to feel a sense of belonging with those around them, they simultaneously have a need to be different and unique. The fundamental need for uniqueness is best ②understood through Brewer's Optimal Distinctiveness Theory. According to this framework, individuals strive for two sometimes opposing social goals: inclusion and differentiation.  These goals are best ③satisfied "through identification with distinctive groups that satisfy both needs simultaneously." Given that brand consumption is associated with desires to be ④unique, it seems reasonable that individuals use sport fandom as an opportunity to meet their need for distinction by selectively choosing ⑤to follow non-maintainstream sports or less popular teams.  For instance, individuals can partially meet their need for uniqueness by identifying with a distant team or rooting for an underdog.

23. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 음악을 이해할 때 뛰어난 음악가들은 수천개의 음표를 기억하는 것 같지만 그들은 음악적 과정에 의한 것이다. 그래서 모차르트 소나타의 41번째 마디를 연주해보라 하면 다시 처음부터 되집어야 한다. 그것은 당신이 출퇴근 길을 생각할 때 정신적으로 거꾸로 되집어가야 하는 것과 같다. 그래서 음악가들도 연습동안 실수를 하면 처음으로 돌아간다.

Chunking is vital for cognition of music.  If we had to encode it in our brains note by note, we'd struggle to make sense of anything more complex than the simplest children's songs.

a) It's rather like describing how you drive to work: you don't reel off the names of roads as an abstract list, but have to construct your route by mentally retreading it.  When musicians make a mistake during rehearsal, they wind back to the start of a musical phrase ('let's take it from the second verse') before restarting.

b) If you ask a pianist to start a Mozart sonata from bar forty-one, she'll probably have to mentally replay the music from the start until reaching that bar — the score is not simply laid out in her mind, to be read from any arbitrary point.

c) Of course, most accomplished musicians can play compositions containing many thousands of notes entirely from memory, without a note out of place. But this seemingly awesome accomplishment of recall is made possible by remembering the musical process, not the individual notes as such.

*bar (악보의)마디 **reel off ~을 술술 말하다

***retread 되밟아가다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

23-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 위 글 참조

Chunking is vital for cognition of music.  If we had to encode it in our brains note by note, we'd struggle to make sense of anything more complex than the simplest children's songs. Of course, most accomplished musicians can play compositions containing many thousands of notes entirely from memory, without a note out of place. But this seemingly awesome accomplishment of recall is made possible by remembering the musical process, not the individual notes as such.  If you ask a pianist to start a Mozart sonata from bar forty-one, she'll probably have to mentally replay the music from the start until reaching that bar — the score is not simply laid out in her mind, to be read from any arbitrary point. It's rather like describing how you drive to work: you don't reel off the names of roads as an abstract list, but have to construct your route by             .  When musicians make a mistake during rehearsal, they wind back to the start of a musical phrase ('let's take it from the second verse') before restarting.                           *bar (악보의)마디 **reel off ~을 술술 말하다

***retread 되밟아가다

① describing any arbitrary point

② counting many thousands of notes

③ mentally retreading it

④ driving the way in person

⑤ detailing how you drive

23-3. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 위 글 참조

But this seemingly awesome accomplishment of recall is made possible by remembering the musical process, not the individual notes as such.

Chunking is vital for cognition of music. ① If we had to encode it in our brains note by note, we'd struggle to make sense of anything more complex than the simplest children's songs. ②Of course, most accomplished musicians can play compositions containing many thousands of notes entirely from memory, without a note out of place.  ③If you ask a pianist to start a Mozart sonata from bar forty-one, she'll probably have to mentally replay the music from the start until reaching that bar — the score is not simply laid out in her mind, to be read from any arbitrary point. ④It's rather like describing how you drive to work: you don't reel off the names of roads as an abstract list, but have to construct your route by mentally retreading it. ⑤When musicians make a mistake during rehearsal, they wind back to the start of a musical phrase ('let's take it from the second verse') before restarting.                                                        *bar (악보의)마디 **reel off ~을 술술 말하다

**retread 되밟아가다

01. 다음 글에서 어법 상 알맞지 않은 것을 고르세요.

2번 소음은 들려지는 것. be heard

Our school library is very nice, and I am proud of being a member of the library maintenance team.  And as a student and a member of the team, I would like to suggest a few improvements ①that would make our library even better. First, a library should be a quiet place, but noise from the school cafeteria can easily ②hear in the school library. Therefore, I think the library should ③be moved to the first floor so that the noise can be minimized.  There is also a need for additional bookshelves to accommodate the books ④that have been piled up in a corner of the library. Finally, a magazine and newspaper section should be created so that students can come to the library to read about current events.  Thank you in advance for considering my suggestions. I look forward to ⑤talking with you about them.

02. 다음 중 어법 상 알맞지 않은 것을 고르세요.

5번 as though 지문의 주어가 필요하다 . who 가 아니라 he 라고 써야한다.

The day of the salsa contest arrived and practically all the local dance schools took part.  The hostess introduced Annette and Reiner, from Diego Santiago’s dance school, on stage. They walked up onto the dance floor. While they ①bowed to the jury and the audience, Reiner noticed that Annette was trembling with anxiety.  "Don't worry," he encouraged her in a low voice. "You were ②born to dance. We'll be OK!"  He squeezed her hand and Annette felt the warmth that radiated from his hand flowing like calming energy through her body. Her goosebumps ③disappeared and were replaced by excitement and joyful anticipation. Annette stood in the spotlight in front of a large crowd and felt not afraid but absolutely ④supported by her partner. It was as though, when he held her hand, ⑤who absorbed all her fears, leaving her with only positive feelings.

*radiate 뿜어져 나오다 **goosebumps 소름, 닭살

03. 다음 중 어법 상 알맞지 않은 것을 고르세요.

5번 대동사 문제 does가 아니라 앞문장 동사를 따라서 is라고 해야 한다.

A big mistake many new college students make is just sitting in their rooms.  Some students stay in their rooms waiting for friends to come find them, ①convinced that it will happen on its own. Other students remain in their rooms because they feel shy or are uncertain about ②how to approach other people. For the first few weeks of the semester, you should try to spend as little time as possible in your room.  Walk down your residence hall corridor and look into other rooms ③where doors are propped open. If you see a student sitting alone in a room, knock lightly, say hello, and introduce yourself.  If nothing else, get out and walk around campus. ④Look for groups of new students who are hanging out together and join them.  Whatever you do, don't isolate yourself. Most students form friendships within the first couple of months of college, and it is much harder to join existing groups than it ⑤does to meet new people one-on-one.                     *corridor 복도 **prop (받침대 등으로) 받치다

04. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 글의 첫 번째 줄에서 이야기 하였듯이 개인의 정체성을 선택하는 것은 자유의 본질이다.

The freedom to choose one's identity is critical, since the sources of identity are shifting from "belonging" to "achievement."  Speaking for many, Kymlicka says that "identification is more secure, less liable to be threatened, if it does not depend on accomplishment." But this is absurd. Achievement increasingly is the basis for a satisfying life.  To be sure, some people want unconditional acceptance by their "in" group. But more and more, people in rich countries achieve many of their identities.  They choose their careers, friendships, allies, mixing and matching pieces and styles. Even their ethnic, racial and national affiliations are forged in various ways, despite the fact that a person's self-image depends partly on how he's viewed by others.  Indeed, the ability to make one's own self is                  . A good society recognizes and does not pit roots and wings against one another. If roots are the necessary condition for happiness, then wings are the sufficient condition.  A good life is not possible without both.                    *affiliation 소속, 가입, 입회 **forge 구축하다 ***pit 싸움 붙이다

① the essence of freedom

② the function of group

③ the reliance of measurement

④ the deficiency of tradition

⑤ the intensity of competition

04. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번  Kymicka는 정체성은 성취에 좌우되지 않으면 더 안전하고 위협받을 가능성이 더 적다."고 말하고 분명, 몇몇 사람들은 자신들의 '내부' 집단에 의한 무조건적인 수용을 원한다.  그렇지만 부유한 나라의 사람들은 더욱더 자신들의 정체성의 많은 부분을 성취하며 더 나아가 좋은 사회는 뿌리와 날개를 인정하고 이것들이 서로 싸우게 하지 않는다.  좋은 삶은 둘 다가 없이는 가능하지 않다.

