1~4강

독해연습 01강.

[1] 다음 지문에 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요.

1번 who가 아니라 which . 선행사는 exchages

It will never be possible to establish the origins of human music with any certainty; however, it seems probable that music developed from the prosodic exchanges between mother and infant ①who foster the bond between them. From this, it became a form of communication between adult human beings. As the capacity for speech and conceptual thought developed, music became less ②important as a way of conveying information, but ③retained its significance as a way of communicating feelings and cementing bonds between individuals, especially in group situations. Today, we are so ④accustomed to considering the response of the individual to music that we are liable to forget that, for most of its history, music has been predominantly a group activity. Music began by serving communal purposes, ⑤of which religious ritual and warfare are two examples. It has continued to be used as an accompaniment to collective activities; as an adjunct to social ceremonies and public occasions.

* prosodic 운율적인 해 * adjunct 부속물, 부가물

[2] 다음 문장이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 몇몇 선생님들은 학생이 게으르다 생각하기도 하지만 자신의 불완전함을 인정하는 선생님은 개선할 부분을 확인한다.

One thought that too many teachers invoke is that the kids were lazy and didn’t care.

As much as we want to believe that students learn everything we try to teach, we must admit that we aren’t perfect as teachers. ①In fact, recognizing our fallibility is said to be one characteristic that separates great teachers of diverse students from those teachers who are just adequate. ②Recognizing that you can make mistakes as a teacher and constantly strive to recover from those failings is significant. ③If you use preconcept and postconcept mapping exercises with your students and you discover that some of the gaps appearing at the beginning persisted until the end, then you have a couple of ways of responding. ④But for teachers who are able to accept their potential fallibility, the disappointment about the results translates into clearly identified areas for improvement. ⑤As odd as this may sound, when you suspect that you have the potential to enhance your teaching, assessment results can help clear up any confusion about where you might begin to make changes.

[2-2] 다음 지문에 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요.

3번 동사의 자리이므로 persisted입니다.

As much as we want to believe that students learn everything we try to teach, we must admit that we aren’t perfect as teachers. In fact, recognizing our fallibility is said ①to be one characteristic that separates great teachers of diverse students from those teachers who are just adequate. ②Recognizing that you can make mistakes as a teacher and constantly strive to recover from those failings is significant. If you use preconcept and postconcept mapping exercises with your students and you discover that some of the gaps appearing at the beginning ③persisting until the end, then you have a couple of ways of responding. One thought that too many teachers invoke is ④that the kids were lazy and didn’t care. But for teachers who are able to accept their potential fallibility, the disappointment about the results translates into clearly identified areas for improvement. As ⑤odd as this may sound, when you suspect that you have the potential to enhance your teaching, assessment results can help clear up any confusion about where you might begin to make changes.

* fallibility 불완전함, 실수할 수 있음 * invoke (생각 등을) 불러내다

[3] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 어휘 지식은 글을 포괄적으로 보게 한다. 학생들은 글을 포괄적으로 이해하는데 어려움을 겪는데 이는 작가가 섬세하게 단어를 선별하기 때문이다. 미국독립선언서에서 the가 아니라 their을 사용하였다. 이런 약간의 단어 변화가 글을 이해하고 분석하는데 영향을 준다.

Vocabulary knowledge extends beyond the local meaning of a sentence or paragraph; it provides insight into how the text works more broadly. The craft and structure of a text is understood in part by being mindful of the choices the writer makes in word selection.

a) Their, not the. One word subtly shifts the meaning to acknowledge the existence of more than one belief system. Seemingly small word choices can profoundly affect the analysis and interpretation of a reading.

b) For instance, consider the use of the word their in the first sentence of the Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”

c) Students are challenged to view the text as a whole in order to understand the perspectives of the writer, as in a historical document, or the concepts related in a scientific article or technical reading. Writers establish mood and tone by the artful selection of words and phrases and link them to rhetorical purposes, especially in history.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[3-2] 다음 글의 어법상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

4번 which 가 아니라 접속사 that이 와야한다. 뒷문장이 완전하고 that 병렬구조이다.

Vocabulary knowledge extends beyond the local meaning of a sentence or paragraph; it provides insight into ①how the text works more broadly. The craft and structure of a text is understood in part by being mindful of the choices the writer makes in word selection. Students are ②challenged to view the text as a whole in order to understand the perspectives of the writer, as in a historical document, or the concepts related in a scientific article or technical reading. Writers establish mood and tone by the artful selection of words and phrases and ③link them to rhetorical purposes, especially in history. For instance, consider the use of the word their in the first sentence of the Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, ④which all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these ⑤are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” Their, not the. One word subtly shifts the meaning to acknowledge the existence of more than one belief system. Seemingly small word choices can profoundly affect the analysis and interpretation of a reading.

* rhetorical 수사적 효과를 노린  * inalienable 빼앗을 수 없는

[4] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

2번 윤리는 사회에 따라 변화하므로 객관적인 윤리를 찾는 다는 것은 착각일 뿐이다.

Ethics itself is not primarily concerned with the description of the moral systems of different societies. That task, which remains on the level of description, is one for anthropology or sociology. In contrast, ethics deals with the justification of moral principles (or with the impossibility of such a justification). Nevertheless, ethics must take note of the variations in moral systems, because it has often been claimed that this variety shows that morality is simply a matter of what is customary and that it thus is always relative to particular societies. According to this view, no moral principle can be valid except in the societies in which it is held. Words such as good and bad just mean, it is claimed, ‘‘approved in my society” or “disapproved in my society,” and so to search for an objective, or rationally justifiable, ethics is to search for what is, in fact,                                   .

① a truth         ② an illusion        ③ a beauty

④ a science       ⑤ a society

[4-2] 다음 빈칸에 알맞은 말을 고르세요.

4번 윤리가 고려되어지는 사회적인 요소가 없다면 어떤 도덕적인 원리도 정당화될 수 없다.

Ethics itself is not primarily concerned with the description of the moral systems of different societies. That task, which remains on the level of description, is one for anthropology or sociology. In contrast, ethics deals with the justification of moral principles (or with the impossibility of such a justification). Nevertheless, ethics must take note of the variations in moral systems, because it has often been claimed that this variety shows that morality is simply a matter of what is customary and that it thus is always relative to particular societies. According to this view, no moral principle can be valid              in which it is held. Words such as good and bad just mean, it is claimed, ‘‘approved in my society” or “disapproved in my society,” and so to search for an objective, or rationally justifiable, ethics is to search for what is, in fact, an illusion.

① without an agreement of public opinions

② except for consistency

③ due to a conflict

④ except in the societies

⑤ without help from other countries

[5] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 이상화된 SNS에 모습은 상대 뿐만 아니라 자기 자신에게도 악영향을 준다. 실험에서 가짜 단어를 아는 척 한 그룹과 그렇지 않은 그룹으로 나눈 후 그들의 업무수행에 대해 칭찬을 하였을 때 전자는 자존감이 감소하였지만 후자는 자존감이 상승하였다.

Afterward, both groups were praised for their performance.

The destructiveness of idealized social media presentation is twofold. ①When people read the glowing status updates of others, they are likely to feel worse about their own flawed lives, especially if they are the type of people who tend to judge their self-worth in comparison to others. ②In addition, when people put forth a version of themselves that is not genuine, they can actually feel bad about themselves. ③In one study, some college students had to pretend to understand made-up words (e.g., besionary) to complete a test, while others did not. ④The praise raised the selfesteem of those who did not have to fake understanding of nonwords, but lowered the selfesteem of the students who pretended to understand them. ⑤In other words, when people portray their life as better than it actually is on social media, all of the “likes” they get for their status updates and pictures may actually make them feel worse about themselves.

[5-2] 다음 중 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

2번 진짜가 아닌 자신의 모습을 드러낸 사람들은 자신에 대해 기분이 나쁘다.

The destructiveness of idealized social media presentation is twofold. When people read the glowing status updates of others, they are likely to feel ①worse about their own flawed lives, especially if they are the type of people who tend to judge their self-worth in comparison to others. In addition, when people put forth a version of themselves that is not ②exaggerated, they can actually feel bad about themselves. In one study, some college students had to pretend to understand made-up words (e.g., besionary) to complete a test, while others did not. Afterward, both groups were ③praised for their performance. The praise raised the selfesteem of those who did not have to fake understanding of nonwords, but lowered the selfesteem of the students who ④pretended to understand them. In other words, when people portray their life as better than it actually is on social media, all of the “likes” they get for their status updates and pictures may actually make them feel ⑤worse about themselves.

[5-3] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

5번 위글 참조

The destructiveness of idealized social media presentation is twofold. When people read the glowing status updates of others, they are likely to feel worse about their own flawed lives, especially if they are the type of people who tend to judge their self-worth in comparison to others. In addition, when people put forth a version of themselves that is not genuine, they can actually               . In one study, some college students had to pretend to understand made-up words (e.g., besionary) to complete a test, while others did not. Afterward, both groups were praised for their performance. The praise raised the selfesteem of those who did not have to fake understanding of nonwords, but lowered the selfesteem of the students who pretended to understand them. In other words, when people portray their life as better than it actually is on social media, all of the “likes” they get for their status updates and pictures may actually make them feel worse about themselves.

① be comfortable to deceive others

② praise each other

③ understand one another

④ raise their self-worth more

⑤ feel bad about themselves

[6] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 사람들은 반대되는 이미지나 색상들을 생각하고 자신이 하지 못하도록 금기되어지는 것을 더 떠올리는 경향이 있다. 그래서 자신이 지금 가지지 못한 것들을 욕망한다.

A quality of the human brain is known as induction, how something positive generates a contrasting negative image in our mind. This is most obvious in our visual system. When * we see some color ─ red or black, for instance ─ it tends to intensify our perception of the opposite color around us, in this case, green or white. As we look at the red object, we often can see a green halo forming around it. In general, the mind operates by contrasts. We are able to formulate concepts about something by becoming aware of its opposite. The brain is continually dredging up these contrasts. What this means is that whenever we see or imagine something, our minds cannot help but see or imagine the opposite. If we are forbidden by our culture to think a particular thought or entertain a particular desire, that taboo instantly brings to mind the very thing we are forbidden. Every no sparks a corresponding yes. We cannot control this vacillation in the mind between contrasts. This predisposes us to think about and then desire exactly                   .  halo 후광 * dredge up ~을 떠올리다 * vacillation 동요, 흔들림

① what we do not have

② what we are not conditioned for

③ how we come up with opposite colors simultaneously

④ what we have never experienced

⑤ what keeps distractions in check

[7] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 돌고래는 협력을 잘한다. 하지만 속이는 행동에 의해 협력이 깨지기도 한다. 한 예시는 카르텔 멤버들이 약속한 것이 이상으로 물건을 팔아 결국 열등한 결과를 맞이하고, 물고리를 둥글게 감싸는 돌고래가 의무를 수행하는 도중에 몰래 음식을 먹는다면 다른 돌고래들도 그렇게 행동함으로써 물고기들은 흩어지고 이익은 없어진다.

There is an incentive for the circling dolphins to cheat by eating while on duty.

The bottlenose dolphin is second only to humans in the ratio of brain size to body size, and dolphins apparently outdo humans in some cooperative games. The discussions of cartels and the prisoner’s dilemma convey the value and difficulty of cooperation among players when there is an incentive to cheat. Individual cartel members undermine cooperative strategies by selling more than they should, hoping nobody will notice. ①Firms that can’t cooperate on pricing or environmental strategies end up taking actions with inferior outcomes. ②Dolphins face similar dilemmas. ③When eating from a school of fish, dolphins encircle the fish and take turns eating, one dolphin at a time. ④However, if a significant number of dolphins followed that incentive, the fish would disperse and the benefits from coordination would be lost. ⑤In reality, the trustworthiness of on-duty dolphins prevails to benefit all of dolphin society.

* cartel 카르텔, 연합

[7-2] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 위 글 참조

The bottlenose dolphin is second only to humans in the ratio of brain size to body size, and dolphins apparently outdo humans in some cooperative games.

a) However, if a significant number of dolphins followed that incentive, the fish would disperse and the benefits from coordination would be lost. In reality, the trustworthiness of on-duty dolphins prevails to benefit all of dolphin society.

b) The discussions of cartels and the prisoner’s dilemma convey the value and difficulty of cooperation among players when there is an incentive to cheat. Individual cartel members undermine cooperative strategies by selling more than they should, hoping nobody will notice.

c) Firms that can’t cooperate on pricing or environmental strategies end up taking actions with inferior outcomes. Dolphins face similar dilemmas. When eating from a school of fish, dolphins encircle the fish and take turns eating, one dolphin at a time. There is an incentive for the circling dolphins to cheat by eating while on duty.

* cartel 카르텔, 연합

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[8] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 사람들이 구름 같은 것에서 얼굴의 형상을 보는 특징이 초자연적인 존재들을 보게하도록 이끄는데 그 예시가 구운 빵이나 초음파 사진에서 신성의 증거를 보는 것이다.

The ease with which we see faces in particular has led to the idea that we are inclined to see supernatural characters at the drop of a hat.

As my colleague Richard Gregory has argued, illusions like the missing-square pattern reveal that the mind is not lazy. Our minds are actively trying to make sense of the world by thinking of the best explanation. ①For example, if someone took a handful of coffee beans and scattered them across a table in front of you, you would immediately see patterns. ②Some beans would instantly cluster together into groups as you simply looked at the array. ③Have you ever watched the clouds on a summer’s day turn into faces and animals? ④You can’t stop yourself because your mind has evolved to organize and see structure. ⑤Each year some bagel, muffin, burnt toast, potato chip, or even ultrasound of a fetus showing the face of some deity is paraded as evidence for divine miracles.

* fetus 태아 * deity 신 * parade 과시하다, 뽐내며 보여주다

[9] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어를 고르세요.

흄의 이야기처럼 인간의 삶이 만족스럽지 못한 것은 초자연적인 것, 도덕 등과 같은 지적인 (이성적인) 것들 때문이다. 인간의 가치관이 동물들과 비슷하다고 해서 뭐가 달라질까? 인간의 감성도 가치관도 충분히 좋고 소중하다. 그러므로 형이상학을 버려버리면 지적인 것들을 제외한 그 어떤 것들도 버리지 않게 된다. (즉 인간을 속박하는 이성을 제외하고 다 남아있다)

As the ancient skeptics taught, contentment is possible without the need to cling to comforting beliefs. As proof, we have the example of David Hume, who lived an entirely admirable life without any belief in the supernatural. His personal example shows that nobody need feel gloomy because life has no ultimate purpose, or because conventional conceptions of moral responsibility are built on foundations of sand. So what if our fine feelings and intellectual achievements are just the stretching and turning of so many springs or wheels, or our value systems are mirrored by those of chimpanzees and baboons. Our feelings are no less fine, and our values no less precious because the stories we have traditionally told ourselves about why we hold them turn out to be fables. In discarding the metaphysical baggage with which the human race bolstered its youthful sense of self-importance, Hume taught us that we throw away nothing but a set of                 .

* metaphysical 형이상학적인 * bolster 지지하다, 강화하다

① emotional impulse    ② intellectual chains

③ animal instinct      ④ personal gossip

⑤ social requirements

[10] 다음 지문의 흐름 상 어울리지 않는 문장을 고르세요.

2번 전화기를 발명하는 과정을 설명하는 글이다. 2번의 자동 피아노에 대한 설명은 흐름상 부적절 하다

The history of science and human invention is full of examples of important advances resulting from synthesizing previously fragmented ideas. One such process began in 1820 when a Dane, H. C. Oersted, discovered that a wire carrying an electric current was surrounded by a magnetic field. In 1825 an Englishman, W. Sturgeon, wound a live wire around an iron bar and created an electromagnet. ① In 1859 a German pianist and scientist, H. von Helmholtz, discovered he could make piano strings vibrate by singing to them. ② Appearing in the 1800s, automatic pianos wowed individuals as tunes would be played without anyone having to touch the keys. ③ Later a Frenchman, L. Scott, attached a thin stick to a membrane. ④ When he spoke to the membrane, the other end of the stick would trace a record of his voice sounds on a piece of smoked glass. ⑤ In 1874 a Scotsman from Canada, working in Cambridge, Massachusetts, put these scattered and diverse elements into one instrument. The instrument was the telephone and the man was Alexander Graham Bell.   * membrane 얇은 막

[11] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 동물들이 부상을 피하는 것은 반사작용이고 새들이 둥지를 짓는 것 역시 본능이다. 문어와 오징어는 인간과 다른 뇌구조를 가지고 있지만 학습이나 암기를 할 수 있다. 만약 이 문어와 오징어가 의식이 있다고 이야기하려면 의식에 조건은 분명 뇌의 구조에 독립적이어야 할 것이다.

Nevertheless they are capable of learning and memorizing facts for months.

There have been vigorous arguments among biologists about whether complicated goal-directed behaviour among higher mammals is reliable evidence for their consciousness. Indeed the admission of consciousness into animal research is quite a recent phenomenon. ①Injury-avoidance behaviour is often based on reflexes, and it is not completely obvious that the inner sensation of pain must be attached to it. ②Even in our own case pain is often felt only after the limb has been moved away. ③Again, many birds build sophisticated nests entirely instinctively, and may or may not be conscious of what they are doing. ④At the other end of the animal kingdom octopuses and squid have entirely different brain anatomies from ourselves and our common ancestor probably had no brains at all. ⑤If they are to be included in the realm of conscious beings, this indicates that consciousness does not depend upon a particular type of brain anatomy.

* anatomy 해부학적 구조, 해부학

[11-2] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 윗 글 참조

There have been vigorous arguments among biologists about whether complicated goal-directed behaviour among higher mammals is reliable evidence for their consciousness.

a) Indeed the admission of consciousness into animal research is quite a recent phenomenon. Injury-avoidance behaviour is often based on reflexes, and it is not completely obvious that the inner sensation of pain must be attached to it. Even in our own case pain is often felt only after the limb has been moved away.

b) Nevertheless they are capable of learning and memorizing facts for months. If they are to be included in the realm of conscious beings, this indicates that consciousness does not depend upon a particular type of brain anatomy.

c) Again, many birds build sophisticated nests entirely instinctively, and may or may not be conscious of what they are doing. At the other end of the animal kingdom octopuses and squid have entirely different brain anatomies from ourselves and our common ancestor probably had no brains at all.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[12] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 음악을 통해 문화를 가르칠 때 선생님은 다양한 문화에 음반들을 수집할 수 있다. 또 다양한 악기 음악의 음반도 모을 수 있다. 이때 모든 아이들이 다양한 문화에 노출되고 자신의 문화 유산이 표현될 수 있도록 균형잡힌 재료들이 중요하다. 오늘날 전체적인 학습법은 모든 (전체) 아이들의 욕구를 다루는 것이다.

The cultural area is where the sky is truly the limit in regard to music.

a) Today the holistic classroom method draws and builds upon what the child already knows, engaging the child ─ since one learns best when passion and interaction are at play ─ and also addressing the needs of the whole child. Learning begins with the “whole,” progresses through to analysis of the parts, and finishes full circle with the “whole” picture.

b) There are countless examples. Music is a wonderful avenue to introduce cultures from around the world. The many recordings depicting the traditional music of each culture are readily available for teachers to add to their collection.

c) Also, musical recordings of the various instruments from countries around the world provide children with an auditory and visual representation of culture. It is important to include an equitable balance of multicultural materials in the classroom to ensure that each child’s heritage is represented and all children are exposed to the heritage of other cultures.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

02강. 빈칸 추론

[1] 다음 지문의 흐름에 맞지 않는 지문을 고르세요.

2번 이 글은 안전구역에 머물수록 그 경계가 좁아지게 되고 안전구역을 벗어나려고 할수록 그 영역에 확장되어진다는 글. 그래서 안전구역 밖에 기회가 많다는 글은 관계가 없다.

Your comfort zone is like an invisible barrier around you, inside which if you stay, you feel comfortable. Your comfort zone and your confidence are linked together. Step outside it and you feel uncomfortable and fearful. However, your comfort zone is not fixed. ①If you constantly stay within your comfort zone it shrinks, filling you with fear of what is outside it, and then your confidence reduces. ②The longer you stay in my comfort zone, the fewer opportunities you will have and everything you want is on the other side of you comfort zone.③ If you step outside your comfort zone, and do something you are fearful or nervous about doing, then your comfort zone expands and your confidence increases. ④Try something new to expand your comfort zone and increase your confidence. ⑤Trying something new reduces your limitations and you’ll live your life with fewer barriers.

[2] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 모든 사람들의 욕구를 해결할 수는 없지만 때로는 의견차이에 동의하지 말아야 할 때가 있다. 집을 구매할지 빌릴지가 그러한 경우이다. 게다가 두 가지를 동시에 할 수 없는 경우가 있는데 추수감사절에 다른 곳에 거주하시는 부모님을 동시에 방문할 수 없는 것이 그러하다. 그래서 갈등을 다루어야 한다.

Given our unique life-scripted beliefs about how things should be: our expectations ─ differences in preferences, attitudes, and beliefs are inevitable, and not all of them need to be resolved.

a) For example, you can’t practically visit your mother in Florida and your father in Connecticut on Thanksgiving Day. So coping with conflicts as we traverse the ups and downs of daily life is not just a useful tool; it is absolutely necessary for the kinds of successful relationships and outcomes we most desire.

b) You and your partner may need to decide where you will live and whether to rent or purchase a home. A decision must be made, or you may find yourselves living in the backseat of your car. Often you can’t have things both ways, so a choice must be made.

c) Many, in fact, add the spice to relationships. But sometimes you cannot just agree to disagree. Some issues impact each of you and perhaps others (your children or coworkers) in ways that require a clear, unambiguous resolution.

* traverse 가로지르다, 횡단하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[2-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 윗글 참조

Often you can’t have things both ways, so a choice must be made.

Given our unique life-scripted beliefs about how things should be: our expectations ─ differences in preferences, attitudes, and beliefs are inevitable, and not all of them need to be resolved. Many, in fact, add the spice to relationships. But sometimes you cannot just agree to disagree. ①Some issues impact each of you and perhaps others (your children or coworkers) in ways that require a clear, unambiguous resolution. ②You and your partner may need to decide where you will live and whether to rent or purchase a home. ③A decision must be made, or you may find yourselves living in the backseat of your car. ④For example, you can’t practically visit your mother in Florida and your father in Connecticut on Thanksgiving Day. ⑤So coping with conflicts as we traverse the ups and downs of daily life is not just a useful tool; it is absolutely necessary for the kinds of successful relationships and outcomes we most desire.         * traverse 가로지르다, 횡단하다

[2-3] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

3번 윗글 참조

Given our unique life-scripted beliefs about how things should be: our expectations ─ differences in preferences, attitudes, and beliefs are inevitable, and not all of them need to be resolved. Many, in fact, add the spice to relationships. But sometimes you cannot just                . Some issues impact each of you and perhaps others (your children or coworkers) in ways that require a clear, unambiguous resolution. You and your partner may need to decide where you will live and whether to rent or purchase a home. A decision must be made, or you may find yourselves living in the backseat of your car. Often you can’t have things both ways, so a choice must be made. For example, you can’t practically visit your mother in Florida and your father in Connecticut on Thanksgiving Day. So coping with conflicts as we traverse the ups and downs of daily life is not just a useful tool; it is absolutely necessary for the kinds of successful relationships and outcomes we most desire.

* traverse 가로지르다, 횡단하다

① meet all needs in others  ② compromise your wants

③ agree to disagree        ④ find yourselves as you are

⑤ be honest for what you want

[3] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 컴퓨터가 일하는 법을 변화시켜 주었지만 반대로 시간낭비하는 개인적인 용도로 사용되기도 한다. 그래서 도구가 아니라 장난감으로 다루어지고 있다.

The personal computer has done more to alter work methods and procedures than any other innovation of the past several decades. Computers have replaced typewriters and other office machines almost completely, and they have dramatically changed the way many jobs are performed. Unfortunately, the computers ─ and tablets and smart phones and other electronic devices ─ have also opened wide a door to a variety of time-wasting personal uses including games and nonbusiness e-mail (personal correspondence, jokes, inspirational messages, anecdotes, etc.). It is not unreasonable to conclude that much of the efficiency gained through the use of such devices is cancelled out by their misuse. The personal computer may well be the most useful and versatile tool ever to come into common organizational use, but by many who spend hours at keyboard and screen the computer is treated more as                       .

① a toy than a tool

② a device than a distraction

③ a gossip than a record

④ a language than a science

⑤ a message than a game

[4] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 오락과 미적 참여는 차단과 변형이 되는데 영화나 콘서트홀에서 탐구하는 것을 막는 관계를 의도적으로 만든다. 이런 특별한 상황에 대해 반응 중 많은 것들은 규제하는 구체적인 관습이다. 물론 이러한 방해와 유예는 문화적으로 특유하며 서양이 더욱 심하다.

In the circumstances of entertainment and aesthetic engagement, overt manifestations of the perception-action cycle are often blocked or transformed.

a) The interruption or suspension of the perception-action cycle that characterizes some forms of aesthetic engagement is, of course, culturally specific; it is at its most extreme in some of the “high” art forms of the West and in circumstances in which formal ceremony and aesthetics interact.

b) Watching films and television, looking at paintings or sculptures in a gallery, and listening to music in a concert hall deliberately place perceivers in a relationship with the objects of perception that prevents them from acting upon or exploring those objects in an unhindered fashion.

c) Many of the reactions that people have to these special circumstances (reaching out to touch a sculpture; foot- and finger-tapping in response to music) are a residue of the more usual relationship between perception and action, as are the specific conventions that regulate these reactions (“Please do not touch” signs at exhibitions, socially enforced silence and immobility at conceits, applause at regulated moments).

* overt 명시적인, 명백한 * residue 잔여물, 유산

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[5] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 개인 문화는 개인의 능력에 기초한 자존감 이라면 상호 의존 문화는 개인보다는 집단 조화를 목적으로 한다. 그래서 동아시아 사람들은 개인적인 통제권보다는 사회적인 지지를 받는 것을 더 좋아한다.

People from more individualistic cultural contexts tend to be motivated to maintain selt-focused agency or control as these serve as the basis of one’s self-worth.

a) The independent self may be more driven to cope by appealing to a sense of agency or control. However peop e from more interdependent cultural contexts tend to be less focused on issues of individual success and agency and more motivated towards group goals and harmony.

b) With this form 〇 agency comes the belief that individual successes depend primarily on one's own abilities and actions, and thus, whether by influencing the environment or trying to accept one s circumstances, the use of control ultimately centers on the individual.

c) Research has shown that East Asians prefer to receive, but not seek, more social support rather than seek personal control in certain cases. Therefore, people who hold a more interdependent self-construal may prefer to cope in a way that promotes harmony in relationships.

*self-construal 자기 구성

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[6] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 사람들이 심장질환은 자신이 스스로 치료할 수 없어 치료를 받아야 한다고 생각하지만 우울증은 뇌가 아니라 마음에 대한 통제라 생각하여 마치 자기 스스로 치료할 수 있다고 생각하지만 그렇지 않다는 글.

We also do not sense our brains at work, but we feel in control of our minds.

Severe depression is not something people can pull themselves out of any more than they can pull themselves out of congestive heart failure, kidney disease, or gallstones. ①When patients with congestive heart failure develop difficulty breathing, they are usually grateful for treatment that relieves their distress. ②They rarely believe they can handle such illnesses themselves because they have no sense of being in control over the workings of their heart. ③This sense of being in control of our minds allows those with depression to believe they can pull themselves out of the severe depression. ④In my experience, once older adults understand that depression is a disease of the brain, and not something they have control over, they become more open to considering treatment. ⑤It’s not that they can’t handle their problems any longer; rather, their brain has let them down. I often say to my patients, “It’s not you; it’s your brain.”

* congestive heart failure 울혈성 심부전 * gallstone 담석

[7] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 실질 자산과 개인 자산은 물건에서 사용되는 용어인데 냉장고가 탈착형이면 개인자산 , 부착형이면 실질자산이다. 그래서 부동산을 팔 때 실질 자산은 같이 판매한다고 생각되는데 그렇다 하더라도 협상은 가능하다. 그렇지만 상대에게 많은 비용을 요구하게 되면 아마 상대는 없던 것으로 할 가능성이 높다.

In the process of selling your property, you may hear the phrase “real property’’ and “personal property.” Real property is fixed and attached; personal property is usually mobile and unattached. Where this is likely to come up is in regard to items within your property.

a) Ripping things like banisters, fireplaces, etc. off their moorings and taking them with you is not only boorish behavior, it would most likely be a violation of your sales contract. Even if it is possible to remove them, the buyer is assuming all real property to be his.

b) Granted, anything is negotiable, but if I was a buyer and I allowed you to do such a thing at all (which I most likely wouldn’t), I would demand significant financial consideration off the previously negotiated sales price, so much so that you would most likely say, “Forget it.” As the buyer, I don’t need you trashing the property as you leave.

c) Most refrigerators that can roll out, be unplugged, and taken with you, are considered personal property. If a refrigerator is somehow permanently attached to the home (such as a built-in model), it is real property and stays. When selling a property, it is assumed that you are selling all real property.

* moorings (고정된) 설비 * boorish 교양 없는

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[8] 다음 지문에서 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

4번 개인보다는 집단 조건 속에 있다고 생각할 때 기부하는 금액이 7배가 더 늘어난다.

Much prosocial behavior is stimulated by others, such as when someone acts more properly because other people are watching. Dogs will stay off the furniture and out of the trash when their owners are ①present, but they casually break those rules when alone. Humans may have more of a conscience, but they also still respond to the presence or absence of others. Public circumstances generally ②promote prosocial behavior. Participants in a study by Kay L. Satow sat alone in a room and followed tape-recorded instructions. Half believed that they were being ③observed via a one-way mirror (public condition), whereas others believed that no one was watching (private condition). At the end of the study, the tape-recorded instructions invited the participant to make a donation by leaving some change in the jar on the table. The results showed that donations were seven times ④lower in the public condition than in the private condition. Apparently, one important reason for ⑤generous helping is to make (or sustain) a good impression on the people who are watching.

* prosocial 친사회적인

[9] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 다른 이가 보고 있다 생각하면 친사회적 행동을 한다. 강아지들도 그러하고 인간 역시도 다른 이들의 존재에 반응한다.실험에서 누군가 보고 있다고 생각하는 사람들과 혼자 있다고 생각하는 사람들은 기부하는 금액에서 차이가 생긴다.

Much prosocial behavior is stimulated by others, such as when someone acts more properly because other people are watching. Dogs will stay off the furniture and out of the trash when their owners are present, but they casually break those rules when alone.

a) Humans may have more of a conscience, but they also still respond to the presence or absence of others. Public circumstances generally promote prosocial behavior. Participants in a study by Kay L. Satow sat alone in a room and followed tape-recorded instructions.

b) The results showed that donations were seven times higher in the public condition than in the private condition. Apparently, one important reason for generous helping is to make (or sustain) a good impression on the people who are watching.

c) Half believed that they were being observed via a one-way mirror (public condition), whereas others believed that no one was watching (private condition). At the end of the study, the tape-recorded instructions invited the participant to make a donation by leaving some change in the jar on the table.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[9] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 지역을 잘 모르는 친구들과 차를 타고 갈 때 구체적인 상황 설명을 하지 못하면 의도한 것을 그들이 보지 못하지만 구체적인 설명을 하면 그들은 볼 준비를 하고 의도한 것을 보게 된다. 작가도 마찬가지여서 똑같이 조언을 해주어야 한다. 그 조언이 항상 있어야 하는 것은 아니지만 규칙적으로 해주어 중요한 것을 놓치지 않게 해야 한다.

Writers need to advise their readers in a similar way.

Say you’re driving down the interstate at sixty-five miles an hour with three friends from out of town, and you suddenly say to them, “Hey, there’s that amazing Pink House!” ①What happens? ②Probably there’s a lot of sudden head swiveling, and someone’s elbow ends up in someone else’s ribs, and maybe one of your friends gets a glimpse, but probably nobody really gets a chance to see it (and somebody might not believe you if she didn’t see it for herself!). ③What if you had said instead, “Hey, coming up on the right here in about two miles, there’s an amazing huge neon Pink House: watch for it”? ④They’d be ready, they’d know where to look and what to look for, and they’d see what you wanted them to see. ⑤That advice doesn’t always need to be in a thesis statement or a topic sentence, but it does need to happen regularly so that readers don’t miss something crucial.