The freedom to choose one's identity is critical, since the sources of identity are shifting from "belonging" to "achievement."

a) But more and more, people in rich countries achieve many of their identities.  They choose their careers, friendships, allies, mixing and matching pieces and styles. Even their ethnic, racial and national affiliations are forged in various ways, despite the fact that a person's self-image depends partly on how he's viewed by others.

b) Indeed, the ability to make one's own self is the essence of freedom. A good society recognizes and does not pit roots and wings against one another. If roots are the necessary condition for happiness, then wings are the sufficient condition.  A good life is not possible without both.

c) Speaking for many, Kymlicka says that "identification is more secure, less liable to be threatened, if it does not depend on accomplishment." But this is absurd. Achievement increasingly is the basis for a satisfying life.  To be sure, some people want unconditional acceptance by their "in" group.   *affiliation 소속, 가입, 입회 **forge 구축하다 ***pit 싸움 붙이다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

05. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 빅데이터를 잘 사용하기 위해서는 나레이터가 필요한데 그것의 본질은 인문학과 예술이다. 즉 인문학과 예술은 여러 사람들의 삶과 관련된 질문들을 다루기 위해 중요한 미적이고 인간적인 측면들을 더해준다.

The efficient and valuable use of big data needs the personal and organizational capacity of asking the right questions and in the right way.  Big data is powerful only if it is generated, combined, or supported by the creation of strong narratives, organizationally and contextually framed. This means that the big data has to be "thick," i.e., not only quantitatively but most importantly qualitatively relevant. The arts humanities are important in the age of digital transformation and big data because they dominate the knowledge domains of the creation and communication of narratives as well as meanings of human life.  In other words, the arts and humanities are capable of embedding into big data                        that ultimately make them relevant in order to identity, address, and solve key questions for sustainable societal, economic, and environmental wealth creation. The arts and humanities are essential in order to make big data, analytics, data mining, and digital transformation significant for stakeholders.              *embed 끼워 넣다' 단단히 박아 넣다 **stakeholder 이해 당사자, 주주

① the scientific and mathematical instruments

② the objective and universal interpretations

③ the aesthetic human-based dimensions

④ the relative and cultural beliefs

⑤ the personal and organizational harmony

06. 다음 지문의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요?

4번 disappeared 가 필요. 한때 귀로 글을 들을 때 구두점은 중요했지만 이제는 눈으로 읽게 되면서 점차 인쇄물에 구두점을 사용할 필요가 없어졌다. 구두점은 의미를 명확하게 하는 기능이 있었지만 지금은 단어 그 자체로 의미를 명확하게 전달하는 방식으로 문장을 구성할 수 있게 되었다.

Once you have firmly established the habit of placing a pair of commas around a nonessential element that interrupts or changes the normal order of the English sentence, you can consider a few situations in which this mark of punctuation may safely be ①omitted.  You are doubtless aware that the tendency of modern writers is to make considerably less use of punctuation than their predecessors did. One reason for this, of course, is that we have ceased to use the "musical notation" that was once ②fashionable, probably because most modern prose is designed to be read ③silently, to be taken in by the eye and not by the ear. These marks were never marks of actual punctuation, in the sense that they clarified meaning, and today they have almost ④appeared from printing.  A more important reason for the diminishing amount of punctuation in modern writing is that our writers are learning to ⑤construct their sentences in such a way that the word-symbols themselves communicate the meaning clearly.

*punctuation 구두점 **prose 산문

07. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

5번 관광산업은 오래되고 폭력과 범죄 가난이 가득한 도시에 관광 구역을 설정하여 방어함으로써 도시를 상징하며 관광객이 도시의 부정적인 것으로부터 차단되어질 수 있는 공간을 만들어 성장할 수 있도록 하는 것이다. 그래서 썩은 바다에 재생하는 섬이라 할 수 있다.

Like the downtown office complex, tourism has frequently developed as                    . The strategy of carving out sharply demarcated and defended zones for middle-class consumers of entertainment and leisure came naturally to older cities confronted with problems of crime, poverty, and physical neglect. Creating a "tourist bubble" was tempting — some might say necessary — as a way not only of securing a space for development, but for achieving an efficient application of scarce resources. In a hostile environment, zones of demarcation can solve seemingly insolvable problems of image and social control.  Tourists who visit converted cities are unlikely to see the city of decline at all, except on their way from an airport. For tourists, the city can be reduced to a simulacrum, a set piece representing the city in its entirety.  Thus, reduced to Harborplace or the Renaissance Center and Greektown, both Baltimore and Detroit can be presented as gleaming new places to play.

*simulacrum 복제품

① resurrection of violence from scarce resources

② houses of refuge to escape abroad

③ institutions of orderly social control

④ spaces for development of new industry

⑤ islands of renewal in seas of decay

7-2. 다음 중 글의 흐름상 맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

3번 적대적인 환경 속에 경계구역을 설정하는 것이므로 hostile 이라 써야한다.

Like the downtown office complex, tourism has frequently developed as islands of renewal in seas of decay.  The strategy of carving out sharply demarcated and ①defended zones for middle-class consumers of entertainment and leisure came naturally to older cities ②confronted with problems of crime, poverty, and physical neglect. Creating a "tourist bubble" was tempting — some might say necessary — as a way not only of securing a space for development, but for achieving an efficient application of scarce resources. In a ③friendly environment, zones of demarcation can solve seemingly insolvable problems of image and social control.  Tourists who visit ④converted cities are unlikely to see the city of decline at all, except on their way from an airport. For tourists, the city can be ⑤reduced to a simulacrum, a set piece representing the city in its entirety.  Thus, reduced to Harborplace or the Renaissance Center and Greektown, both Baltimore and Detroit can be presented as gleaming new places to play.

*simulacrum 복제품

12. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 지문은?

2번 모호함으로 의사소통을 방해한다는 글로써 지각한 사람은 자신이 지각한 원인을 모호하게 하여 진실을 말하지 않는다. 그래서 진실의 경제성 ( 즉 진실된 내용을 다 빼고 이야기하는 것.) 이 답이 된다.

Vagueness is an obstacle to efficient communication.  Sometimes people who want to avoid committing themselves to a particular course of action] use vagueness as a ploy. For instance, a politician asked how precisely he intends to save money in the public sector might make vague generalisations about the need for improved efficiency, which, while true, don't commit him to any particular way of achieving this. A good journalist would then press for further information about precisely how this efficiency was to be achieved, forcing him to come out from behind this veil of vagueness.  Or someone who was late for an appointment but didn't want to admit that this was because he'd stopped for a drink on the way might say 'Sorry I'm late, I had something l needed to do on the way here and it took slightly longer than I expected', deliberately leaving the cause of the delay vague, and exercising a particular kind of                    .

*ploy 책략, 계략

① improved efficiency

② economy with the truth

③ efficient communication

④ elimination of vagueness

⑤ money saving tactic

13. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 제로섬 방식에서 승자가 모든 것을 가지게 됨으로 흰색이나 검정색은 자신의 정체성을 보존하게 되지만 두 색상을 섞게 되면 회색으로 희석되어 자신의 정체성을 읽게 된다.

In a blend, pure black and pure white are diluted when combined into gray.