* swivel (고개를) 홱 돌리다

[10] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

2번 채식주의 친구는 극단적으로 지각이 있는 생명을 해치면 안된다고 이야기하지만 그런 논리라면 그들은 벌레를 밟을 수 있기에 산책도 하면 안될 것이다. 그리고 과학이 발전하면 식물에게도 의식이 있음이 드러날 것이고 Mr.Dooley는 토마토를 자르는 것이 어떻게 범죄가 덜 될 수 있는지 확인할 수가 없다고 하였다

So far as diet is concerned, I belong to no school; I have learned something from each one, and what I have learned from a trial of them all is to be shy of extreme statements and of hard and fast rules. To my vegetarian friends who argue that it is morally wrong to take sentient life, I answer that they cannot go for a walk in the country without committing that offense, for they walk on innumerable bugs and worms. We cannot live without asserting our right to subject the lower forms of life to our purposes. we kill innumerable germs when we swallow a glass of grape juice, or for that matter a glass of plain water. I shall be much surprised if the advance of science does not some day prove to us that there are basic forms of consciousness in all vegetable life; so we shall justify the argument of Mr. Dooley, who said, in reviewing “The Jungle:’ that he could not see                to cut off a young tomato in its prime or to murder a whole cradleful of baby peas in the pod!                 * sentient 지각이 있는

① what it would look like

② how it was any less a crime

③ how it made them more productive

④ how it is impossible for human

⑤ when and how it is possible

[11] 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 reluctance 로 고쳐야 함. 미국은 지구 온난화가 거의 없었기 때문에 국제적인 조치를 지지하기를 꺼려하였다.

Indeed, one of the most problematic aspects of global warming from the point of view of social policy stems from the fact that the phenomenon has so far manifested itself very ①unevenly around the world. Some places have had little warming in the past century, and some have even experienced cooling. “For extensive regions of the Earth, the warming of the past 80 years has ②deviated strongly from the global average,” notes climate expert Ken Hare. ‘ This fact raises major difficulties for political action: in many countries, future temperatures will ③differ strongly from the global norm and global warming will seem like a fiction to local politicians.’ He points out, for example, that the ④lack of a strong warming trend in the United States accounted in part for the ⑤willingness of the U.S. government to support the 1992 international convention on climate change. “If you’re considering political action, you have to remember that you’re asking a considerable number of people in the world to take on faith that this is a truly global effect,” he said.

[12] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 자동차에 대한 비유가 처음 등장하는 지문임. 그 아래에 자동차가 나오는 곳은 5번.

Just as different models of automobiles each have an engine, drive train, four wheels, doors, and seats, we differ mainly in terms of our outside contours and a few internal tweaks.

In the fifth century B.C.E.，the Greek philosopher Protagoras pronounced, “Man is the measure of all things.” In other words, we feel entitled to ask the world, “What good are you?” ①We assume that we are the world’s standard, that all things should be compared to us. ②Such an assumption makes us overlook a lot. ③Abilities said to “make us human” ─ empathy, communication, grief, toolmaking, and so on ─ all exist to varying degrees among other minds sharing the world with us. ④Animals with backbones (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) all share the same basic skeleton, organs, nervous systems, hormones, and behaviors. ⑤But like naive car buyers, most people see only animals’ varied exteriors.

[12] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

4번 동물은 인간과 마찬가지로 내부에 비슷한 구조를 가지고 있지만 외형적인 차이만 사람들은 본다.

In the fifth century B.C.E.，the Greek philosopher Protagoras pronounced, “Man is the measure of all things.” In other words, we feel entitled to ask the world, “What good are you?” We assume that we are the world’s standard, that all things should be compared to us. Such an assumption makes us overlook a lot. Abilities said to “make us human” ─ empathy, communication, grief, toolmaking, and so on ─ all exist to varying degrees among other minds sharing the world with us. Animals with backbones (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) all share the same basic skeleton, organs, nervous systems, hormones, and behaviors. Just as different models of automobiles each have an engine, drive train, four wheels, doors, and seats, we differ mainly in terms of our outside contours and a few internal tweaks. But like naive car buyers, most people see only                  .

* tweak 변경, 수정

① a lot of internal parts

② the sameness other than the difference

③ the world’s standard

④ animals’ varied exteriors

⑤ the natural abilities of animals

03강. 빈칸 추론

[1] 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 persistent 아이들의 불쾌한 행동이 지속되지 않는다면 더 이상 부모와의 관계는 쓰레기를 배출하는 것이 아니게 된다.

If you find it difficult to stay wise-minded when your teen is rude, it’s no surprise. The deck is stacked against you because of several inescapable facts of ①normal teenage behavior. For one thing, teens often try to pick a fight. That’s because, in the chaos and uncertainty of adolescence, parents are a secure base ─ sort of like the eye of a storm. Teens want to ②discharge the garbage of their day onto someone who will take it and love them anyway, sticking with them through thick and thin. If it becomes evident that everything you say is “③wrong” (even though you know you’re right), you can stop the merry-go-round whenever you like by simply withdrawing. Don’t walk out with an angry refrain like “Well, I was just trying to be nice, and look at how you treat me!” Instead, say something ④humble (and accurate), such as, “I can see that you aren’t in the mood for chatting. Oh, well, maybe later.” Unless their nastiness is ⑤constrained, assume that the interaction is more about an opportunity for dumping the garbage than a reflection of your overall relationship.

* the deck is stacked against ~에게 불리하게 판이 짜여 있다

[2] 다음 글의 흐름에 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

4번 억압된 생각이 계속 떠오르는 것은 두가지 관련된 인지 과정의 상호작용 때문이다. 의도적인 운영 시스템이 억압된 생각과 아무런 관계없는 생각을 두었을 때 무의식 감시 과정이 그것을 접하였을 때 적절한 생각으로 그것을 대체하려고 하고 이에 반해 의도 시스템은 여러 가지 부정적 감정적 요소에 의해 실패하게 되며 이 때 무의식 감시 과정이 부적절한 내용들이 들어오도록 한다.

If I say to you, ‘Don’t think of a white bear’, you will find it difficult not to think of a white bear. In this way, thought suppression can actually ①increase the thoughts one wishes to suppress instead of calming them. One common example of this is that people on a diet who try not to think about food often begin to think much more about food. This ironic effect seems to be caused by the ②interplay of two related cognitive processes. This dual-process system involves, first, an intentional operating process, which consciously attempts to locate thoughts unrelated to the suppressed ones. Second, and simultaneously, an unconscious monitoring process tests whether the operating system is functioning effectively. If the monitoring system encounters thoughts ③inconsistent with the intended ones, it prompts the intentional operating process to ensure that these are replaced by appropriate thoughts. However, it is argued, the intentional operating system can ④succeed due to increased cognitive load caused by fatigue, stress and emotional factors, and so the monitoring process filters the ⑤inappropriate thoughts into consciousness, making them highly accessible.

[2-2] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 위 내용 참조

If I say to you, ‘Don’t think of a white bear’, you will find it difficult not to think of a white bear. In this way, thought suppression can actually increase the thoughts one wishes to suppress instead of calming them. One common example of this is that people on a diet who try not to think about food often begin to think much more about food. This ironic effect seems to be caused by                             . This dual-process system involves, first, an intentional operating process, which consciously attempts to locate thoughts unrelated to the suppressed ones. Second, and simultaneously, an unconscious monitoring process tests whether the operating system is functioning effectively. If the monitoring system encounters thoughts inconsistent with the intended ones, it prompts the intentional operating process to ensure that these are replaced by appropriate thoughts. However, it is argued, the intentional operating system can fail due to increased cognitive load caused by fatigue, stress and emotional factors, and so the monitoring process filters the inappropriate thoughts into consciousness, making them highly accessible.

① the interplay of two related cognitive processes

② the relaxation of conscious operating system

③ the emotional conflict of opposite thoughts

④ the intensity of intentional thought

⑤ the elimination of negative emotions

[3] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 환경에 적응을 하면 adaptve , 다른 환경에서 보면 그것은 nonadaptive 가 된다. 그래서 종에의해 마주치게 되는 환경적 반응에 따라 유연성을 가지게 되는데 이들은 환경의 단순한 변화에 의해서 변화하기도 한다. 예를 들어겸상 적혈구는 아프리카에서는 adaptive 이지만 미국에서는 말라리아가 없어서 nonadaptive 이다.

A trait can be said to be adaptive if it is maintained in a population by selection.

a) For example, the sickle-cell trait of human beings, determined by the heterozygous state of a single gene, is adaptive under living conditions in Africa, where it confers some degree of resistance to falciparum malaria. In Americans of African descent, it is nonadaptive, for the simple reason that its bearers are no longer confronted by malaria.

b) In other words, deviant responses in abnormal environments may not be nonadaptive ─ they may simply reflect flexibility in a response that is quite adaptive in the environments ordinarily encountered by the species. A trait can be switched from an adaptive to a nonadaptive status by a simple change in the environment.

c) We can put the matter more precisely by saying that another trait is nonadaptive, or abnormal, if it reduces the fitness of individuals that consistently manifest it under environmental circumstances that are usual for the species.

* sickle-cell 겸상 적혈구(낫 또는 초승달 모양의 적혈구)의 * heterozygous 이형의  * falciparum malaria 열대 말라리아

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[4] 다음 지문에 어법상 잘못된 곳을 고르세요.

5번 동사자리 이기 때문에 are

The philosopher Nelson Goodman argued that we should replace the question "What is art?” with the question When is art?” The same object can function as a work of art or not, ①depending on how the object is viewed. When an object functions as art, it exhibits certain “symptoms” of the aesthetic. For example, an object ②functioning as art is relatively replete (full), meaning that more of its physical properties are part of its meaning and should be attended to than ③when that same object is not functioning as a work of art. Goodman asks us to consider a zigzag line. ④Told that the line is a stock market graph, all we attend to are the peaks and dips. We could get the same information from a set of numbers. But if this same line is part of a drawing (say, the outline of a mountain), all of the line’s physical properties ⑤being suddenly important and part of what the artist wants us to attend to ─ its color, texture, edges, thickness, among other things. And we cannot translate this experience into a set of numbers.

[4-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 사물이 미술 작품으로 보여질 때 미적인 속성과 의미가 나타난다. 지그재그의 경우 주식 차트라고 한다면 그냥 단순한 숫자로 표현이 되지만 그것이 미술 작품이라 하였을 때 그 선들은 질감등이 나타나게 되고 단순히 숫자로 표현할 수 없다.

But if this same line is part of a drawing (say, the outline of a mountain), all of the line’s physical properties are suddenly important and part of what the artist wants us to attend to ─ its color, texture, edges, thickness, among other things.

The philosopher Nelson Goodman argued that we should replace the question "What is art?” with the question When is art?” The same object can function as a work of art or not, depending on how the object is viewed. When an object functions as art, it exhibits certain “symptoms” of the aesthetic. ①For example, an object functioning as art is relatively replete (full), meaning that more of its physical properties are part of its meaning and should be attended to than when that same object is not functioning as a work of art. ②Goodman asks us to consider a zigzag line. ③Told that the line is a stock market graph, all we attend to are the peaks and dips. ④We could get the same information from a set of numbers. ⑤And we cannot translate this experience into a set of numbers.

[5] 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

4번 사람들이 자신이 고정관념화 된 방식으로 컴퓨터 버튼을 누르기 때문에 일관된 위치에 두는 것이 디자이너에게 가이드라인이 될 것이다.

Because of the perceptual frames users of computer software and websites have, they often click buttons or links without looking carefully at them. Their perception of the display is based more on what their frame for the situation leads them to expect than on what is actually on the screen. This sometimes confounds software designers, who expect users to see what is on the screen ─ but that isn’t how human vision works. For example, if the positions of the “Next” and “Back” buttons on the last page of a multistep dialog box switched, many people would not immediately notice the switch. Their visual system would have been lulled into inattention by the consistent placement of the buttons on the prior several pages. Even after unintentionally going backward a few times, they might continue to perceive the buttons in their standard locations. This is why             is a common user-interface guideline, to ensure that reality matches the user’s frame for the situation.

* confound 당황케 하다 * lull 안심시키다

① inattention to prior several pages

② the error of computer software

③ the number of prior several pages

④ consistent placement of controls

⑤ breaking established thinking

[6] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 왜 한 분야의 성공한 사람 중에 다른 분야에서도 성공하는 사람들이 있는 것인가? 30년 뒤 다시 연구를 하면서 발견한 것은 성공적으로 이직한 사람들은 초기에 폭넓은 훈련을 받았다는 것이다. 그들은 1차선이 아니라 8차선 도로를 달리고 있었던 것이다. 그들은 하나의 지식을 다른 지식에 적용하였고 인지적인 고착을 피하며 오래된 패턴을 피하였다.

In 1979, Christopher Connolly cofounded a psychology consultancy in the United Kingdom to help high achievers perform at their best.

a) Connolly’s primary finding was that early in their careers, those who later made successful transitions had broader training and kept multiple “career streams” open even as they pursued a primary specialty. They “traveled on an eight-lane highway,” he wrote, rather than down a single-lane one-way street. They had range.

b) Over the years, Connolly became curious about why some professionals floundered outside a narrow expertise, while others were remarkably adept at expanding their careers ─ moving from playing in a world-class orchestra, for example, to running one. Thirty years after he started, Connolly returned to school to do a PhD investigating that very question.

c) The successful adapters were excellent at taking knowledge from one pursuit and applying it creatively to another, and at avoiding cognitive entrenchment. They employed what Hogarth called a “circuit breaker.” They drew on outside experiences and analogies to interrupt their inclination toward a previous solution that may no longer work. Their skill was in avoiding the same old patterns.

* flounder 허우적거리다 * adept: 능숙한 * entrenchment 고착, 고착화

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[6] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 위 글 참조

In 1979, Christopher Connolly cofounded a psychology consultancy in the United Kingdom to help high achievers perform at their best. Over the years, Connolly became curious about why some professionals floundered outside a narrow expertise, while others were remarkably adept at expanding their careers ─ moving from playing in a world-class orchestra, for example, to running one. Thirty years after he started, Connolly returned to school to do a PhD investigating that very question. Connolly’s primary finding was that early in their careers, those who later made successful transitions had broader training and kept multiple “career streams” open even as they pursued a primary specialty. They “traveled on an eight-lane highway,” he wrote, rather than down a single-lane one-way street. They had range. The successful adapters were excellent at taking knowledge from one pursuit and applying it creatively to another, and at                              . They employed what Hogarth called a “circuit breaker.” They drew on outside experiences and analogies to interrupt their inclination toward a previous solution that may no longer work. Their skill was in avoiding the same old patterns.

① avoiding cognitive entrenchment

② narrowing their careers

③ specializing in a primary specialty

④ avoiding the other old patterns

⑤ performing at their best on their task.

[6] 다음 지문에 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 interrupt 로 고쳐야 한다.

In 1979, Christopher Connolly cofounded a psychology consultancy in the United Kingdom to help high achievers perform at their best. Over the years, Connolly became curious about why some professionals floundered outside a narrow expertise, while others were remarkably adept at ①expanding their careers ─ moving from playing in a world-class orchestra, for example, to running one. Thirty years after he started, Connolly returned to school to do a PhD investigating that very question. Connolly’s primary finding was that ②early in their careers, those who later made successful transitions had broader training and kept ③multiple “career streams” open even as they pursued a primary specialty. They “traveled on an eight-lane highway,” he wrote, rather than down a single-lane one-way street. They had ④range. The successful adapters were excellent at taking knowledge from one pursuit and applying it creatively to another, and at avoiding cognitive entrenchment. They employed what Hogarth called a “circuit breaker.” They drew on outside experiences and analogies to ⑤ stimulate their inclination toward a previous solution that may no longer work. Their skill was in avoiding the same old patterns.

[7] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 인권에 대해 고정관념화 시키는 것은 보편성이라는 융통성 없는 형태가 되는 위험이 있다. 그래서 공동체의 모든 구성원들이 인간성이 의미하는 것에서 중요한 역할을 하도록 하는 공유된 인간성의 추구가 필요하다는 내용.