When opposites blend, they are placed on the far ends of a continuum, and between the two extremes there is a gradation that mixes the two opposites. ① For instance, black and white blend into each other through shades of gray. ②As the amount of white decreases through shades of gray, the amount of black increases. ③The two opposites are always in a proportional relationship, but at any point along the continuum there is some amount of each (except at the very extremes).  ④In contrast, a zero-sum game where the winner takes all also establishes a proportional relationship, but at any point along the continuum there is only one or the other, black or white, and each retains its full identity. ⑤ They both lose their identity; gray is not black and it is not white.

*continuum 연속(체) **dilute 희석하다

14. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 지문을 고르세요?

3번 식료품가게에서 길게 줄서는 것은 사람들을 행복하게 하지 못하지만 스포츠 경기는 함께 관람하기 때문에 사람들이 많이 줄서있는 것이 재미없는 경기를 의미하지 않는다. 3번은 쿠폰 사용하는 사람 뒤에 줄서지 말라는 이야기로 글의 흐름과 관계가 없다.

In sports, attendance is nearly always (98-99 percent of the time) with at least one other person.  The sports fan pays a price for the right to enjoy an emotional experience with others. ①The fan goes to the game to be with others, to share the experience in this social exchange. ②More broadly speaking, unlike most other retail settings, large crowds have positive psychological effects.  ③If you are in the USA, try to avoid getting in line behind someone who is using coupons. ④No line at the grocery checkout will make most shoppers happy, but no line to see a ballgame is a definite hint to a fan either that this is a terrible sporting event or that the fan has arrived at the stadium on the wrong date. ⑤The excitement of the competition and the aura of the star power of the players on the team are such that the experience is best enjoyed in the presence of others.

*aura 기운, 매력

15. 다음 지문에 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요.

5번 앞뒤 문장이 불완전 하기 때문에 (about 뒤에 명사 필요. 뒤 문장에서 to do의 목적어 필요) what을 사용해야 한다. about which를 사용하려면 뒷문장이 완전해야 한다.

As writers, we need to share our experiences of writing and ①to encourage one another, but we also need to work independently. We may also need to do certain things which, paradoxically, ②do not involve words. So the point you might consider is this: if you have a piece of writing in mind, or in some half-finished state — which is actually the case for almost all writers much of the time — stop, go for a walk, draw a picture, enjoy something ③different, go window-shopping, or even fly-fishing, but observe, take notice, ④bring to your surroundings and other people an extra special level of attention, see them as unfamiliar and worth all your attention, store up what you see, hear or think, and let it lie in that part of your mind which has no obvious practical function, which isn't continually worrying about ⑤which you have to do today or next week. Writing needs that stocked reservoir of real but aimless sensations.  When the time comes and you need them, they'll find you.

16. 다음 지문에 알맞은 순서는?

1번 직장에서 가장 기억나는 순간은 일이 잘 풀리던 때가 아니라 힘든 일을 직장 동료들이 함께 늦게까지 차가운 피자를 먹으며 겨우 마감기한을 맞추는 바로 힘듬이 아니라 고난을 함께 나눈 동료애에 있다.

When asked, "what was one of your best days at work?" very few of us recount the time everything went smoothly and the big project we were working on came in on time and under budget.

a) Considering how we work so hard to make things go well, that example should count as a pretty good day at work. But strangely, the days everything goes smoothly and as planned are not the ones we remember with fondness.

b) Those are the experiences we remember as some of our best days at work.  It was not because of the hardship, per se, but because the hardship was shared. It is not the work we remember with fondness, but the fellowship, how the group came together to get things done.

c) For most of us, we have warmer feelings for the projects we worked on where everything seemed to go wrong.  We remember how the group stayed at work until 3 a.m., ate cold pizza and barely made the deadline.

*per se 그 자체로

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

17. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 노루는 멀리 도망가지 않고 포식자를 혼란시킨 후 자신의 집으로 돌아와 숨는다. 집단으로 생활하면 발각되기 쉽기 때문에 노루는 주로 혼자 거주한다. 뿐만 아니라 집단보다는 개인 생활이 더 유리한 것은 음식이 부족하여 찾으러 다닐 때 집단으로 이동하면 늑대에게 발각될 수 있어서 위험하다. 그래서 혼자 생활하는 것이 유리하다는 글. 음식이라는 단어가 3번 아래 지문에 등장하기 때문에 3번에 문장을 넣는 것이 가장 적합하다

But another reason for their solitary existence is the lack of food in ancient undisturbed forests.

If you're a small herbivore, it's a bad idea to run in the face of danger.  Wolves could easily follow you and attack, so it's better for you to hide. Roe deer don't run very far before they turn around and try to return to their original location, and when they do, they cross their own tracks, which confuses their pursuers — which trail should they follow. ①Once they're safely back on home grass, roe deer hide in groups of small trees.  ②And because herds are easier to spot than single animals, roe deer live alone. ③ A herd of deer would have to cover a lot of territory to find sufficient food. ④Travelling long distances, however, increases the risk of coming across a pack of wolves. ⑤ And so the single life is better.

*herbivore 초식동물

17-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 위 글 참조.

If you're a small herbivore, it's a bad idea to run in the face of danger.  Wolves could easily follow you and attack, so it's better for you to hide.

a) A herd of deer would have to cover a lot of territory to find sufficient food. Travelling long distances, however, increases the risk of coming across a pack of wolves.  And so the single life is better.

b) Once they're safely back on home grass, roe deer hide in groups of small trees.  And because herds are easier to spot than single animals, roe deer live alone. But another reason for their solitary existence is the lack of food in ancient undisturbed forests.

c) Roe deer don't run very far before they turn around and try to return to their original location, and when they do, they cross their own tracks, which confuses their pursuers — which trail should they follow.

*herbivore 초식동물

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

18. 다음 지문에 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어는?

3번 산업 혁명 이후 사람들은 대량생산과 분배를 하였고 그러한 물건들을 살 수 있는 부를 증가시켜준 직업이 만들어 졌다. 그러면서 점차 오래된 물건을 쓰레기 취급하였다. 화려한 포장이나 광고도 소비주의를 촉진시켰다. decrease 가 아니라 increase

It was not until the advent of the Industrial Revolution — the historical period beginning in the late 1700s when the economies of the United States and many nations in Europe shifted from ①manual labor and hand tools to machines and factory manufacturing — that human-produced garbage became a critical issue.  The full effect of the Industrial Revolution, however, I was not felt until around the turn of the twentieth century, when systems of mass production and mass distribution were②developed. This economic change produced many more products for people to purchase, and it also created jobs that helped to ③decrease wealth that could be used to purchase products. As people were able to buy more and more new things, they ④stopped seeing value in broken and used items and began seeing these old items as trash.  New forms of colorful advertising and packaging ⑤encouraged this burgeoning consumer culture.

*burgeoning 싹트기 시작한, 급증하는

19. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

5번 인간과 기계의 상호작용이 부족해 진 것은 기계를 디자인 하는 사람들이 인간에 대한 이해에 한계가 있고 인간을 단순하게 바라보았던 기술자 였기 때문이다.

The reasons for the deficiencies in human-machine interaction are numerous.  Some come from the limitations of today's technology. Some come from self-imposed restrictions by the designers, often to hold down cost. But most of the problems come from a complete lack of understanding of the design principles necessary for effective human-machine interaction.  Why this deficiency? Because much of the design is done by engineers who are experts in technology but limited in                .  "We are people ourselves," they think, "so we understand people." But in fact, we humans are amazingly complex.  Those who have not studied human behavior often think it is pretty simple. Engineers, moreover, make the mistake of thinking that logical explanation is sufficient: "If only people would read the instructions," they say, "everything would be all right."

① their logical explanation and thought

② the latest design principles

③ the scientific and rational theory

④ human behavior for freedom

⑤ their understanding of people

19-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 공학자들은 자신이 인간이기 때문에 인간을 이해한다고 생각하지만 실제로 인간은 매우 복잡하고 인간을 공부하지 않은 사람들이 인간을 단순하다고 생각한다.

"We are people ourselves," they think, "so we understand people."

The reasons for the deficiencies in human-machine interaction are numerous.  Some come from the limitations of today's technology. Some come from self-imposed restrictions by the designers, often to hold down cost. But most of the problems come from a complete lack of understanding of the design principles necessary for effective human-machine interaction. ① Why this deficiency? ②Because much of the design is done by engineers who are experts in technology but limited in their understanding of people. ③But in fact, we humans are amazingly complex. ④ Those who have not studied human behavior often think it is pretty simple. ⑤Engineers, moreover, make the mistake of thinking that logical explanation is sufficient: "If only people would read the instructions," they say, "everything would be all right."

20. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 지역 회사들로부터 물건을 구매하면 지역 상인들에게 도움이 되는데 그 이유로 지역 회사들은 지역 공급업체들과 경제적인 그물망을 형성하고 있기 때문이다. 2번의 위쪽 글은 대기업으로부터 구매하는 내용이고 2번부터 지역 상인으로부터 물건을 구매하는 경우를 말한다.

By making your purchases at local businesses, you spread that wealth out to more local people and increase your community's standard of living.

When you buy from large corporations, you support the increasing consolidation of wealth and power in the hands of the few. ① Chain businesses often take those dollars directly away from smaller local businesses that cannot afford to lose the income. ②This is because local businesses rely more on local suppliers and service providers, forming a kind of local economic web of interdependence that creates jobs and a thriving community. ③ Therefore, every dollar you spend at a local business helps your community maintain its individual character, uniqueness, and diversity while supporting your neighbors in their quest for the good life. ④Paying in cash, rather than by credit card, can also help local businesses as they are often the ones least able to afford the hefty fees the credit card companies charge them for each and every transaction. ⑤ Look in the phone book for local alternatives to large corporate chains.

*consolidation 공고히 하기 **hefty 과중한, 무거운

21. 다음 글의 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요.

5번 because를 사용해야 한다. 뒷 문장에 some of gases 가 주어이고 would react 가 동사이다.

Nitrogen in its gaseous form is often used in situations ①in which it is important to keep other, more reactive atmospheric gases away.  It serves industry as a blanketing gas, for example, in protecting materials such as electronic components during production or storage. ②To prevent the oxidation of wine, wine bottles are often filled with nitrogen after the cork is removed. Nitrogen has recently also been used in blanketing fruit after it has been ③picked to protect it from rotting.  Apples, for example, can be stored for up to 30 months if they are kept at low temperatures in an atmosphere of nitrogen. In addition to these applications, nitrogen is used in oil production, ④in which it is pumped in compressed form underground to force oil to the surface.  Ordinary air cannot be used for this purpose ⑤because of some of the gases that make up air would react with the oil, producing undesired by-products.

*oxidation 산화(酸化)

22. 다음 지문에 알맞은 순서를 고르세요.

4번 인간은 150명까지 안정적인 구조를 유지하며 정보를 공유함으로써 이익을 얻을 수 있다. 이는 자신과 타인의 관계를 추적할 수 있는 인간의 뇌가 한계가 있기 때문이다. 영장류보다 더 많은 협력 집단을 유지할 수 있는 것은 타인의 경험으로부터 학습할 수 있는 능력 때문이지만 150명이 넘어서면 누가 누구인지 추적할 수가 없기 때문에 사회적인 조화를 유지하기 어려워지고 집단의 안정성을 위해 신을 만들어내어야 한다.

The bigger the group, the greater the benefits — up to a point.  Communities of humans tend to be relatively stable up to around 150 people. This appears to be the optimal size for a cooperative group of humans both across the world and throughout history. It is thought to reflect limitations in how much social information a human brain can keep track of, not just regarding their own relationships, but other people's too.

a) Even with the benefit of gossip to circulate information about other people's reputations, to boost our social capacities, if a group of humans has more than 150 members, we end up losing track of who's who.

b) That makes the maintenance of social harmony within the group much more challenging. For human cooperatives to remain stable across populations larger than 150 people, we needed to invent God (or gods).

c) Our capacity to sustain larger cooperative groups/than any other primate probably stems from our ability to learn not just from our own personal experience, but also from other people's experiences.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

23. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 지문은?

4번 과학적 불확실성에서 의사결정을 할 때에는 과거에 좋았던 정책 의견이 계속 유지될 것이라 생각하면 안되고 조건이 변화하는 것에 맞추어 계속 변화해야 한다. 그래서 예상치 못한 것에 맞추어 살아갈 수 있는 능력을 기르게 된다.

How can we make decisions in the face of scientific uncertainty.  The answer is that our plans generally have to be conditional and contextual. Scientific information can help us understand environmental issues, but the policies we create based on this understanding will always depend on further study and more confirming evidence. An approach currently favored by many natural resource managers is called adaptive management, or "learning by doing."  In adaptive management, policies are designed from the outset to use scientific principles to examine alternatives and assess outcomes. Rather than assume that what seems the best initial policy option will always remain so, adaptive management sets up scientific experiments to monitor how conditions are changing, and what effects our actions or inactions are having on both target and nontarget elements of the system.  The goal of adaptive management is to enable us to               . It aims to yield understanding as much as to produce answers or solutions.

① assess outcomes objectively

② ignore further study

③ start with scientific certainty

④ live with the unexpected

⑤ produce an answer without alternatives

24-25. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 사회적 딜레마에 있어 집단이 자발적으로 채택하는 하나의 해결책은 집단 구성원들의 행동을 통제할 수 있는 권한을 부여받은 공식적인 지도자들을 지정하고 마찬가지로, 구성원들의 행동을 지배하는 규칙을 만든다. 이러한 비공식적인 규칙들은 공식화된 법의 선행물이다. 또한 당국에게 권한을 부여하는 것의 잠재적 위험성을 인식하는 것도 중요하다. 그 당국은 자신의 이익을 증진시키기 위해 그 힘을 사용 할 수 있다.  당국이 긍정적인 목표를 촉진하기 위해 자신들의 힘과 정당성을 이용할 것이라고 가정할 수 없다.

Recent research on solutions to social dilemmas provides an example of the positive value of regulatory authorities.

a) Authorities may use that power to advance their own interest, or the interest of a particular group or individual, over the interest of others. It cannot be assumed that authorities will be compassionately motivated and will use their power and legitimacy to promote the positive objectives outlined above.

b) In a social dilemma, a society must prevent citizens from engaging in actions that are individually beneficial in the short term but that hurt society in the long term. Studies suggest that one solution that groups voluntarily adopt when faced with social dilemmas is to designate formal leaders who are empowered to control the behavior of the group's members.

c) Similarly, groups develop rules governing members' conduct to preserve valuable social relationships.  These informal rules are the precursors of formalized law. It is also important to recognize the potential dangers of giving authorities the power to affect public behavior.

*precursor 선행물, 효시, 전신 **legitimacy 정당성

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

24-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 위의 밑 줄 내용 참조.

It is also important to recognize the potential dangers of giving authorities the power to affect public behavior.

Recent research on solutions to social dilemmas provides an example of the positive value of regulatory authorities.  In a social dilemma, a society must prevent citizens from engaging in actions that are individually beneficial in the short term but that hurt society in the long term. ①Studies suggest that one solution that groups voluntarily adopt when faced with social dilemmas is to designate formal leaders who are empowered to control the behavior of the group's members. ②Similarly, groups develop rules governing members' conduct to preserve valuable social relationships. ③ These informal rules are the precursors of formalized law.④   Authorities may use that power to advance their own interest, or the interest of a particular group or individual, over the interest of others. ⑤It cannot be assumed that authorities will be compassionately motivated and will use their power and legitimacy to promote the positive objectives outlined above.