In a recent discussion of human rights in social work and human services practices, a researcher argues that the risk of strongly held primary values is that they can easily become an inflexible form of               , in which a single view of what it is to be human can become imposed by those with power (whether political, economic, professional, academic or cultural). This can lead to an ironic situation in which human rights become associated with totalitarian ways of imposing particular ideals, through asserting that what it is to be human has to take one particular form. The answer, for the researcher, is to seek a ‘shared humanity’, in which all members of a community are able to play active roles in the construction of what humanity means, and allows for these definitions to differ and to overlap without having to be identical This requires that practitioners rethink their understanding of community, in which there is a balance between what unites people and the many differences between them.

* Paleolithic 구석기 시대의 * draughtsman 그림을 그리는 사람

① diversity        ② identification    ③ universalism

④ democracy      ⑤ transformation

[8] 다음 글의 알맞지 않은 어법은?

2번 주절이 나와야 합니다. which 가 아니라 it 사용

When biologists consider complex human activities such as the arts, they tend to assume that their compelling qualities are derivations of basic drives. If any given activity can be seen ①to aid survival or facilitate adaptation to the environment, or to be derived from behaviour which does so, ②which ‘makes sense’ in biological terms. For example, the art of painting may originate from the human need to comprehend the external world through vision; an achievement which makes ③it possible to act upon the environment or influence it in ways which promote survival. The Paleolithic artists who drew and painted animals on the walls of their caves ④were using their artistic skills for practical reasons. Drawing is a form of abstraction which may be ⑤compared with the formation of verbal concepts. It enables the draughtsman to study an object in its absence, to experiment with various images of it, and thus, at least in fantasy, to exert power over it.

[9] 다음 지문에 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 자기 의식은 낮은 동물들이 참여할 수 없고 오직 인간이 가지고 있고 그것을 통해서 인간은 내면의 세계를 만들었다.

Self-awareness, or reflective thought, is the main attribute distinguishing humans from animals. It is the consciousness that enables us to contemplate ourselves. Reflection is the power to turn one’s consciousness upon oneself, to know oneself and, especially, to know that one knows. Humans are the only creation in the universe who can be the object of their own reflection and, because of that, another world is bom: an inner world, a reality in which               . Incapable of contemplating itself, or of being aware of itself as the conscious subject, not even a higher type of animal, such as a dog or cat that knows who its master is and where its food is, can know that it knows. In consequence, it is denied access to a whole domain of reality in which mankind can move freely. Systems of physics, philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy, for example, have all been constructed because of man’s unique ability to reflect inwardly.

① other animals wander freely and actively

② no mankind can move freely

③ no lower animal can ever participate

④ human can be sympathy for other souls

⑤ one’s consciousness turns into knowledge

[10] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

2번 면접을 볼 때 자신의 구직활동을 다 말할 수는 없지만 자신이 다른 회사에 최종 면접 단계까지 올라갔다면 제한적으로 정직하게 정보를 주는 것도 나쁘지 않다. 즉 면접관에게 자신이 최종단계에 올라갔다고 이야기를 하며 당신의 상태에 대해 알도록 해주고 사실이 아닌 이야기는 하지 말아야 한다.

I understand it is not likely you are going to tell an interviewer about all of your job search activities or provide a status report, no, clearly it’s none of their business. However, there is nothing wrong with                     , if you are reaching a critical stage with another company with whom you are also interviewing. Reasonably speaking, most of us are pursuing more than one job at a time. It’s not a mistake to say to a hiring official, “I appreciate the opportunity for this interview, I am interested in this job and your company, but I think it is fair to tell you I am also talking to some other companies, and one of them has invited me to a final interview.” Yes, this can be considered a take-away close, but it is simply the truth. There is no need to, and I suggest you should not, share the name or details of the other company; just making them aware of your status is enough. I would, however, caution you that if it isn’t true, don’t fake it.

* take-away close (판매 • 협상 등에서) 즉각적인 반응을 유도하기 위한 전략

① appreciating the opportunity for the interview

② being honest to a limited degree

③ considering a take-away close

④ driving yourself to a final interview

⑤ being dedicated to pursuing only one job

[10-2] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 위 내용 참조

I understand it is not likely you are going to tell an interviewer about all of your job search activities or provide a status report, no, clearly it’s none of their business.

a) Yes, this can be considered a take-away close, but it is simply the truth. There is no need to, and I suggest you should not, share the name or details of the other company; just making them aware of your status is enough. I would, however, caution you that if it isn’t true, don’t fake it.

b) However, there is nothing wrong with being honest to a limited degree, if you are reaching a critical stage with another company with whom you are also interviewing. Reasonably speaking, most of us are pursuing more than one job at a time.

c) It’s not a mistake to say to a hiring official, “I appreciate the opportunity for this interview, I am interested in this job and your company, but I think it is fair to tell you I am also talking to some other companies, and one of them has invited me to a final interview.”

* take-away close (판매 • 협상 등에서) 즉각적인 반응을 유도하기 위한 전략

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[11] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

3번 감정이 학습되지 않고 유전자로 결정된다는 것과는 달리 인간의 감정은 학습될 것이 많고 유사한 점이 많다고 하더라도 외부 자극에 따라 감정적 능력은 차이가 생긴다. 즉 내가 좋아하고 싫어하는 것을 상대는 반대일 수 있다. 이처럼 감정적 반응은 자극에 대해 매우 맞춤화 되어 있다.

The fact that emotions are unlearned, automated, and set by the genome always raises the specter of genetic determinism. Is there nothing personal and educable about one’s emotions? The answer is that there is plenty. The essential mechanism of the emotions in a normal brain is indeed quite similar across individuals, and a good thing too because it provides humanity, in diverse cultures, with a common ground of fundamental preferences on the matters of pain and pleasure. But while the mechanisms are distinctly similar, the circumstances in which certain stimuli have become emotionally competent for you are unlikely to be the same as for me. There are things that you fear that I do not, and vice versa; things you love and I do not, and vice versa; and many, many things that we both fear and love. In other words, emotional responses are        relative to the causative stimulus. In this regard, we are quite alike but not entirely.

* specter 망령, 유령

① too much diversified      ② completely similar

③ considerably customized   ④ mechanically automated

⑤ directly opposite

[11] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 위 내용 참조

The fact that emotions are unlearned, automated, and set by the genome always raises the specter of genetic determinism. Is there nothing personal and educable about one’s emotions? The answer is that there is plenty.

a) The essential mechanism of the emotions in a normal brain is indeed quite similar across individuals, and a good thing too because it provides humanity, in diverse cultures, with a common ground of fundamental preferences on the matters of pain and pleasure.

b) There are things that you fear that I do not, and vice versa; things you love and I do not, and vice versa; and many, many things that we both fear and love. In other words, emotional responses are considerably customized relative to the causative stimulus. In this regard, we are quite alike but not entirely.

c) But while the mechanisms are distinctly similar, the circumstances in which certain stimuli have become emotionally competent for you are unlikely to be the same as for me.                              * specter 망령, 유령

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[11] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 아래에 but 내용이 환경에 따라 감성 능력이 동일하지 않다는 말이기 때문에 그 위에 감성은 유사하다는 내용이 등장해야 한다.

The essential mechanism of the emotions in a normal brain is indeed quite similar across individuals, and a good thing too because it provides humanity, in diverse cultures, with a common ground of fundamental preferences on the matters of pain and pleasure.

The fact that emotions are unlearned, automated, and set by the genome always raises the specter of genetic determinism. Is there nothing personal and educable about one’s emotions? ①The answer is that there is plenty. ②But while the mechanisms are distinctly similar, the circumstances in which certain stimuli have become emotionally competent for you are unlikely to be the same as for me. ③There are things that you fear that I do not, and vice versa; things you love and I do not, and vice versa; and many, many things that we both fear and love. ④In other words, emotional responses are considerably customized relative to the causative stimulus. ⑤In this regard, we are quite alike but not entirely.

* specter 망령, 유령

[12] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은 ?

1번 자연에 가까이 살면 친환경이라 생각하지만 넓은 공간에서 살아가는 시골 사람들은 자동차를 이용하며 오히려 오염을 유발하고 도시에 사는 사람들은 걸어다니면서 오히려 환경에 도움이 된다. 그래서 이 땅의 미래는 소형 공동체에 모여 있는 사람들에게 달려있다.

One of the most widespread, sadly mistaken, environmental myths is that living “close to nature” out in the country or in a leafy suburb is the best “green” lifestyle. Cities, on the other hand, are often blamed as a major cause of ecological destruction ─ artificial, crowded places that suck up precious resources. Yet, when you look at the facts, nothing could be farther from the truth. The pattern of life in the country and most suburbs involves long hours in the automobile each week, burning fuel and spewing exhaust to get to work, buy groceries, and take kids to school and activities. City dwellers, on the other hand, have the option of walking or taking transit to work, shops, and school. The larger yards and houses found outside cities also extract an environmental toll in terms of energy use, water use, and land use. It’s clear that the future of the Earth depends on more people                           .

① gathering together in compact communities

② objecting to walking or taking transit to work

③ using eco-friendly fuels and a hybrid car

④ spending long hours in the automobile

⑤ living a isolated life without

04강. 빈칸 추론

[1] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 오페라는 관습적이다. 즉 현실에서는 항상 노래하고 오케스트라가 연주해주지 않는다. 우리는 이러한 관습을 좋아하는 데 그 이유는 우리가 흥미로워 하는 것에 집중할 수 있도록 해주기 때문이다. 탐정소설처럼 우리는 이러한 장르를 잘 알고 있고 현실에서는 마지막 순간 여섯명의 용의자가 방에 모이는 일은 없지만 이런 비현실적인 것을 받아들인다.

Opera is conventional. Nobody sings all the time in the real world.

a) Conventions are simply the result of participants’ agreeing on the rules, of simplifying a complex world so that we can concentrate on what interests us. We are accustomed, for example, to detective novels, television situation comedies, and western movies.

b) We understand how each genre works, and we know that not every murder has six suspects who can be gathered in one room in the last chapter by a brilliant detective. Yet we gladly accept the unreality of the situation because of the pleasure it provides us.

c) Nobody has an orchestra that begins to play whenever he feels emotional. Conventions are of course necessary in the theater, and even more so in opera. We like conventions, provided that we understand, accept, and desire them.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[1-2] 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

4번 앞문장이 불완전 하기 때문에 how를 사용해야 한다. however 는 부사절이기 때문에 앞문장이 완전해야 한다.

Opera is conventional. Nobody sings all the time in the real world. Nobody has an orchestra that begins to play ①whenever he feels emotional. Conventions are of course necessary in the theater, and even more so in opera. We like conventions, ②provided that we understand, accept, and desire them. Conventions are simply the result of participants’ agreeing on the rules, of simplifying a complex world so that we can concentrate on ③what interests us. We are accustomed, for example, to detective novels, television situation comedies, and western movies. We understand ④however each genre works, and we know that not every murder has six suspects who can be gathered in one room in the last chapter by a brilliant detective. Yet we gladly accept the unreality of the situation ⑤because of the pleasure it provides us.

[2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 지적 재산권의 문제는 연구 자유를 방해한다는 것이다. 우리에게 이런 것은 먼 일 이겠지만 우리는 모두 질병을 다루는 공공 연구에 관심을 가지고 있다. 유방암이나 난소암등이 그 예시이다. 이 순간 어느 회사가 그 유전자들에 대한 특허를 내었다는 이야기를 하여 다른 회사들이 그 유전자에 접근하는 것을 막는 이야기를 듣고 싶지는 않을 것이다.

But we all have an interest in seeing public research programmes into diseases and health being carried out.

One great danger of intellectual property lies in the threat to liberty. ①When a group of scientists stop working on a protein molecule because there are too many intellectual property rights that surround the use of the molecule, a basic freedom, the freedom to research, has been interfered with. ②The liberty cost of intellectual property rights may seem remote because most of us do not carry out research on proteins. ③We want, for example, public researchers to continue working on the genes for breast and ovarian cancer and helping to develop cheaper, more effective clinical tests. ④We do not want them obstructed by announcements like the following: This important patent solidifies Myriad’s dominant proprietary position on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes’ (the genes linked to breast and ovarian cancer). ⑤Companies are entitled to protect their treatments for disease but not, through use of their patents, to prevent others from access to genes which are linked to the origins of disease.

* ovarian cancer 난소암 * solidify 확고히 하다 * proprietary 독점적인

[2-2] 다음 중 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 protect를 사용해야 한다. 회사들은 자신의 치료제를 보호할 자격이 있지만 다른 이들이 접근하는 것을 막아서는 안된다는 내용.

One great danger of intellectual property lies in the threat to liberty. When a group of scientists stop working on a protein molecule because there are too many intellectual property rights that surround the use of the molecule, a basic freedom, the freedom to research, has been ①interfered with. The liberty cost of intellectual property rights may seem ②remote because most of us do not carry out research on proteins. But we all have an interest in seeing public research programmes into diseases and health being carried out. We want, for example, public researchers to ③continue working on the genes for breast and ovarian cancer and helping to develop cheaper, more effective clinical tests. We do not want them ④obstructed by announcements like the following: This important patent solidifies Myriad’s dominant proprietary position on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes’ (the genes linked to breast and ovarian cancer). Companies are entitled to ⑤spread their treatments for disease but not, through use of their patents, to prevent others from access to genes which are linked to the origins of disease.

[2-3] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 위 설명 참조

One great danger of intellectual property lies in the threat to liberty. When a group of scientists stop working on a protein molecule because there are too many intellectual property rights that surround the use of the molecule, a basic freedom, the freedom to research, has been interfered with. The liberty cost of intellectual property rights may seem remote because most of us do not carry out research on proteins.

a) We do not want them obstructed by announcements like the following: This important patent solidifies Myriad’s dominant proprietary position on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes’ (the genes linked to breast and ovarian cancer).

b) But we all have an interest in seeing public research programmes into diseases and health being carried out. We want, for example, public researchers to continue working on the genes for breast and ovarian cancer and helping to develop cheaper, more effective clinical tests.

c) Companies are entitled to protect their treatments for disease but not, through use of their patents, to prevent others from access to genes which are linked to the origins of disease.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[2-4] 다음 글에서 어법 상 잘못된 부분을 고르세요.

3번 is 가 아니라 being 이라고 써야한다. see 가 지각동사여서 목적보어 자리에 동사원형이나 ing 가 사용된다.

One great danger of intellectual property lies in the threat to liberty. When a group of scientists stop ①working on a protein molecule because there are too many intellectual property rights that surround the use of the molecule, a basic freedom, the freedom to research, ②has been interfered with. The liberty cost of intellectual property rights may seem remote because most of us do not carry out research on proteins. But we all have an interest in seeing public research programmes into diseases and health ③is carried out. We want, for example, public researchers to continue working on the genes for breast and ovarian cancer and helping to develop cheaper, more effective clinical tests. We do not want them ④obstructed by announcements like the following: This important patent solidifies Myriad’s dominant proprietary position on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes’ (the genes linked to breast and ovarian cancer). Companies are entitled to protect their treatments for disease but not, through use of their patents, ⑤to prevent others from access to genes which are linked to the origins of disease.

[3] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 너무 많은 선택은 사람들을 힘들게 한다. 예를 들어 감기약을 사기 위해 가장 먼저 수많은 판매점 중 에 하나를 선택해야 하고 그곳에서 또 수많은 진열 상품중에 하나를 골라야 한다. 게다가 그 약들은 언제, 어디서 , 어떻게 복용할지도 매우 다양하다.

Too much choice  is overwhelming for many people and results in consumers who are less satisfied with the shopping experience, which ultimately hurts retail profitability. Consider, for example, a consumer who wants a product to relieve her cold symptoms. First, she has to decide where to shop for such a product

a) Even within a particular brand, she can choose products that vary in when they should be taken, how they can be taken, and what symptoms they treat. Ironically, all this is enough to make a healthy person ill.

b) Once she has chosen a store and is standing in front of the shelf, the consumer faces a dizzying array of products from a variety of brands with a broad spectrum of ingredients.

c) Over-the-counter pharmaceuticals are now commonly available in a variety of locations ranging from hotel gift shops and convenience stores to drug and grocery stores.

* over-the-counter pharmaceutical 처방전 없이 살 수 있는 의약품

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[4] 다음 지문의 어법상 잘못된 곳을 고르세요.

5번 that 절의 주어가 필요하기 때문에 which 가 아니라 it 을 사용해야 한다.