*precursor 선행물, 효시, 전신 **legitimacy 정당성

01. 다음 글의 흐름에 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

3번 과도한 용량의 메일을 사내 망으로 보내어 회사 업무가 마비되도록 만듬. crippling 이라고 써야함.

It has come to my attention that you were responsible for this past weekend's "Halloween Scare" email that was circulated through our corporation's intranet mail system.  The rather large graphic file you created and mass-mailed to all departments and all ①personnel was not only thematically and visually ②inappropriate, but it overloaded our servers and crashed key hubs in Charlotte, Biloxi, and Mobile, temporarily ③improving business in the Southern Region. You must know that this kind of behavior cannot be condoned at The Dogwood Firm. Your expertise as a systems analyst is vital to us, but your ④outstanding ability does not justify your singular poor judgment.  In the future, please limit your use of The Dogwood Firm's technology to work-specific business. Thank you in advance for your ⑤cooperation.

*thematically 주제상으로 **condone 용서하다

02. 다음 중 어법상 틀린 것을 고르세요.

5번 that절의 동사가 필요 stated 가 와야 한다.

One evening, just three days before the Olympics were to begin, my father called me into the kitchen.  With a very stern look, he said, "Lisa, what do you plan to do after the Olympics are over?" His question was like a bucket of ice-cold water ①being poured on me. Forced to face the reality beyond the summer, I answered rather ②weakly, "I don't know, Dad.  I guess I'll just have to get a job since I didn't get into any of the schools I wanted to go to." "Well," he said, "you might not want to start ③filling out any job applications too soon."  When I gave him a ④confused look, he smiled broadly. "Lisa, after you go to the Olympics — you're going to college!"  Then he handed me a letter that ⑤stating that I had been accepted and was receiving financial grants to go to a four-year university! I screamed and jumped up and down. My father gave me a huge hug and we danced around the kitchen together, singing joyfully, "Go, Li-sa!! Go, Li-sa!!"

jugis

03. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 세계화와 기술혁신은 위험성과 불확실성이 존재하지만 정책을 통해서 이 두가지의 방향을 잘 설정함으로써 손실을 줄이고 이익을 극대화하는 방향으로 잡아가도록 해야 한다.

Globalization and technological innovation are key drivers of socio-economic transformations.

a) Therefore, not only should we make sure to support those who lose from the globalized economy and technological disruptions and ease their adaptation and transition to the new opportunities offered by these developments, but we can work to make the changes themselves occur in a way that generates less loss and more gain for all.

b) Experts not always decision-makers, unfortunately know the virtues and dangers of the former, but there is much uncertainty about how the latter will affect quality of life and social inequalities.

c) An important point is that globalization and technological innovation are not natural processes that societies must either endure or stop. Quite to the contrary, the particular ways in which globalization and innovation unfold can be shaped by policies and it is important to steer them in the direction of social inclusion.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-2 . 다음 중 어법상 바르지 못한 것을 고르세요.

4번 동사가 사용될 수 없는 자리이기 때문에 was 가 생략되어야 한다.

Globalization and technological innovation are key drivers of socio-economic transformations.  Experts not always decision-makers, unfortunately know the virtues and dangers of the former, but there is much uncertainty about ①how the latter will affect quality of life and social inequalities. An important point is that globalization and technological innovation are not natural processes that societies must either endure or stop. Quite to the contrary, the particular ways ②in which globalization and innovation unfold can be shaped by policies and it is important to steer them in the direction of social inclusion.  Therefore, not only should we make sure ③to support those who lose from the globalized economy and technological disruptions and ease their adaptation and transition to the new opportunities ④was offered by these developments, but we can work to make the changes themselves ⑤occur in a way that generates less loss and more gain for all.

04. 다음 글의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

2번 고립되어 있을 때에는 모방하기가 더 어려워진다.

Firms in the same industry may be able to imitate and copy one another more readily if they are located together.  Therefore, they may be able to respond to changes in their industry more quickly than if they were ①isolated from their competitors. Of course, the firm that is copied may be harmed, so in this instance, it would be better off in an isolated location, where copying would be more ②easy. However, managers may not know which firm will develop leading innovations.  On average, the "sharing" of information may ③benefit the group. In industries with numerous and scattered innovations, such as fashion or computer games, all firms may be better off if they have locations that allow them to ④imitate quickly.  Furthermore, a firm that copies two changes is in a better position to innovate additional changes by combining or modifying changes that were taken from other firms. Thus, particularly in fast-changing industries, economies from industrial imitation, modification, and innovation tend to be important sources of ⑤localization economies.

4-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 보통 모방을 원하지 않는 기업들은 서로 고립되어 있는 것이 좋지만 대게 기업들은 누가 선두적인 혁신을 할지 모르기 때문에 평균적으로는 정보 공유를 하는 것이 집단에게 이익을 준다.

However, managers may not know which firm will develop leading innovations.

Firms in the same industry may be able to imitate and copy one another more readily if they are located together.  Therefore, they may be able to respond to changes in their industry more quickly than if they were isolated from their competitors. ①Of course, the firm that is copied may be harmed, so in this instance, it would be better off in an isolated location, where copying would be more difficult.  ②On average, the "sharing" of information may benefit the group. ③In industries with numerous and scattered innovations, such as fashion or computer games, all firms may be better off if they have locations that allow them to imitate quickly.  ④Furthermore, a firm that copies two changes is in a better position to innovate additional changes by combining or modifying changes that were taken from other firms.  ⑤Thus, particularly in fast-changing industries, economies from industrial imitation, modification, and innovation tend to be important sources of localization economies.

4-3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 윗글 참조

Firms in the same industry may be able to imitate and copy one another more readily if they are located together.  Therefore, they may be able to respond to changes in their industry more quickly than if they were isolated from their competitors. Of course, the firm that is copied may be harmed, so in this instance, it would be better off in an isolated location, where copying would be more difficult. However, managers may not know which firm will develop leading innovations.  On average, the "         " of information may benefit the group. In industries with numerous and scattered innovations, such as fashion or computer games, all firms may be better off if they have locations that allow them to imitate quickly.  Furthermore, a firm that copies two changes is in a better position to innovate additional changes by combining or modifying changes that were taken from other firms. Thus, particularly in fast-changing industries, economies from industrial imitation, modification, and innovation tend to be important sources of localization economies.

① sharing    ② diversity    ③ uniformity

④ isolation     ⑤ marketing

4-4. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 동일 업종은 서로 모방하면 더 빠르게 반응할 수 있다. 일부 고립된 것이 좋은 기업도 있지만 대게 선도적인 혁신을 누가할지 알수 없고 정보 공유가 더 이익이 된다. 그래서 패션 , 컴퓨터와 같은 사업은 모방이 가능한 입지가 좋고 게다가 두가지 변화를 추구하는 기업은 추가적인 변화를 더 잘 도입할 수 있다. 그래서 모방,수정,변화로부터 오는 경제적 이익이 국지화경제의 원인이 될 수 있다.

Firms in the same industry may be able to imitate and copy one another more readily if they are located together.

a) However, managers may not know which firm will develop leading innovations. On average, the "sharing" of information may benefit the group. In industries with numerous and scattered innovations, such as fashion or computer games, all firms may be better off if they have locations that allow them to imitate quickly.

c) Furthermore, a firm that copies two changes is in a better position to innovate additional changes by combining or modifying changes that were taken from other firms. Thus, particularly in fast-changing industries, economies from industrial imitation, modification, and innovation tend to be important sources of localization economies.

b) Therefore, they may be able to respond to changes in their industry more quickly than if they were isolated from their competitors. Of course, the firm that is copied may be harmed, so in this instance, it would be better off in an isolated location, where copying would be more difficult.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

05. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

5번 유머를 공유한 다는 것은 그가 그 집단속에 속해 있음을 나타낸다고 하였다. 그러므로 유머를 이해한다는 것은 그 집단 속에 멤버라는 것을 말하는 비공식 적인 표시이다.

Workers are united by laughing at shared events, even ones that may initially spark anger or conflict.  Humor reframes potentially divisive events into merely "laughable" ones which are put in perspective as subservient to unifying values held by organization members. Repeatedly recounting humorous incidents reinforces unity based on key organizational values. One team told repeated stories about a dumpster fire, something that does not seem funny on its face, but the reactions of workers motivated to preserve safety sparked laughter as the stories were shared multiple times by multiple parties in the workplace.  Shared events that cause laughter can indicate a sense of belonging since "you had to be there" to see the humor in them, and non-members were not and do not. Instances of humor serve to enact bonds among organization members.  Understanding the humor may even be required as                in the organization.

*subservient 도움이 되는 **dumpster 대형 쓰레기 수납기

① the destruction of hierarchy

② the backbone of the entire bureaucracy

③ an imperative requirement for safety

④ a sense of achievement

⑤ an informal badge of membership

06. 다음 지문이 들어가기에 적합한 위치는?

4번 예전에는 수많은 청중들에게 도달하는 수단으로써 출판을 하였지만 오늘날은 블로거들이나 온라인 비디오가 수백만의 시청을 가질 수 있다.

Today, a blogger can get millions of hits a day or an online video can have millions of views.

As Marshall McLuhan famously said in the 1960s, we are now a post-literate society.  Our culture has returned to a kind of medieval attitude toward print. ①Extended reading and writing is something small elite groups do. ②Secondary schools and universities are trying desperately to keep these activities at the centre of schooling, but even some of the most conservative Ivy League schools have replaced listening to lectures and writing essays with field work, role-playing games, online discussion, and other forms of experiential, interactive "e-learning." ③ Having a book published was once seen as the ultimate way of getting your message out to a wide audience. ④ If a book sells five thousand copies in Canada it is considered a bestseller. ⑤The Kony 2012 video now stands at over 96 million views — a shocking statistic for a thirty-minute video!

10. 다음 지문에서 어법상 옳지 않은 것을 고르세요.

5번 도치구문이다. then (부사)가 문두에 와 자동사와 주어가 도치가 되어 있다. 주어가 여러개이기 때문에 복수이다. 그래서 come 이라고 써야한다.

An Ashanti funeral is often held several weeks after a death.  During this period, while the body is preserved in a mortuary, the family of the deceased ①works to prepare for the event. Funerals are traditionally the responsibility of a person's abusua (matriclan); these are relatives who are linked through common maternal ancestors. They notify distant relatives, clean and tidy up the deceased person's house, and ②memorialize the departed family member on posters, T-shirts, and in other images that will be distributed to mourners.  When all is ready, the body is brought back to the house and prepared for the funeral, ③covered with kente cloth and decorated with gold jewelry. The ceremonies can last several days.  They begin with a lying-in-state at the family home, ④which culminates in the presentation of burial gifts for use by the deceased in his or her journey to asamando, the land of the dead. Then ⑤comes  the burial and finally the great funeral, a public event honoring the deceased person with music, dancing, food, and drinks.

*mortuary 영안실 **culminate 끝나다

11. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

1번  인간의 정신 감각 기관으로부터 오는 끊임없는 정보의 흐름으로부터 '질서를 만들어 내려는' 내장된 욕구를 가지고 있다. 다시 말해, 뇌는 시작, 중간, 그리고 끝으로 사건을 이해하는 시간 순서를 가진다. 즉 뇌는 정보를 선택하고 버리며 연관성과 관계성을 구성하고 이런 방식으로, 이야기는 단순히 '무엇이 일어났는지 보다 더 많은 것을 밝히는데, 그것은 '왜'를 설명한다.

Some scientists compare the brain to a relay station that merely coordinates incoming signals and outgoing responses, whereas others see it as an immense computer that processes information and then arrives at an appropriate response.  Francois Jacob, the French molecular biologist and Nobel laureate, suggests that the human mind is far more; it has a built-in need to create                        out of the constant flow of information coming from its sensory organs. In other words, the brain creates a narrative, with a beginning, a middle and an end — a temporal sequence that makes sense of events. The brain selects and discards information to be used in the narrative, constructing connections and relationships that create a web of meaning.  In this way, a narrative reveals more than just what happened; it explains why. When the mind selects and orders incoming information into meaning, it is telling itself a story.

*molecular 분자의 **laureate 수상자 ***temporal 시간의

① order  ② flexibility ③ liberty ④ prejudice ⑤ suspension

11-2 . 다음 글의 순서로 알맞은 것은?

4번 위의 글 참조.

Some scientists compare the brain to a relay station that merely coordinates incoming signals and outgoing responses, whereas others see it as an immense computer that processes information and then arrives at an appropriate response.

a) In other words, the brain creates a narrative, with a beginning, a middle and an end — a temporal sequence that makes sense of events. The brain selects and discards information to be used in the narrative, constructing connections and relationships that create a web of meaning.

b) In this way, a narrative reveals more than just what happened; it explains why. When the mind selects and orders incoming information into meaning, it is telling itself a story.

c) Francois Jacob, the French molecular biologist and Nobel laureate, suggests that the human mind is far more; it has a built-in need to create order out of the constant flow of information coming from its sensory organs.

*molecular 분자의 **laureate 수상자 ***temporal 시간의

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

12. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 일반적으로 온라인 정보는 유용하여 희귀병 환자가 자료를 제시하면 의사는 고마워할 것이다. 하지만 사이트에는 잘못된 정보들이 많고 정보를 찾는 사람들 역시도 선입견을 가지고 정보를 찾게 되어 문제가 생길 수 있다. 예를 들어 비타민 C가 감기를 막을 것이라 생각한다든지 또는 해독 주스, 유기농 등이 건강에 좋다고 생각하면 그런 사이트가 매우 많이 보일 것이다.

In general, searching online for health information can be valid, eye-opening, educational, and even useful.  While many doctors roll their eyes when they hear, "I did my research," from a patient, sometimes that research can be sound.

a) If a patient has a rare disease and presents articles about it, many of us will be grateful that we were saved some extra work. But the Web becomes entangled when sites angled with opinions, personal anecdotes, exaggeration, and false claims manipulate the navigator to believe what is posted.

b) If you think that juice cleanses are the way to better health and well-being, it's easy to find websites supporting this.  If delaying vaccines is your cup of tea, online sources abound. If you're debating whether to eat only organic food, plenty of available information will support this.

c) People also run into trouble when looking for information online based on preconceived notions. Here comes the Curse of the Original Belief.  If you believe that megadosing on vitamin C will prevent colds, you will seek out and easily find sites promoting this notion.

*entangle 뒤얽히게 하다 **angle 왜곡하다 ***juice cleanse 해독 주스

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

13. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 모차르트는 그의 피아노 연주가 오일처럼 흘러간다고 이야기하지만 베토벤은 그의 연주를 듣고 끊어진다고 하였다. 하지만 그의 말이 옳다고 여겨지는 것은 어린 시절 모차르트는 관절염으로 손가락이 굽어 있어서 고기조차 자르지 못하였다.

Yet Beethoven may well have been right.