In today’s business environment, firms may face competition from companies located in their own home market as well as from ①those based halfway around the world. Also, customer trends which take root in one country may quickly spread to other parts of the world, ②creating either new marketing opportunities or potential threats to a firm’s established products and business models. In addition, political and economic crises in one region may have important implications for consumer and business confidence around the world. One need look no further than the sovereign debt crisis in Europe ③that began to unfold in 2009 or the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the USA, to appreciate the impact of such events on economic growth, consumer spending and prosperity. Economic and political events ④taking place around the world may have a profound effect on a company’s prospects for survival and growth. It should be noted that whether or not a firm elects to operate internationally, ⑤which is still vulnerable to changes taking place in the global marketplace.

* sub-prime mortgage: 비우량 주택 담보 대출  * sovereign debt crisis 국가 부채 위기

[5] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 미래의 더 큰 위험보다는 현재에 신경을 쓰는 것은 의사결정이 매우 복잡하고 정보가 너무 많기 때문이다. 또는 리더의 정보가 너무 부분적일 수도 있다. 그래서 그 틈새를 가정으로 채워야 한다. 그래서 리더의 결정은 명확활 수가 없다. 대신에 그들의 결정은 경쟁하는 이익에 무게를 재고 어떤 기준으로 우세한 것을 선택하는 것이다. 그 결과는 마치 베토벤이 브람스보다 더 좋은 작곡가라 이야기하는 것과 같다.

Instead, those decisions involve “a process of assigning weights to competing interests, and then determining, based upon some criterion, which one predominates.

Clarity is often a difficult thing for a leader to obtain. Concerns of the present tend to loom larger than potentially greater concerns that lie farther away. ①Some decisions by their nature present great complexity, whose many variables must align a certain way for the leader to succeed. ②Compounding the difficulty is what ergonomists call information overload, where a leader is overrun with inputs ─ via e-mails, meetings, and phone calls ─ that only distract and clutter his thinking. ③Alternatively, the leader's information might be only fragmentary, which might cause her to fill in the gaps with assumptions ─ sometimes without recognizing them as such. ④And the merits of a leader’s most important decisions, by their nature, typically are not clear-cut. ⑤The result is one of judgment, of shades of gray; like saying that Beethoven is a better composer than Brahms.”

* loom large 크게 다가오다  * ergonomist 인간 공학자 * clutter 혼란스럽게 하다

[5-2] 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

1번 리더의 결정은 매우 복잡하다. 그래서 complexity 가 어울린다.

Clarity is often a difficult thing for a leader to obtain. Concerns of the present tend to loom larger than potentially greater concerns that lie farther away. Some decisions by their nature present great ①simplicity, whose many variables must align a certain way for the leader to succeed. Compounding the ②difficulty is what ergonomists call information overload, where a leader is overrun with inputs ─ via e-mails, meetings, and phone calls ─ that only distract and clutter his thinking. Alternatively, the leader's information might be only ③fragmentary, which might cause her to fill in the gaps with assumptions ─ sometimes without recognizing them as such. And the merits of a leader’s most important decisions, by their nature, typically are not clear-cut. Instead, those decisions involve “a process of assigning weights to ④competing interests, and then determining, based upon some criterion, which one predominates. The result is one of judgment, of shades of ⑤gray; like saying that Beethoven is a better composer than Brahms.”

* loom large 크게 다가오다  * ergonomist 인간 공학자 * clutter 혼란스럽게 하다

[5-3] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 위 글 참조

Clarity is often a difficult thing for a leader to obtain. Concerns of the present tend to loom larger than potentially greater concerns that lie farther away. Some decisions by their nature present great complexity, whose many variables must align a certain way for the leader to succeed.

a) Alternatively, the leader's information might be only fragmentary, which might cause her to fill in the gaps with assumptions ─ sometimes without recognizing them as such. And the merits of a leader’s most important decisions, by their nature, typically are not clear-cut.

b) Instead, those decisions involve “a process of assigning weights to competing interests, and then determining, based upon some criterion, which one predominates. The result is one of judgment, of shades of gray; like saying that Beethoven is a better composer than Brahms.”

c) Compounding the difficulty is what ergonomists call information overload, where a leader is overrun with inputs ─ via e-mails, meetings, and phone calls ─ that only distract and clutter his thinking.

* loom large 크게 다가오다  * ergonomist 인간 공학자 * clutter 혼란스럽게 하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[5-4] 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 부분을 고르세요.

4번 주절의 동사 involve가 이미 나왔으므로 동사가 나올 자리가 아니라 분사구문이 등장해야 한다. are 를 생략해야 적합하다

Clarity is often a difficult thing for a leader to obtain. Concerns of the present tend to loom larger than potentially greater concerns that lie farther away. Some decisions by their nature present great complexity, ①whose many variables must align a certain way for the leader to succeed. Compounding the difficulty is what ergonomists call information overload, ②where a leader is overrun with inputs ─ via e-mails, meetings, and phone calls ─ that only distract and clutter his thinking. Alternatively, the leader's information might be only fragmentary, ③which might cause her to fill in the gaps with assumptions ─ sometimes without recognizing them as such. And the merits of a leader’s most important decisions, by their nature, typically are not clear-cut. Instead, those decisions involve “a process of assigning weights to competing interests, and then determining, ④are based upon some criterion, which one predominates. The result is one of judgment, of shades of gray; like saying ⑤that Beethoven is a better composer than Brahms.”

* loom large 크게 다가오다  * ergonomist 인간 공학자 * clutter 혼란스럽게 하다

[6] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 여성들은 자신이 향하고 싶은 곳으로 나아갈 때 내면의 비평가가 말하는 것을 듣게 된다. 이들은 안전지대를 지키며 그 여성이 밖으로 나가려 하지 않으면 낮잠을 자고 있는 guard 이지만 안전지대 경계에 다가갈 때 마다 잠에서 깨어 돌아가도록 소리지른다. 그래서 내면의 비평이 더 강력하게 더 큰소리로 나타날수록 당신은 더 크게 활동하는 것을 의미하게 된다.

Many women find their inner critic speaks up most loudly around their most deeply felt dreams for their lives and work, because they feel particularly vulnerable about them.

a) Yet when you approach the edge of your comfort zone, test old beliefs, contemplate change, or stretch into playing bigger, you wake the sleeping guard. The inner critic recites its lines in an attempt to get you to go back into the familiar zone of the status quo.

b) They experience the most panicky, overwhelming self-doubt when they are moving toward what they truly long to do. The inner critic is like a guard at the edge of your comfort zone. As long as you don’t venture forth out of that zone, the inner critic can leave you alone ─ like a guard taking a nap.

c) Many women find that the more strongly the inner critic shows up, the louder and meaner and more hysterical its voice, the closer they are to a breakthrough or the more likely they are to be on the edge of taking a very important step. In this sense, when you hear a major inner critic attack, it likely means you are playing bigger.

* the status quo 현 상황

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[6-2]  다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 위 글 참조

Many women find their inner critic speaks up most loudly around their most deeply felt dreams for their lives and work, because they feel particularly vulnerable about them. They experience the most panicky, overwhelming self-doubt when they are moving toward what they truly long to do. The inner critic is like a guard at the edge of your comfort zone. As long as you don’t venture forth out of that zone, the inner critic can leave you alone ─ like a guard taking a nap. Yet when you approach the edge of your comfort zone, test old beliefs, contemplate change, or stretch into playing bigger, you wake the sleeping guard. The inner critic recites its lines in an attempt to get you to go back into the familiar zone of the status quo. Many women find that the more strongly the inner critic shows up, the louder and meaner and more hysterical its voice, the closer they are to a breakthrough or the more likely they are to be on the edge of taking a very important step. In this sense, when you hear a major inner critic attack, it likely means 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.     * the status quo 현 상황

①you are playing bigger

② you feel agoraphobia

③ you fall asleep

④ you adapt to reality

⑤ you need flight from them

[6] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

3번 위 글 참조

Many women find their inner critic speaks up most loudly around their most deeply felt dreams for their lives and work, because they feel particularly vulnerable about them. They experience the most panicky, overwhelming self-doubt when they are moving toward what they truly long to do. The inner critic is like a guard at the edge of your comfort zone. As long as you don’t venture forth out of that zone, the inner critic can leave you alone ─ like a guard                      . Yet when you approach the edge of your comfort zone, test old beliefs, contemplate change, or stretch into playing bigger, you wake the sleeping guard. The inner critic recites its lines in an attempt to get you to go back into the familiar zone of the status quo. Many women find that the more strongly the inner critic shows up, the louder and meaner and more hysterical its voice, the closer they are to a breakthrough or the more likely they are to be on the edge of taking a very important step. In this sense, when you hear a major inner critic attack, it likely means you are playing bigger. * the status quo 현 상황

① escaping from the zone

② making you encourage

③ taking a nap

④ playing bigger

⑤ being criticized seriously

[7] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 산처럼 생각한다는 동일한 내용이 아래에 나온다.

This is what “thinking like a mountain” should come to mean in the Anthropocene.

Researchers of the Earth’s system have been focused, appropriately, on developing a better understanding of the vast and interconnected processes that create our environment, and they have made a great deal of progress since the publication of A Sand County Almanac, a 1949 non-fiction book by Aldo Leopold. ①Although there are many problems left to solve, knowledge about planetary life-support systems has progressed far more rapidly than society’s willingness to use this knowledge. ②The biggest challenge facing humanity is that our political, social, and economic systems are shortsighted. ③Long-term planning typically considers years or decades, but the global environmental processes we are now influencing play out over centuries, millennia, or more. ④We need to instill a sense of geologic time into our culture and our planning, to incorporate truly long-term thinking into social and political decision making. ⑤If we succeed in transforming our culture, residents of the later Anthropocene will look back on the early twenty-first century as a time of human enlightenment, when people learned to truly think like mountains by anticipating their long-lasting and complex effects on the world.

* instill 서서히 불어넣다 *the Anthropocene 인류세(지구에 대한 인류의 영향을 특징으로 하는 지질학적 시기)

[7-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 본문에서 문제 삼는 것은 정치 경제 사회가 너무 단기적이라는 것이다. 장기 계획이라 해봐야 몇 십년 정도인데 지구 환경의 과정은 최소 몇 백 년과 몇 천 년으로 움직인다.

The biggest challenge facing humanity is that our political, social, and economic systems are shortsighted.

Researchers of the Earth’s system have been focused, appropriately, on developing a better understanding of the vast and interconnected processes that create our environment, and they have made a great deal of progress since the publication of A Sand County Almanac, a 1949 non-fiction book by Aldo Leopold. ①Although there are many problems left to solve, knowledge about planetary life-support systems has progressed far more rapidly than society’s willingness to use this knowledge. ②Long-term planning typically considers years or decades, but the global environmental processes we are now influencing play out over centuries, millennia, or more. ③We need to instill a sense of geologic time into our culture and our planning, to incorporate truly long-term thinking into social and political decision making. ④This is what “thinking like a mountain” should come to mean in the Anthropocene. ⑤If we succeed in transforming our culture, residents of the later Anthropocene will look back on the early twenty-first century as a time of human enlightenment, when people learned to truly think like mountains by anticipating their long-lasting and complex effects on the world.

[7-3] 다음 글의 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요?

4번 뒤 지문에 mean 의 목적어가 없어서 뒷 문장이 불완전하다 그래서 what을 쓰는 것이 적합하다

Researchers of the Earth’s system have been focused, appropriately, on developing a better understanding of the vast and interconnected processes that create our environment, and they have made a great deal of progress since the publication of A Sand County Almanac, a 1949 non-fiction book by Aldo Leopold. Although there are many problems ①left to solve, knowledge about planetary life-support systems has progressed far more rapidly than society’s willingness to use this knowledge. The biggest challenge facing humanity ②is that our political, social, and economic systems are shortsighted. Long-term planning typically ③considers years or decades, but the global environmental processes we are now influencing play out over centuries, millennia, or more. We need to instill a sense of geologic time into our culture and our planning, to incorporate truly long-term thinking into social and political decision making. This is ④why “thinking like a mountain” should come to mean in the Anthropocene. If we succeed in transforming our culture, residents of the later Anthropocene will look back on the early twenty-first century as a time of human enlightenment, when people learned ⑤to truly think like mountains by anticipating their long-lasting and complex effects on the world.

[7-4] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 지구에 대한 연구는 매우 발전하였지만 인문학의 발전이 매우 근시안적인 것이 문제이다. 장기적인 계획이라고 해도 겨우 몇 십 년이지만 지구는 몇 백년 천년 단위이다. 그래서 우리가 이러한 지리적 시간을 우리 계획에 넣는다면 그것을 산과 같이 생각한다고 할 수 있을 것이고 후대에 지금 21세기를 계몽의 시대라 할 것이다.

Researchers of the Earth’s system have been focused, appropriately, on developing a better understanding of the vast and interconnected processes that create our environment, and they have made a great deal of progress since the publication of A Sand County Almanac, a 1949 non-fiction book by Aldo Leopold.

a) Although there are many problems left to solve, knowledge about planetary life-support systems has progressed far more rapidly than society’s willingness to use this knowledge. The biggest challenge facing humanity is that our political, social, and economic systems are shortsighted.

c) Long-term planning typically considers years or decades, but the global environmental processes we are now influencing play out over centuries, millennia, or more. We need to instill a sense of geologic time into our culture and our planning, to incorporate truly long-term thinking into social and political decision making. This is what “thinking like a mountain” should come to mean in the Anthropocene.

b) If we succeed in transforming our culture, residents of the later Anthropocene will look back on the early twenty-first century as a time of human enlightenment, when people learned to truly think like mountains by anticipating their long-lasting and complex effects on the world.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[8] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 문화 대상의 사회적 분석은 두가지 방식 (문화와 경제)이 있지만 결국 커다란 사회적 영향력이라는 하나의 공통된 핵심을 공유하였다.

From the early twentieth century through the beginning of the 1970s, the sociological analysis of cultural objects took one of two competing paths, which interestingly           . The products of mediated culture, whether books, songs, or fashion, were thought to be expressive symbols that changed in lockstep with evolutions in society. For example, in 1919 the anthropologist Alfred Kroeber argued that the hemlines of women’s dresses were prescribed through “civilizational determinism”; they were a window into macro-level cultural values and belief systems. In turn, by the mid-1920s the economist George Taylor argued that instead the hemlines of dresses go up with rises and go down with declines in the stock market. For Taylor, hemlines were determined by macro-level economic, not cultural, shifts. While these “nothing-but” arguments quibbled on the direction of the association between culture and the economy, they both assumed that hemline lengths in women’s fashion were reflections of outsized societal forces.  * hemline (치마의) 단，치맛단 (길이) * quibble 옥신각신하다

① shared a core assumption

② had never met each other

③ compromise their identities

④ were applied to economics

⑤ developed economy

[9] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 단어를 처음 만났을 때 기억의 흔적이 없다면 두 번째 역시도 처음과 같다. 그러면 무한히 그런 과정이 반복하게 되어 기억은 없다. 그러므로 처음 기억이 흔적을 남겨야 기억이 가능하다 다행히 인간은 그러한 능력이 있다. 물론 쉽게 기억이 의식으로 나타나는 것은 아닐 지라도.

It is clear that even a single initial encounter with a word can potentially leave a memory trace of its use. Why is this clear?

a) Fortunately, we know that human brains have a vast capacity for implicit memory, even though memories may not readily be brought to consciousness (they are not always easy to recall or make explicit).

b) This situation could be repeated ad infinitum without any memory trace of the meaning being retained. If this were the case, we would be utterly unable to learn any words. Therefore, it must be possible for an initial memory trace to exist in order for it to be strengthened upon subsequent exposure.

c) Consider the counterfactual: if no memory trace could exist after a single exposure, then the second time the word was encountered would be exactly the same as the first time. But then no memory trace of the word would be left upon this second encounter.

* counterfactual 사실과 반대되는 가정  * ad infinitum 무한히

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[9-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 위 글에서 두 번째 만남이라는 내용이 나와야 이 글이 들어갈 수 있다. 두 번 째 만남이라는 표현이 등장한 것은 첫 번째 지문이다.

But then no memory trace of the word would be left upon this second encounter.