Beethoven himself raised the cash to visit Vienna at the age of 16 in the hope of persuading Mozart to give him lessons. ① Of an actual meeting with Mozart, there is no evidence outside the fields of romantic biography. ②But he did, or so it seems, hear Mozart play, and complained of the 'choppiness' of his style — a description which has to be matched against Mozart's own statement that his piano music was meant to 'flow like oil'.  ③Mozart, for all his youthfulness, already had such crookedly arthritic fingers that observers remarked on his inability to cut his meat. ④If Beethoven had been able to prolong his stay in Vienna, he would surely have met Mozart in the end. ⑤ But a summons home to his mother's deathbed prevented his persistence from being put to the test.

*choppiness 뚝뚝 끊어짐 **crookedly 구부러져서 ***arthritic 관절염에 걸린

14. 다음 지문의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어는?

5번 trouble 라 써야한다. 친숙한 사이트가 편리하고 다른 사이트로 가는 것은 수고롭기 때문에 가격이 더 비싸더라도 습관적으로 쓰던 사이트를 사용한다.

It appears that Internet customers rarely secure the lowest price.  According to a popular price comparison website, 80 percent of Internet customers pay more than they have to. It seems that use of the Internet to obtain better value is ①restrained by loyalty to particular websites. Once they are familiar with a site, consumers may ②return to it later because it is easy to use and saves time.  A consumer might agree that a book might be ③cheaper elsewhere but still use the online bookstore they're familiar with because of convenience — this convenience can be seen as ④considerable, as often customers allow trusted sites to store their credit card and delivery details, so purchasing really is a single click. Similarly, buyers normally use one online grocer because of the ⑤convenience of getting to know another site.  In short, habits take over.

15. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 것은?

4번 자연과 학생들의 스트레스에 대한 심리적 회복 및 집중력 유지에 대한 효과에 대한 글인데 4번은 정원의 유용성을 말하고 있다.

Findings from several studies on nonpatient groups such as university students suggest that simply looking at everyday nature, as compared to built scenes that lack nature, is significantly more effective in promoting restoration from stress. ① One early study focused on students who were experiencing mild stress because of a final course exam. ②A self-ratings questionnaire was used to assess restorative influences of viewing either a diverse slide sample of unblighted built settings lacking nature, or slides of undistinguished nature settings dominated by green vegetation. ③Results suggested that the nature views fostered greater psychological restoration as indicated by larger reductions in negative feelings such as fear and anger aggression and much higher levels of positive feelings. ④Because of the open nature of the surrounding landscape, the garden is a great place to relax in, soak up the sun and enjoy the wildlife. ⑤Also, the scenes with vegetation sustained interest and attention more effectively than did the urban scenes without nature.

*built scene 인공적인 경관 **unblighted 손상되지 않은

16. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 레오나르도 다 빈치는 경이로움을 설명할 수도 있는 작은 세밀한 것에 또한 깊은 호기심이 있었고.  이것은 그가 해부 구조를 그린 그림과 기계적인 구조를 표현해 낸 것에서 알 수 있다. 그 예시로써 그는 인간의 해부학적 구조에 대해 놀라울 정도로 자세한 그림을 발표했는데, 그 그림에서 그는 심지어 아주 작은 기관의 형태와 뼈대의 숨겨진 부분에까지 신경을 썼다.

This can be readily seen both in his drawings of anatomical structures in biology and his refined representations of mechanical structures in physics

Leonardo da Vinci had a keen interest in the reality and the wonders of nature as a broad and dynamic whole.  ①The subject matter of his inspired paintings was almost more wondrous than reality. ②Da Vinci was also deeply curious about the small details that might be able to explain the human-perceived wonders he painted. ③ He published amazingly detailed drawings of human anatomy, where, as one biographer noted, he paid "attention to the forms of even very small organs and hidden parts of the skeleton." ④Da Vinci is even credited with being the first in the modern world to introduce the idea of controlled experimentation – the core concept of science — and, for this, he has been considered by some writers to be the Father of Science.  ⑤Probably more than any other scholastic luminary of that time, he recognized the relationship between the whole and its parts.

*anatomical 해부의 **luminary 전문가

17. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 스모나 세팍타크로와 같이 전통 스포츠가 오늘날 까지 중요하게 남아있는 경우도 있지만 대게의 경우 전통이라고 여겨졌던 것들이 수입된 스포츠 관행과 혼합된 경우들이 많다. 그 첫 번째가 스모이고 그와 유사한 것이 무에타이 이다.

Many traditional sports remain important elements of contemporary national sporting cultures.

a) In many cases, however, what are commonly assumed to be traditional sporting practices actually represent Chybrid amalgamations of traditional games and imported sporting values and practices.  Judo, for instance, dates from only 1882 and was developed as a modernization of traditional styles of jujitsu.

b) Sumo, despite recent image problems, remains immensely popular and important in Japan. Similarly, sepak takraw and combat sports like muay thai, silat, and arnis remain permanent fixtures of Southeast Asia's sporting landscape.

c) Similarly, muay thai adopted the ring, system of rounds, gloves, and weight divisions after concerns about thigh levels of death and injuries during the early 20th century, while sepak takraw took its current form in the 1930s, with the addition of a net and court adopted from badminton to the traditional pastime of kicking a rattan ball.

*amalgamation 융합체 **rattan 등나무

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

18. 다음 지문에 어법상 올바르지 않은 것을 고르세요.

4번 동사를 사용할 수 없는 자리이기 때문에 are를 지워야 한다.

Although Mobile Healthcare Network (MHN) applications provide numerous opportunities and benefits, they ①raise various security and privacy issues.  Since the health information, e.g., phenomena, health condition, emergency, ②is relatively sensitive for users, any inappropriate disclosure may violate user privacy and even ③result in property loss. Users may also worry about their critical health data ④are tampered with when their health data are stored in the untrusted cloud servers. Moreover, some malicious attackers misbehave in MHNs to disrupt the effectiveness or ⑤mislead other users' preferences.  Without appropriate security and privacy protections, users may not accept MHN applications.

*tamper with (부당하게) 변경하다 **malicious 악의적인

19. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 속독수업은 한번에 수십개의 단어를 읽는다고 하였지만 그것은 시간낭비였다. 빠르게 읽었을 때 한눈에 작가가 말하고자 하는 것을 알 수 는 있지만 빠르게 읽을수록 놓치는 것이 많다. 그러니 친구가 책을 빨리 읽는다고 자랑하면 테스트해봐라.

But the faster you go, the more you miss.

I remember as a student going to a speed-reading course of the type that was in vogue in the 1970s.  ①We were led to believe that you could train your eye and brain to take in whole blocks of text — scores of words at a time — and that reading word by word was primitive and inefficient. ②It was the course that was a waste of time, however. ③ The idea that you can take in the full meaning of large numbers of words in a single glance has been shown to be wrong: yes, you can quickly understand the main point of a whole block of text at a single glance, and you can race through a book getting a pretty good idea of what the author is saying. ④ So if friends boast that they can read thick novels in an afternoon, test them on what they remember of the details. ⑤You probably can gather the plot by racing through a novel, but you'll miss much of the subtleties of the language, the scenes and the narrative.

*vogue 유행 *subtleties 중요한 세부 사항[요소]들

20. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 것을 고르세요.

4번 엘리뇨와 화산폭발의 관계에 대한 이야기이다. 엘리뇨의 이름에 대한 유래는 이 글의 흐름과 관계가 없다.