It is clear that even a single initial encounter with a word can potentially leave a memory trace of its use. Why is this clear? ①Consider the counterfactual: if no memory trace could exist after a single exposure, then the second time the word was encountered would be exactly the same as the first time. ②This situation could be repeated ad infinitum without any memory trace of the meaning being retained. ③If this were the case, we would be utterly unable to learn any words. ④Therefore, it must be possible for an initial memory trace to exist in order for it to be strengthened upon subsequent exposure. ⑤Fortunately, we know that human brains have a vast capacity for implicit memory, even though memories may not readily be brought to consciousness (they are not always easy to recall or make explicit).

* counterfactual 사실과 반대되는 가정  * ad infinitum 무한히

[9-3] 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 부분을 고르세요.

2번 동사 could 가 이미 존재하기 때문에 동사가 아닌 being을 써야 한다.

It is clear that even a single initial encounter with a word can potentially leave a memory trace of its use. Why is this clear? Consider the counterfactual: if no memory trace could exist after a single exposure, then the second time the word was ①encountered would be exactly the same as the first time. But then no memory trace of the word would be left upon this second encounter. This situation could be repeated ad infinitum without any memory trace of the meaning ②was retained. If this ③were the case, we would be utterly unable to learn any words. Therefore, it must be possible for an initial memory trace to exist in order for it ④to be strengthened upon subsequent exposure. Fortunately, we know that human brains have a vast capacity for implicit memory, even though memories may not ⑤readily be brought to consciousness (they are not always easy to recall or make explicit).

* counterfactual 사실과 반대되는 가정  * ad infinitum 무한히

[10] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 물고기는 물에서 인간을 이긴다. 그래서 인간은 덫을 사용하여 물고기를 물에서 빼내어야 이길 수 있다. 이처럼 당신은 당신이 누구인지 알고 자신의 영역에 있어야 한다. 만약 당신이 타인의 속임수에 넘어간다면 당신은 승리할 수 없다. 그래서 삶은 타인과의 싸움에서 이기는 것이 아니라 자신이 되는 것에서 승리하는 것이다. 즉 자신이 누구인지 알고 그것을 하는 것이다.

Consider for a moment a fish. Fish belong in the water, and when it is in the place where it belongs, it dominates all other things that do not belong there that may try to compete with it.

a) But if we can succeed in taking it out of the water, the fish will lose every time. The thought that I am trying to convey to you is that, once you discover who you are and operate in that realm, you will always come out successful.

b) But if you follow the guile of other things that may seem attractive and leave the place of your power, you will never win. Life is about winning, not necessarily about winning against others but winning at being you, and the way to win is to figure out who you are and do it.

c) Man is no match for the fish as long as it remains in the water, so in order for us to have any power over the fish, we have to capture it by using tools and many forms of trickery to get it out of the place of its dominance. We understand that man versus fish in the water, fish wins.

* guile 간교한 속임수

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[10-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 위 글 참조

But if you follow the guile of other things that may seem attractive and leave the place of your power, you will never win.

Consider for a moment a fish. Fish belong in the water, and when it is in the place where it belongs, it dominates all other things that do not belong there that may try to compete with it. ①Man is no match for the fish as long as it remains in the water, so in order for us to have any power over the fish, we have to capture it by using tools and many forms of trickery to get it out of the place of its dominance. ②We understand that man versus fish in the water, fish wins. ③But if we can succeed in taking it out of the water, the fish will lose every time. ④The thought that I am trying to convey to you is that, once you discover who you are and operate in that realm, you will always come out successful. ⑤Life is about winning, not necessarily about winning against others but winning at being you, and the way to win is to figure out who you are and do it.

* guile 간교한 속임수

[10-3] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 위 글 참조

Consider for a moment a fish. Fish belong in the water, and when it is in the place where it belongs, it dominates all other things that do not belong there that may try to compete with it. Man is no match for the fish as long as it remains in the water, so in order for us to have any power over the fish, we have to capture it by using tools and many forms of trickery to get it out of the place of its dominance. We understand that man versus fish in the water, fish wins. But if we can succeed in taking it out of the water, the fish will lose every time. The thought that I am trying to convey to you is that, once you discover who you are and operate in that realm, you will always come out successful. But if you follow the guile of other things that may seem attractive and leave the place of your power, you will never win. Life is about winning, not necessarily about winning against others but              , and the way to win is to figure out who you are and do it.

* guile 간교한 속임수

① winning what you want

② beating yourself

③ winning at being you

④ getting out of your comfort zone

⑤ achieving independence

[11] 다음 글의 흐름상 관계없는 문장을 고르세요.

3번 전문가가 되는데 10000시간의 연습이 중요한 것이 아니라 자신의 단점을 잘 알고 집중적으로 그것을 극복하는 질적인 측면에 더 중요할 수 있다는 글이다. 그래서 스포츠 과학에 대한 이야기는 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는다.

For a while, people thought that 10,000 hours of practice was what it took to become an expert at something. But now we know that this figure is a gross oversimplification, because the quality of practice matters even more than the quantity. Expert practicers get better faster. They have learned to pick out the difficult parts of what they are trying to do, and work especially hard on those. ①They make good use of recordings and videos of their own performance. ②They know what time of day works best for them, when to push on through tiredness or confusion, and when to take a break. ③Improving health (proper nutrition), aerobic fitness, and strengthening muscles is an area of sports science which can trace its origins to ancient Greece. ④A pianist knows that sometimes it helps to play a piece at half speed, to get the fingering exactly right, and sometimes it is worth trying to play it at double speed, mistakes and all, to get a better feel for the flow and cadence of the piece. ⑤A footballer is able to suggest to the coach a new way of practicing an attacking maneuver.

* cadence (음악) 가락 * maneuver (기술• 주의를 요하는) 동작

[12] 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

2번 예전 사회는 개인의 사생활을 보장해 주었지만 지금 사회는 더 많은 노동을 요구한다. 이들은 팀으로써 일하기를 요구하는데 이러한 집단 기여의 요구가 사회의 조직을 변형시켰다. 그래서 예전에 공장이 따로 있었던 사회에서 이제는 사회가 공장으로써 기능하는 곳으로 변화하게 되었다.

Today companies frequently require of their employees a different level and quality of engagement with the company. In earlier periods, employees were often treated like machines, but their private lives, consisting in their leisure time, passions, and beliefs, remained largely unaffected.

a) The fact that workers are being asked to contribute collectively to the production of goods and services has begun to reweave the fabric of the social, from one based in the distinction between public and private spaces to one in which networks of associations and the advantages they may offer to move ahead now function as the organizing force in most daily interactions.

b) Nowadays, employees frequently contribute more than physical labor; they are required to innovate, make decisions, and work effectively as a team. As a result, they no longer leave work when they go home but instead continue at some level nonstop.

c) As Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri describe it, we have transitioned from a society in which there are factories to a factory society in which the entire social performs as a factory.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

5-8강

05강. [1] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 활동하지 않고 우울한 사람은 적절한 집중을 요구하는 활동을 하는 것이 좋다. 예를 들어 운전은 너무 자동적이기 때문에 적합하지 않고 오히려 유산소 운동이 적합하다. 하지만 수학시험과 같이 공부하는 것도 지나치게 집중을 해야해서 좋지 않다. 까다로운 일들은 실패를 계속 생각하게 만들 게 된다. 그래서 그러한 생각을 줄일 수 있는 긍정적 활동이 좋다

Something like strenuous aerobic exercise may be much more effective, because it captures more attention.

If you have become much less active, spending a lot of time alone focused on feeling depressed, think about activities that engage your attention and that require a moderate level of concentration and effort.  ①Driving, for example, is probably not ideal, because it is such an automatic behavioral sequence for most people that it siphons off only a small amount of attention. ②But you would not want to choose exceedingly complex, demanding tasks, such as studying for a math exam, because any difficulties you have doing such a task could reinforce negative, self-critical thinking. ③When you are feeling depressed, a mentally demanding task may become overwhelming, and then you will start ruminating about failing the task (e.g., “Depression is going to ruin me, because I can’t even concentrate on this simple math”). ④Thus moderately engaging activities are probably the best distracters for rumination. ⑤Take some time to discover the positive activities that are most effective in reducing or eliminating your bouts of rumination.

* siphon off ~을 흡수하다, 빨아들이다  *ruminate 어떤 생각을 계속해서 떠올리다 *bout (어떤 일이 계속되는) 기간, 한동안

[1-2] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 위 글 참조

If you have become much less active, spending a lot of time alone focused on feeling depressed, think about activities that engage your attention and that require                               . Driving, for example, is probably not ideal, because it is such an automatic behavioral sequence for most people that it siphons off only a small amount of attention. Something like strenuous aerobic exercise may be much more effective, because it captures more attention. But you would not want to choose exceedingly complex, demanding tasks, such as studying for a math exam, because any difficulties you have doing such a task could reinforce negative, self-critical thinking. When you are feeling depressed, a mentally demanding task may become overwhelming, and then you will start ruminating about failing the task (e.g., “Depression is going to ruin me, because I can’t even concentrate on this simple math”). Thus moderately engaging activities are probably the best distracters for rumination. Take some time to discover the positive activities that are most effective in reducing or eliminating your bouts of rumination.

* siphon off ~을 흡수하다, 빨아들이다  * ruminate 어떤 생각을 계속해서 떠올리다 * bout (어떤 일이 계속되는) 기간, 한동안

① a moderate level of concentration and effort

② an automatic behavioral sequence

③ ruminating about failing the task

④ encouraging the positive activities

⑤ choosing complex, demanding tasks

[1-3] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 위 글 참조

Thus moderately engaging activities are probably the best distracters for rumination.

If you have become much less active, spending a lot of time alone focused on feeling depressed, think about activities that engage your attention and that require a moderate level of concentration and effort. ①Driving, for example, is probably not ideal, because it is such an automatic behavioral sequence for most people that it siphons off only a small amount of attention. ②Something like strenuous aerobic exercise may be much more effective, because it captures more attention. ③But you would not want to choose exceedingly complex, demanding tasks, such as studying for a math exam, because any difficulties you have doing such a task could reinforce negative, self-critical thinking. ④When you are feeling depressed, a mentally demanding task may become overwhelming, and then you will start ruminating about failing the task (e.g., “Depression is going to ruin me, because I can’t even concentrate on this simple math”). ⑤Take some time to discover the positive activities that are most effective in reducing or eliminating your bouts of rumination.

* siphon off ~을 흡수하다, 빨아들이다  * ruminate 어떤 생각을 계속해서 떠올리다 * bout (어떤 일이 계속되는) 기간, 한동안

[2] 다음 지문에 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요.

5번 동사의 자리이기 때문에 which를 제거해야 한다.

Body water is involved in several functions critical to performance. The body’s chemical processes that provide the energy for muscle work ①occur in water. All of the transport functions of oxygen, nutrients, and body wastes are carried on in body water. Of most importance to the exercising athlete is the fact that a large amount of heat generated by exercising muscles ②is transported by water in the blood to the skin, ③where water is essential for the production of sweat. Body heat is dissipated most efficiently through the evaporation of sweat on ④exposed skin surfaces. An abundant supply of body water, first to transport muscle-generated heat and then to produce the sweat needed for evaporative cooling, ⑤which is the best insurance against the complications of heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and life-threatening heat stroke.

* heat cramp 열 경련

[3] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 미국의 메리트 라는 개념은 재능,노력이 재정적인 성공으로 이어짐을 말한다. 그 반대편은 재정적 실패는 재능이 없고 노력하지 않았다는 것이다.

Such beliefs underscore the American conception of merit ─ we often link hard work and talent to financial success.

Sport sends some messages that support socioeconomic inequities. For example, winning is the most prevalent organizing theme in newspaper stories and telecasts of sporting events. Winning is usually attributed to self-discipline, talent, and hard work. ①If an athlete or a team doesn’t win, then we assume that the player or the team was lazy or lacked talent and so didn’t deserve to win. ②The flip side is that if someone fails financially, it must be because she or he isn’t talented or didn’t work hard. ③This reasoning allows us to hold the belief that the rich and poor both deserve whatever money they have. ④The point here is not that merit is a bad idea. ⑤The problem is that this logic often leads us to overlook the societal barriers (e.g., poor nutrition, neighborhood gang violence, poor access to libraries and computers, dysfunctional families, lack of child care) that prevent poor people from developing themselves to the fullest and becoming valuable members of society.

* inequity 불공평  * dysfunctional family 역기능 가족

[3-2] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 스포츠가 사회 경제적인 불평등을 지지하는 메시지를 제공한다는 글이다.

Sport sends some messages that support                  . For example, winning is the most prevalent organizing theme in newspaper stories and telecasts of sporting events. Winning is usually attributed to self-discipline, talent, and hard work. If an athlete or a team doesn’t win, then we assume that the player or the team was lazy or lacked talent and so didn’t deserve to win. Such beliefs underscore the American conception of merit ─ we often link hard work and talent to financial success. The flip side is that if someone fails financially, it must be because she or he isn’t talented or didn’t work hard. This reasoning allows us to hold the belief that the rich and poor both deserve whatever money they have. The point here is not that merit is a bad idea. The problem is that this logic often leads us to overlook the societal barriers (e.g., poor nutrition, neighborhood gang violence, poor access to libraries and computers, dysfunctional families, lack of child care) that prevent poor people from developing themselves to the fullest and becoming valuable members of society.

* inequity 불공평  * dysfunctional family 역기능 가족

① racial discrimination

② the liberty of speech

③ socioeconomic inequities

④ decentralization of media

⑤ the religious belief

[4] 다음 지문의 흐름 상 어울리지 않는 지문을 고르세요.

4번 컬러티비의 등장에 따른 광고에 영향을 나타내는 글입니다. 칼라 영화의 등장에 대한 글은 흐름상 어울리지 않습니다.

According to Wikipedia, of the countries that have adopted color television, twenty-nine had done so by 1969. The vast majority of these were in Europe and North America. The rise in the use of television in the 1950s opened up the creativity of advertising within a more emotional and powerful medium. ①The addition of color must have been seen as a powerful boost if used wisely. ②Though, no doubt, early color commercials were likely simply reshot black-and-white spots, creative directors at agencies from New York to London to Paris and beyond must have seen this new technology as an advantage in promoting brands. ③In many ways, this transition from black and white to color must have been similar to the challenges facing actors when sound was introduced to movies. ④In the earliest days of motion pictures, the switch from most films being in black-and-white to most being in color was gradual, taking place from the 1930s to the 1960s. ⑤For advertising agencies in the 1960s, an entire world of new possibilities and requirements put them back to square one: they could either understand how to use color effectively or face losing clients.

* spot 짧은 광고 * put ~ back to square one ~을 원점으로 되돌리다

[5-6] 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어는?

5번 혁신사회는 관료주의보다 더 민주적이고 층이 적기 때문에 모든 구성단위가 연결되어 분권화되어 다수의 의사소통 통로를 가짐으로 변화에 관료주의보다 더 빠르게 대처한다.

In the business world, large bureaucratic organizations are sometimes unable to compete against smaller, innovative firms, particularly in industries that are changing quickly. This situation occurs partly because ①innovative firms tend to have flatter and more democratic organizational structures. Compare the flat network structure in smaller, innovative firms with the traditional bureaucratic structure in large bureaucratic organizations. Note that the network structure has ②fewer levels than the traditional bureaucratic structure. Moreover, in the network structure, lines of communication ③link all units. In the traditional bureaucratic structure, information flows only ④upward. Much evidence suggests that flatter bureaucracies with ⑤centralized decision making and multiple lines of communication produce more satisfied workers, happier clients, and bigger profits. Some of this evidence comes from Sweden and Japan.

[7] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 모든 생태계는 서로 이어져 있음. 그래서 불교에 수행자는 꿈속에서 본 양 다리에 X를 표시한 것이 자신의 손에 표시되어 있음을 발견하게 된다.

The lesson of ecology is that, as species of the planet, we are all connected in a web of life. A Buddhist parable brings to life this rather stark and scientific lesson from ecology. During his meditation, a devotee fantasizes that he is eating a leg of lamb, an act proscribed by Buddhism where strict adherence to vegetarianism is required. His spiritual master suggests that when this fantasy comes to him he draws a cross on the leg of lamb. The devotee follows the advice and, on returning to self-consciousness, is amazed to find the cross on his own arm. A more prosaic way of reaching the same sense of                 is to think about a time when you might have hit an animal or bird when driving your car. The sense of shock and horror that you have destroyed something so precious is the same, no matter how insignificant the animal appears.

*stark 냉혹한, 엄연한 * proscribe 금지[배척]하다 * prosaic 세속적，평범한

① independence     ② conflict    ③ connection

④ guilty    ⑤ vegetarianism

[8] 다음 지문의 어울리지 않는 단어는?

5번 obscure 이 어울린다. 현대 시대는 국가간의 군사적 전쟁이 아니라 사이버 전쟁과 같이 군사와 비군사 , 몸과 마음의 경계가 희미해지고 있다.

The distinctions ─ between mind and body, and war and peace ─ appear to have lost credibility altogether, with the result that we now experience conflict intruding into everyday life. Since the 1990s, rapid advances in neuroscience have ①elevated the brain over the mind as the main way by which we understand ourselves, demonstrating the importance of emotion and physiology to all decision making. Meanwhile, new forms of ②violence have emerged, in which states are attacked by non-state groups, interstate conflicts are fought using ③nonmilitary means (such as cyberwarfare), and the distinction between policing and military intervention becomes ④blurred. As society has been flooded by digital technology, it has grown harder to specify what belongs to the mind and what to the body, what is peaceful dialogue and what is conflict. In the ⑤separate space between mind and body, between war and peace, lie nervous states: individuals and governments living in a state of constant and heightened alertness, relying increasingly on feeling rather than fact.

[9] 다음 지문이 들어갈 가장 적합한 위치는?

4번 경제성장에 따른 환경 문제를 고려한 것이 환경 경제학이다. 하지만 그들은 측정을 하고 가격을 매기는 방식을 유지하였고 그것은 과거 가격을 측정할 수 없던 것들을 전통 경제학은 무시하였지만 그들이 무시하였던 삶의 여러 측면들을 평가하려고 시도하는 것이었다. 이것은 범주 오차이다.

However, they still approached the subject in a scientific and measurement-based way, for example, using shadow pricing to measure how much people were concerned about noise pollution or the loss of habitat.

The obvious problems being caused by economic growth have not been ignored by academics: they were noticed by some in the economics profession, who then attempted to incorporate these concerns into their discipline. ①This led to the development of environmental economics, and also the related study of natural-resource economics. ②Conventional economics considers environmental impact to be an 'externality', something outside its concern. ③Environmental economists were keen to bring these negative impacts back within the discipline. ④In other words, the way in which economics traditionally marginalizes or ignores something that cannot be priced was still adhered to, but the response was to attempt to evaluate in some way aspects of life which economics had ignored. ⑤Green economists would consider this to be a category error; in other words, they believe it is important to accept that some aspects of life have social or spiritual worth that simply cannot be measured.   * shadow pricing 잠재 가격

[10] 다음 지문의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요?

4번 unclouded 라 고치는 것이 적합. 인간이 소수 거주를 하며 서로를 친밀하게 알게 되면 더 이상 말은 필요가 없다. 언어가 없어서 방해받지 않았던 언어 이전 시대에 우리의 이러한 공감 능력은 더욱 잘 드러났다.

Until fairly recently, human beings lived in kin bands of usually no more than twenty people, ①loosely associated into tribes of perhaps a few hundred. Open to nature and each other, they knew each other more ②intimately than we can imagine today. Speech may have been ③superfluous, as it often is between lovers, or between mother and baby. When we know someone that well, we know without asking what they are thinking and feeling. All the more in prelinguistic times, when our empathetic faculties were yet ④clouded by the mediatory apparatus of language. Spend some time alone with a person or small group in silence, and observe whether, after just a few days or even hours, you feel ⑤more intimately connected with them than if you’d been talking. The empathy and intuitive understanding of others that develops in such circumstances is amazing.   [11-12] 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 장교 후보생은 민간 학생과 다르게 도덕교육을 받기 때문에 도덕적 개인주의의 사상이나 유혹을 항상 피하도록 한다.

Why is cheating by an officer candidate taken more seriously than cheating by a civilian student at the same educational level? The question almost answers itself. Civilian schools have honor codes, but            is usually not a conscious educational goal. The Military Academy at West Point has a well-known honor code requiring that “a Cadet will not lie, cheat or steal, nor tolerate anyone who does.” The experience of living by such a code, we’ hope, will help produce officers who can be trusted to avoid moral individualism. They will have consciously practiced the reflex of honesty, of consistently doing what they promised to do, regardless of temptation. The thought and temptations of individualism are always in the mind, but we assume that people can be found who consciously adopt another moral style.   * verdict 평결 * cadet 사관학교 생도

① military strategy

② group thinking

③ moral education

④ emotional competence

⑤ eco-friendly mind

06강.

[1] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 인터넷이 아이들 양육 조언을 하는 곳이 되었다. 1910년 한 어머니께서 양육에 대한 조언을 정부 기관에 보내면 위치에 따라 몇 주가 걸릴 수 있지만 2000년에는 집에 컴퓨터를 이용해서 즉각적으로 답을 얻을 수 있다.

Depending on her location and the post office this entire process might take several weeks.

In the 1990s the Internet became the newest entrant in the baby advice field. Major manufacturers of baby equipment as well as the neighbor down the street set up Web sites to help parents care for their babies. ①Chat rooms brought mothers from all around the country together online to discuss, question, and support each other. ②The Internet meant that the speed of information available to mothers had compressed from weeks and months in the early 1900s to near instantaneous by 2000. ③In the 1910s a mother with a baby care question that was unanswerable in her immediate surroundings could write to the Children s Bureau and wait for a reply. ④ In 2000 she could access the Internet from her home computer at 2:00 a.m. if necessary and find an answer within minutes. ⑤Hospitals and pediatricians also embraced the Internet and Web sites written by and directed by them were set up across the country.

[2] 다음 지문에 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 게임을 한다는 것은 예측이 안되기 때문에 감정에 영향을 받게 된다. 그러므로 게임은 감정적인 도박이다.

We presumably play many games because they are exciting, but will playing a particular game result in a positive or a negative mood? This is where the fundamental unpredictability of games comes in, since failure will likely result in a worse mood than success will. To play a game is to take                . The higher the stakes, in terms of time investment, public acknowledgment, and personal importance, the higher are the potential losses and rewards. We make very rough estimates of this gamble, factoring in the likelihood of failure along with the time investment required, the audience for our performance, and our personal investment in performing well. We are probably also not very good at doing the calculation ─ optimists may be unable to believe that failure is a possibility, for example.

* entrant 신입 회원 * The (United States) Children’s Bureau 미국 아동국(1912년에 아이와 엄마의 건강을 증진하기 위해 창설된 미국의 기관) * pediatrician 소아과 의사

① an emotional gamble   ② personal investment

③ a failure risk          ④ optimistic calculation

⑤ potential predictability

[3] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치를 고르세요.

4번 환경에 대한 적응은 생물에 생멸을 결정하였고 인간도 마찬가지이다. 예를 들어, 학생이 학교에서 적응하지 못하면 단기적으로는 성적이 안 좋지만 장기적으로는 직장에 적응하지 못할 것이다.

In the short term, their grades suffer, but the long-term difficulties associated with this maladaptation are no less palpable.

Just as other living creatures thrive or perish depending on how well they adapt to the environment, so too do humans, although the consequences are not usually so dramatic.① For example, students often fail to adapt their attention and work habits to the demands of educational institutions. ②They might have trouble adjusting their behaviour once they enter the workforce, which ultimately might deprive them of career advancement and financial remuneration. ③On the other hand, more relaxed work habits can be adaptable in other ways. ④They might induce lower levels of stress (and its related health risks) by shielding individuals from certain jobs that place undue tension on work-life balance. ⑤Those who do adapt to the demands of higher education might enter high-stress careers that call for adaptive techniques of their own, such as meditation or effective time-management.

* palpable 명백한, 감지할 수 있는, 뚜렷한, 손에 만져질 듯한 * remuneration 보수

[4] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 마취과 의사의 실수로 죽을 뻔한 케니는 의사가 미안하다는 쪽지와 심지어 집에 찾아와 용서를 구하며 자신의 책임을 인정하는 모습에 그를 용서하기로 결정하고 의사와 함께 의료 사고 트라우마를 겪은 사람들을 돕는 집단을 만들었다.

Some years ago in the United States, a woman named Linda Kenney nearly died when, prior to an operation, anesthesia was administered to her improperly. Her husband, understandably, wanted to sue the doctor and the hospital.

a) The couple ended up not pursuing a malpractice suit, and instead, in conjunction with the doctor, started a group to help both doctors and families deal with the trauma of medical and surgical errors.

b) Then the anesthesiologist wrote the couple a note  expressing his regrets and grief. He told her, “Whenever you want to speak to me, I will make myself available. Here is my phone number.” The Kenneys later learned that the doctor did not inform the hospital or its lawyers of what he was doing.

c) He knew that they would probably have forbidden him to contact the patient, because acknowledging his responsibility so frankly would put him and the hospital at great risk if the patient sued. The Kenneys were deeply moved by the doctor’s letter, and even more impressed when he came to their home and begged forgiveness.

* anesthesia 마취 * sue 고소하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[4-2] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

5번 윗 글 참조

Some years ago in the United States, a woman named Linda Kenney nearly died when, prior to an operation, anesthesia was administered to her improperly. Her husband, understandably, wanted to sue the doctor and the hospital. Then the anesthesiologist wrote the couple a note  expressing his regrets and grief. He told her, “Whenever you want to speak to me, I will make myself available. Here is my phone number.” The Kenneys later learned that the doctor did not inform the hospital or its lawyers of what he was doing. He knew that they would probably have forbidden him to contact the patient, because           so frankly would put him and the hospital at great risk if the patient sued. The Kenneys were deeply moved by the doctor’s letter, and even more impressed when he came to their home and begged forgiveness. The couple ended up not pursuing a malpractice suit, and instead, in conjunction with the doctor, started a group to help both doctors and families deal with the trauma of medical and surgical errors.

* anesthesia 마취 * sue 고소하다

① compromising his need

② disclosing others’guilt

③ keeping a diary

④ preparing himself from being sued

⑤ acknowledging his responsibility

[4-3] 다음 글의 흐름에 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

3번 forbidden 라고 써야한다. 병원이나 변호사는 아마 그가 부부를 만나 잘못을 고백하는 것을 금지하였을 것이다.

Some years ago in the United States, a woman named Linda Kenney nearly died when, prior to an operation, anesthesia was administered to her ①improperly. Her husband, understandably, wanted to sue the doctor and the hospital. Then the anesthesiologist wrote the couple a note expressing his regrets and grief. He told her, “Whenever you want to speak to me, I will make myself ②available. Here is my phone number.” The Kenneys later learned that the doctor did not inform the hospital or its lawyers of what he was doing. He knew that they would probably have ③allowed him to contact the patient, because acknowledging his responsibility so frankly would put him and the hospital at great risk if the patient sued. The Kenneys were deeply moved by the doctor’s letter, and even more impressed when he came to their home and begged ④forgiveness. The couple ended up not pursuing a malpractice suit, and instead, in conjunction with the doctor, started a group to help both doctors and families deal with the trauma of medical and surgical ⑤errors. * anesthesia 마취 * sue 고소하다

[5-6] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 적자생존의 개념은 여러 영향을 주었는데 첫 번째는 경쟁을 자연스러운 것으로 만들었다. 그로인해 그것은 산업화 시대와 계층 분화에 적용되었다. 두 번째는 집단 학살과 식민지였다. 그들은 잘 살지 못하는 사람들은 적합하지 않은 인종이라 주장하며 그들의 자원을 빼앗아 갔다.

The “survival of the fittest” concept had several effects. First, it naturalized competition as part of a “struggle for existence.” In the process, it detoured from Darwin’s ideas; Organisms do not consciously “struggle” in this way ─ they do not know if a mutation has taken place that may require millennia to become widespread in their species.

a) That people were not as well off as those (whites) with the most resources was taken as evidence that they were not as “fit,” nor deserving. This Social Darwinism helped define as “natural” the hierarchy of races that had been constructed and classified through the discourses of science.

b) A second and related effect was to justify genocide and colonization (the dash to carve up Africa culminated in the Berlin Conference of 1884, when Europeans sat around tables and drew lines on maps to delimit “their” possessions, and the “taming” of the American West took place at the same time), and to undermine any suggestion of social welfare for the poor in Europe.

c) They are simply born, live, and die, and pass on whatever was in their genes. This idea of competition grew out of and had more application to the burgeoning industrialization and class divisions that were occurring in Britain than it did to Darwin’s idea of natural selection.

* detour 벗어나다, 우회하다  * burgeoning 급증하는 * culminate 절정에 달하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[7] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 인간의 지성은 논리적 사고 능력과 관계있다. 수학의 경우 논리적 사고 능력이 없으면 성공적으로 학습할 수가 없을 것이다. 수학 뿐만 아니라 언어 역시도 마찬가지이다. 그래서 일반적으로 논리 사고를 할수록 더 지능적이라 할 수 있다.

Now, back to the essential issue at hand ─ that of human intellect being dependent upon the application of logical principles.

a) Even though mathematics is inherently a highly logical discipline, any person who performs brilliantly in language, or any such endeavor, is showing high intelligence, because any such effective use of language, and such reasoning powers, must involve much logical thinking.

b) And, in general, the greater capacity one has for effective application of logical principles (whether in language, mathematics, artistic creations, or whatever), the greater is one’s power of intelligence. Therefore, it can be seen that intelligence and logic are closely intertwined.

c) There is much evidence that the quality that we usually refer to as intelligence (in humans), is closely related to the individual’s capacity for logical thought. For example, a great mathematician must be highly intelligent, because his/her successful learning and manipulating of mathematical rules is impossible, apart from much capacity for logical thinking.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[7] 다음 글에서 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

2번 impossibly 라 사용해야 한다. 윗글 참조

Now, back to the essential issue at hand ─ that of human intellect being dependent upon the application of logical principles. There is much evidence that the quality that we usually refer to as intelligence (in humans), is ①closely related to the individual’s capacity for logical thought. For example, a great mathematician must be highly intelligent, because his/her successful learning and manipulating of mathematical rules is ②possible, apart from much capacity for logical thinking. Even though mathematics is inherently a highly logical discipline, any person who performs ③brilliantly in language, or any such endeavor, is showing high intelligence, because any such effective use of language, and such reasoning powers, must involve much logical thinking. And, in general, the ④greater capacity one has for effective application of logical principles (whether in language, mathematics, artistic creations, or whatever), the greater is one’s power of intelligence. Therefore, it can be seen that intelligence and logic are closely ⑤intertwined.

[8] 다음 글의 어법상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

4번 suffer 라고 동사의 형태를 써야한다. suffering을 사용하면 주절의 동사가 없다.

Millions of people around the world suffer a lack of necessary nutrients because of limitations on ①what will grow in their region. One area that scientists are exploring ②is genetically modifying vegetables to increase their nutritional value. An example of this is “golden rice.” This variety of rice is genetically ③engineered to produce vitamin A ─ the vitamin that gives carrots their orange color. A vitamin A deficiency can have serious effects, including blindness and even death. Millions of people ④suffering from this problem worldwide because they live in areas where vegetables ⑤containing the vitamin will not grow. Since rice will grow in these regions, golden rice could provide at least some of this critical vitamin to the local population.

[8-2] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 특정한 지역의 한계로 인해 영양분 결핍이 생겨 유전자 변형을 통해 황금쌀을 만들어 비타민 A 의 결핍을 경험하는 지역 사람들에게 주요 비타민을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

Millions of people around the world suffer a lack of necessary nutrients because of limitations on what will grow in their region. One area that scientists are exploring is genetically modifying vegetables to increase their nutritional value.

a) A vitamin A deficiency can have serious effects, including blindness and even death. Millions of people suffer from this problem worldwide because they live in areas where vegetables containing the vitamin will not grow.

b) An example of this is “golden rice.” This variety of rice is genetically engineered to produce vitamin A ─ the vitamin that gives carrots their orange color.

c) Since rice will grow in these regions, golden rice could provide at least some of this critical vitamin to the local population.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[9] 다음 글이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 교육과 일 경험은 별개의 것이라 일부 사람들은 생각하지만 직업 준비가 된 졸업생에 대한 수요는 증가하고 있다. 고용자들은 직업에 대한 통찰을 줄 좋은 기회로써 직장 경험을 중요하게 생각하였고 그러한 경험이 사교적인 능력을 향상시킨다고 보고하였다.

However, the demand for work-ready graduates, who are familiar with organisational practices in the workplace, is increasing.