Strangely enough, volcanic events have been linked to changes in the El Niño cycle.  Scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research have discovered a strong statistical link between El Niño and tropical volcanic eruptions. ①In the years following a major eruption, they argue, the chance of El Niño doubles compared with a standard year. ②It is not entirely clear at this point how volcanoes trigger El Niños, but the answer may lie in the global cooling that accompanies large eruptions. ③According to climatologist Michael Mann, the cooling effect of volcanoes would be more notable in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, thus reducing the temperature differential between the eastern and western Pacific and setting the stage for El Niño. ④El Niño begins in December, near the celebration of the birth of JesusChrist so it was named after Spanish for “the child.” ⑤Since the El Niño in turn influences the formation of tropical cyclones, these findings suggest that tropical volcanoes may play a role in cyclonic weather as well.

*climatologist 기후학자 **cyclone 사이클론(인도양의 열대성 저기압)

21. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 트로이 전쟁 후 집으로 오는 도중 오디세우스는 키르케의 조언을 듣고 자신을 배 기둥에 묶고 부하들의 귀를 막아두었다. 덕분에 사이렌의 유혹에 그가 흔들려도 부하들은 그의 명령을 듣지 못했고 결국 오디세우스는 죽지 않게 되었다.

On his long journey home after the Trojan War, the hero Odysseus came to an island where the goddess Circe advised him to avoid the Sirens, beautiful winged monsters whose irresistible song lured mariners to their death.

a) He shouted at his men, ordered, then begged them to set him free, but the mast was strong, the rope held fast, and his men couldn't hear his pleas. And so Odysseus did not perish, but emerged on the other side of the Siren song wiser, more sensible, and prepared to complete his journey home.

b) There he stood as they sailed into dangerous waters; the Sirens called to him, and he heard their song. As Circe had predicted, he longed to go to them, to cast away everything the held dear.

c) Forewarned but undaunted, Odysseus sailed into peril anyway. His plan: He would listen but not give in. The cunning hero packed his men's ears with beeswax and commanded them to tie him to the ship's mast.

*undaunted 의연한 **beeswax 밀랍 **mast 돛대

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

22. 다음 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

3번 다국적 기업이 정부에 영향력을 행사하여 그 나라의 독립성을 손상을 준다는 글이다. 그래서 undermining이라 써야한다.

The concentration of large-scale economic activity has resulted in the formation of multinational companies multinational companies.  These have their headquarters in one country but their commercial activities are conducted throughout the world. Incentives for them to do this include ①access to raw materials and in the case of firms locating in the third world the availability of cheap labour. Such multinational companies ②possess considerable influence over the operations of the government of the countries in which they invest, thereby ③prompting the economic and political independence of such countries.  In return for providing jobs and revenue derived from taxing their operations, multinational companies may demand ④concessions from governments as the price for their investment in that country. They may seek direct or indirect control over a country's political system to ensure that government policy is ⑤compatible with the needs of the company.  If these conflict, the government may suffer: in Guatemala, for example, President Jacobo Arbenz's quarrels with the American United Fruit Company resulted in his replacement by an American-backed military government in 1954.

22-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 다국적 기업은 투자의 대가로 정부에게 영향력을 행사하며 그들의 독립성을 훼손한다.  그들은 직간접적으로 정부에 대한 통제를 가하려고 하는데 그 대표적인 예시가 과테말라 대통령이 미군에 도움을 받은 군사정부에의해 교체된 것이다.

The concentration of large-scale economic activity has resulted in the formation of multinational companies multinational companies.  These have their headquarters in one country but their commercial activities are conducted throughout the world. Incentives for them to do this include access to raw materials and in the case of firms locating in the third world the availability of cheap labour.

a) In return for providing jobs and revenue derived from taxing their operations, multinational companies may demand concessions from governments as the price for their investment in that country. They may seek direct or indirect control over a country's political system to ensure that government policy is compatible with the needs of the company.

b) Such multinational companies possess considerable influence over the operations of the government of the countries in which they invest, thereby undermining the economic and political independence of such countries.

c) If these conflict, the government may suffer: in Guatemala, for example, President Jacobo Arbenz's quarrels with the American United Fruit Company resulted in his replacement by an American-backed military government in 1954.

*concession (특히 정부나 고용주가 집단•단체 등에 부여하는 이권이나 혜택 **compatible 합치하는

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

23. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 his behavioral repertoire에 나오는 예시를 그 다음 줄에서 these behaviors 로 받아주고 있다.

The infant uses characteristic reflexive responses in his behavioral repertoire (e.g., crying, head-turning, reaching, grasping when interacting with others.

Although from very early on infants show discrimination of their mother's voice and scent, they do not exhibit a clear preference for any particular caregiver. ① Infants are not attached to their caregivers at birth. ②Any caregiver responding to their needs would be as effective; infants tend to respond similarly to any individual who tends to their signals or interacts with them. ③Yet, from the beginning, babies contribute to their interactions and exchanges with others.  ④Built-in bias to orient toward, look at, and listen to certain stimuli will contribute to paying attention to and eventually developing preference for those who interact with him and provide care on a regular basis. ⑤ These behaviors typically have as a consequence to increase the time the baby is in proximity with those around him.

*in proximity 가까이, 근접하여

23-1. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 아이들은 선천적으로 돌봐주는 사람들에 대한 애착은 없지만 그들의 욕구에 반응해 주는 사람에게 반응을 한다. 그러나 아이들은 처음부터 그러한 상호작용에 기여를 하는데 어떤 자극에 반응하는 내장된 편향성으로 인해 그와 상호작용하는 사람들에게 선호를 가지게 되며 자신의 행동에 반응하는 그들과 상호작용하며 그들 주변에서 더 많은 시간을 보내려고 한다.

Although from very early on infants show discrimination of their mother's voice and scent, they do not exhibit a clear preference for any particular caregiver.

a) Infants are not attached to their caregivers at birth. Any caregiver responding to their needs would be as effective; infants tend to respond similarly to any individual who tends to their signals or interacts with them.

b) The infant uses characteristic reflexive responses in his behavioral repertoire (e.g., crying, head-turning, reaching, grasping when interacting with others.  These behaviors typically have as a consequence to increase the time the baby is in proximity with those around him.

c) Yet, from the beginning, babies contribute to their interactions and exchanges with others.  Built-in bias to orient toward, look at, and listen to certain stimuli will contribute to paying attention to and eventually developing preference for those who interact with him and provide care on a regular basis.           *in proximity 가까이, 근접하여

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

24-25. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 기억 연구로써 '챌린저호' 폭발과 관련된 설문지를 심리학 학생들에게 주었는데, 구체적인 7개의 질문이 주어졌다.  2년 반 후, 같은 학생들은 평균적으로 2.95개만 기억할 수 있었다. 그러나  형편없는 기억에도 자신들의 기억의 정확성에 대한 확신의 평균 점수는 5점 중 4.17점이나 되었다.  다른 연구들도 또한 기억에 관한 확신과 그것의 정확성 사이에는 관계가 없다는 것을 보여 주었다.

Perhaps one of the most iconic memory studies was by Neisser and Harsch in 1992, in which they looked at flashbulb memories related to the Challenger explosion.

a) A quarter of the students scored zero out of seven, and half scored two or less. In fact, only a quarter of the students even remembered taking the survey previously.  Despite their terrible recall of the event, the average score of confidence in the accuracy of their memories was as high as 4.17 out of 5. Other studies have also shown the lack of any relationship between confidence in a memory and its accuracy.

b) They gave 106 students in an introductory psychology class a questionnaire asking them to recall how they heard about the Challenger explosion, which had happened within the last twenty-four hours. They were given seven specific questions about what they were doing and how they felt at the time.

c) Two and a half years later, the same students were given a follow-up questionnaire.  In this survey they were also asked to rate their confidence in the accuracy of their memory on a scale from 1 to 5. Of the seven details they previously recorded, on average the students could remember only 2.95 of them.                                                       *iconic 매우 유명한

**flashbulb memory 섬광 기억 (놀라운 사건에 대한 생생하면서도 비교적 영속적인 기억)

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a