The growing emphasis on ‘work readiness’ is the subject of much debate. Some believe that work and education are qualitatively different social sites. ①While education provides skills and knowledge useful both in the short and long term, it can only provide broad or generic training for work. ②Specific training for a particular job can only be undertaken after study. ③Employers value work experience believing that exposure to the workplace while studying provides students with the opportunity to acquire valuable insights into how the workplace operates and what is expected of them in different workplace settings. ④Employers report that work experience improves graduates' soft skills, increases confidence and helps relate their studies to employment, making them more rounded and with more realistic expectations of work. ⑤The opportunity to make contacts and create networks for future employment is another advantage. In other words, work experience improves work readiness.

[10] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 듣지 못하는 아이는 부모가 눈에 보이는 곳에서 돌아다닐 수 있도록 안심을 주어야 하고 격려하는 말을 듣도록 해야 한다. 보지 못하는 아이의 경우 격려하는 말을 들으며 부모와 주변 물건을 찾을 수 있도록 하여 집 주변에 감각적인 길 지도를 만들어 낼 수 있도록 해야 한다. 시각 뿐만 아니라 다른 감각을 통해 공간 감각을 익히게 된다.

A baby who can’t hear would have a stronger need to remain in visual contact with her parents as she begins to roam.

a) In that way, they can create a sensory road map of their home even though they can’t see. The important sense of space and spatial relationships that we all need to feel secure and to navigate can be formed from many of our senses, and not just our vision.

b) A baby who can’t see would benefit from hearing lots of encouraging words and vocalizations, as well as touches and smells. In fact, we often recommend interesting games that enable babies who can’t see to locate people and objects by touch and sounds, as well as smells.

c) Mom and Dad could make a concerted effort to make their friendly waves or approving smiles especially vivid to their toddler, even at a distance. They could even make a point of coming over to her from time to time and offering a quick hug or peck on the cheek to reassure their toddler that her explorations won’t isolate her from them.

* concerted 합심한 * vocalization 목소리，발성

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[10-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 위 글 참조

A baby who can’t see would benefit from hearing lots of encouraging words and vocalizations, as well as touches and smells.

A baby who can’t hear would have a stronger need to remain in visual contact with her parents as she begins to roam. ①Mom and Dad could make a concerted effort to make their friendly waves or approving smiles especially vivid to their toddler, even at a distance. ②They could even make a point of coming over to her from time to time and offering a quick hug or peck on the cheek to reassure their toddler that her explorations won’t isolate her from them. ③In fact, we often recommend interesting games that enable babies who can’t see to locate people and objects by touch and sounds, as well as smells. ④In that way, they can create a sensory road map of their home even though they can’t see. ⑤The important sense of space and spatial relationships that we all need to feel secure and to navigate can be formed from many of our senses, and not just our vision.

* concerted 합심한 * vocalization 목소리，발성

[10-3] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현을 고르세요.

1번 위 글 참조

A baby who can’t hear would have a stronger need to remain in visual contact with her parents as she begins to roam. Mom and Dad could make a concerted effort to make their friendly waves or approving smiles especially vivid to their toddler, even at a distance. They could even make a point of coming over to her from time to time and offering a quick hug or peck on the cheek to reassure their toddler that her explorations won’t isolate her from them. A baby who can’t see would benefit from hearing lots of encouraging words and vocalizations, as well as touches and smells. In fact, we often recommend interesting games that enable babies who can’t see to locate people and objects by touch and sounds, as well as smells. In that way, they can create a sensory road map of their home even though they can’t see. The important sense of space and spatial relationships that we all need to feel secure and to navigate can be formed from                           .

* concerted 합심한 * vocalization 목소리，발성

① many of our senses, and not just our vision

② seeking-help from a baby and not only parents

③ remaining in visual contact with others in a secure place

④ making mental maps in a baby by isolated experiences

⑤ exploring with caregivers outside a house

[10-4] 다음 중 어법상 알맞지 않은 것을 고르세요.

1번 문장 앞에 make 가 있는 5형식 문장이다 .보어자리에 부사가 아니라 형용사를 사용해야 한다. 더 생생한 웃음과 손짓을 만들어줄 수 있다 라고 해석이 된다.

A baby who can’t hear would have a stronger need to remain in visual contact with her parents as she begins to roam. Mom and Dad could make a concerted effort to make their friendly waves or approving smiles especially ①vividly to their toddler, even at a distance. They could even make a point of coming over to her from time to time and ②offering a quick hug or peck on the cheek to reassure their toddler that her explorations won’t isolate her from ③them. A baby who can’t see would benefit from hearing lots of encouraging words and vocalizations, as well as touches and smells. In fact, we often recommend interesting games that enable babies who can’t see ④to locate people and objects by touch and sounds, as well as smells. In that way, they can create a sensory road map of their home even though they can’t see. The important sense of space and spatial relationships ⑤that we all need to feel secure and to navigate can be formed from many of our senses, and not just our vision.

* concerted 합심한 * vocalization 목소리，발성

[11-12] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현을 고르세요.

2번

① Do to others as you would want them to do to you : 대접받고 싶은 대로 행동해라.

② Judge a man by his questions, not his answers 답이 아니라 질문을 보고 인간을 판단하라.

( 본문은 인간이 컴퓨터와 다른 점에 대한 내용으로써 글의 앞부분에 컴퓨터는 답만을 제시할 수 밖에 없다고 하였습니다.  )

③ Give him an inch and he will take a mile

1인치를 주면 인간은 1마일을 가지려고 한다. (욕심)

④ Time and tide wait for no man

시간과 파도는 인간을 기다려주지 않는다.

⑤ If passion drives you, let reason hold the reins

만약 열정이 너를 이끌고 있다면 이성은 잠시 멈추어라.

Ideation in its many forms is an area today where humans have a comparative advantage over machines. Scientists come up with new hypotheses. Journalists sniff out a good story. Chefs add a new dish to the menu. Engineers on a factory floor figure out why a machine is no longer working properly. Many of these activities are supported and accelerated by computers, but none are driven by them. Picasso’s quote ─ Computers are useless. They can only give you answers. ─ is just about half right. Computers are not useless, but they’re still machines for generating answers, not posing interesting new questions. That ability still seems to be uniquely human, and still highly valuable. We predict that people who are good at idea creation will continue to have a comparative advantage over digital labor for some time to come, and will find themselves in demand. In other words, we believe that employers now and for some time to come will, when looking for talent, follow the advice attributed to the Enlightenment sage Voltaire:“            .”

* ideation 관념 작용 * sage 현자, 현인  * Watson 인공 지능을 구현한 IBM의 슈퍼컴퓨터

① Do to others as you would want them to do to you

② Judge a man by his questions, not his answers

③ Give him an inch and he will take a lime

④ Time and tide wait for no man

⑤ If passion drives you, let reason hold the reins

07강.

[1] 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

2번 개혁가들은 자신들이 과거의 것을 되돌릴 수 있을 것이라 믿었지만 그것은 학생들에게 비극이다. 오늘날 교육의 환경이 변화하였고 그런 환경속에서 직업 시장도 매우 빠르게 변화하였다. 개혁가들은 사회의 많은 변화는 알고 있지만 교육이 변화해야 한다는 것을 보고 있지 못하다.

Whether or not they allow some contemporary technology to be squeezed in, the reformers fundamentally believe that they can              . That belief has tragic ramifications for our students today. It is tragic because so much of what we do currently teach, and what so many want to preserve, is now unimportant because the context for education has changed so radically. In the current environment, every field and job ─ from factory work to retail to healthcare to hospitality to garbage collection ─ is in the process of being transformed dramatically, and often unrecognizably, by technology and other forces. And while most reformers recognize that society is going through dramatic changes (even though few truly “get” their extent, speed, and implications), they too often ─ and paradoxically ─ do not see the need for education to change fundamentally to cope with them  * ramification 파급 효과 (= ripple effect) cf) spin-off: 파생효과

① advance educational techniques

② bring back what once worked

③ keep up with vocational change

④ increase public healthcare awareness

⑤ control environmental problems

[1-2] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 위 글 참조

Whether or not they allow some contemporary technology to be squeezed in, the reformers fundamentally believe that they can bring back “what once worked.”

a) And while most reformers recognize that society is going through dramatic changes (even though few truly “get” their extent, speed, and implications), they too often ─ and paradoxically ─ do not see the need for education to change fundamentally to cope with them

b) In the current environment, every field and job ─ from factory work to retail to healthcare to hospitality to garbage collection ─ is in the process of being transformed dramatically, and often unrecognizably, by technology and other forces.

c) That belief has tragic ramifications for our students today. It is tragic because so much of what we do currently teach, and what so many want to preserve, is now unimportant because the context for education has changed so radically.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[1-3] 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 위 글 참조

Whether or not they allow some contemporary technology to be squeezed in, the reformers fundamentally believe that they can bring back “what once worked.” That belief has tragic ramifications for our students today. It is tragic because so much of what we do currently teach, and what so many want to preserve, is now unimportant because the context for education has changed so radically. In the current environment, every field and job ─ from factory work to retail to healthcare to hospitality to garbage collection ─ is in the process of being transformed dramatically, and often unrecognizably, by technology and other forces. And while most reformers recognize that society is going through dramatic changes (even though few truly “get” their extent, speed, and implications), they too often ─ and paradoxically ─ do not see the need                    fundamentally to cope with them

* ramification 파급 효과 (= ripple effect) cf) spin-off: 파생효과

① for education to change

② to take back old fashions

③ for them to preserve tradition

④ to get to where transformation started

⑤ for job-seekers to go abroad

[2] 다음 지문의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

4번 excluded 가 자연스럽다. 이 글은 유전자 특허가 너무 광범위해서 다른 이들이 쓰지 못하게 한다는 내용이다. 대게 공공재의 경우 지나치게 사용하는 문제가 있어서 사유화를 하게 되면 과소사용의 문제를 일으키게 된다. 너무 많은 사람들이 자원 사용에서 배제되어 진다. 이는 높은 라이센스 비용 때문이 원인이라 할 수 있다.

Heller and Eisenberg claimed that gene patenting may cause a problem of the “tragedy of the anti-commons” for biomedical research, because a gene patent can be ①broad enough to cover any commercial use of the gene and the gene product. When people hold a resource in common, they tend to ②overuse it because they lack any incentive to conserve the resource. This overuse is generally referred to as a “tragedy of the commons,” and ③privatization is often used to solve this problem.  However, when a scarce resource is overprivatized the result can be a “tragedy of the anti-commons,” which will result in the under-use of a resource because too many people are ④included from using the resource. Under-use in human gene patents was said to be pervasive, because the high licensing fee ⑤limits any further research, especially when most diseases are polygenic, meaning that multiple genes are involved in the manifestation of a disease and several pieces of genetic material are needed to develop a product.

[2-2] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 위 내용 참조

Heller and Eisenberg claimed that gene patenting may cause a problem of the “tragedy of the anti-commons” for biomedical research, because a gene patent can be broad enough to cover any commercial use of the gene and the gene product.

a) When people hold a resource in common, they tend to overuse it because they lack any incentive to conserve the resource. This overuse is generally referred to as a “tragedy of the commons,” and privatization is often used to solve this problem.

b) Under-use in human gene patents was said to be pervasive, because the high licensing fee limits any further research, especially when most diseases are polygenic, meaning that multiple genes are involved in the manifestation of a disease and several pieces of genetic material are needed to develop a product.

c) However, when a scarce resource is overprivatized the result can be a “tragedy of the anti-commons,” which will result in the under-use of a resource because too many people are excluded from using the resource.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[2-3] 다음 지문에 어법상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

5번 동사의 자리입니다. are 라고 쓰는 것이 좋습니다.

Heller and Eisenberg claimed that gene patenting may cause a problem of the “tragedy of the anti-commons” for biomedical research, because a gene patent can be  ①broad enough to cover any commercial use of the gene and the gene product. When people hold a resource in common, they tend to overuse it because they lack any incentive to conserve the resource. This overuse is generally referred to as a “tragedy of the commons,” and privatization is often used ②to solve this problem.  However, when a scarce resource is overprivatized the result can be a “tragedy of the anti-commons,” ③which will result in the under-use of a resource because too many people are excluded from using the resource. Under-use in human gene patents was said ④to be pervasive, because the high licensing fee limits any further research, especially when most diseases are polygenic, meaning that multiple genes ⑤being involved in the manifestation of a disease and several pieces of genetic material are needed to develop a product.

[3] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 장소는?

3번 잔디가 처음 등장한 지문입니다. 아래에 잔디에 대한 이야기가 시작되는 곳이 정답입니다.

On the other hand, grasses keep their men stems tucked away at the base of the plant.

The thing about maintaining a lawn is that the very action of cutting encourages grasses to multiply. Trees, for example, do very poorly if you repeatedly and regularly cut them down just above the ground. In fact, many plants cannot cope with being regularly felled. The bit of a plant that does the growing is called a meristem, and in plants such as tulips, begonias and carnations, the meristems are at the tips of the growing shoots. If you cut these plants off at the ground, you chop off the meristem, and they have to start the process of producing a shoot all over again. ①This regrowth can only happen at considerable energy cost to the plant. ②If you keep doing this, eventually the plant will give up the ghost and die. ③If you chop off the leaves of a grass plant it merrily continues to grow from the bottom, unconcerned by the decapitation it receives. ④Grasses have evolved this system in response to being repeatedly eaten by herbivores. ⑤By regularly mowing a lawn, the only plants that can survive are grasses.

* decapitation 목 베기 * give up the ghost 멈추다 * meristem 분열조직

[4] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 행동의 결과를 돈으로 환산하는 것은 매우 복잡하다. 예를 들어 석유 가격이 높을 때 연비 좋은 차량은 그 차액에서 매우 비싸보이지는 않지만 만약 다수의 사람들이 그 차를 구매하면 석유의 가격은 규모의 경제에 의해 오히려 떨어지게 된다. 그래서 이런 다수의 활동에 의해 비용과 저축은 예측이 어렵다. 경제학자 케인즈는 주식시장을 미인대회에 참여자가 아닌 집단적으로 심판의 평균값에 가장 가까운 심판이 승자라 비유하여 설명하였다.

The effect of one’s actions on collective consequences, and one’s participation in those consequences regardless of one’s actions, is relevant because there is a dollar value associated with these actions.

a) It brings to mind economist John Maynard Keynes’ description of stock-market investing: a beauty contest in which the winner is not any of the contestants, but the judge that scores come closest to the average scores of the judges collectively.

b) Furthermore, that dollar value can be complicated. When the cost of gasoline is high enough, the extra initial cost of a more fuel-efficient vehicle ─ or one that does not use gasoline at all ─ can seem less expensive, even if one does not quite believe the car will “pay for itself’ through its fuel savings.

c) However, if enough people were to buy those vehicles ─ in sufficient numbers to reduce the demand for gasoline ─ the cost of gasoline would come down. Then again, so would the cost of the vehicles, thanks to economies of scale. There is a push and pull of cost and relative savings that is difficult for consumers to predict, as it is affected so greatly by their collective actions.

* economies of scale 규모의 경제(생산량의 증가에 따라 평균 비용이 줄어드는 현상)

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[4-2] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

4번 위 내용 참조

The effect of one’s actions on collective consequences, and one’s participation in those consequences regardless of one’s actions, is relevant because there is a dollar value associated with these actions. Furthermore, that dollar value can be complicated. When the cost of gasoline is high enough, the extra initial cost of a more fuel-efficient vehicle ─ or one that does not use gasoline at all ─ can seem less expensive, even if one does not quite believe the car will “pay for itself’ through its fuel savings. However, if enough people were to buy those vehicles ─ in sufficient numbers to reduce the demand for gasoline ─ the cost of gasoline would come down. Then again, so would the cost of the vehicles, thanks to economies of scale . There is a push and pull of cost and relative savings that is difficult for consumers to predict, as it is affected so greatly by                 . It brings to mind economist John Maynard Keynes’ description of stock-market investing: a beauty contest in which the winner is not any of the contestants, but the judge that scores come closest to the average scores of the judges collectively.

* economies of scale 규모의 경제(생산량의 증가에 따라 평균 비용이 줄어드는 현상)

① their individual traits

② economical changes

③ scarcity of natural resource

④ their collective actions

⑤ air pollution

[4-3] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 위 내용 참조

The effect of one’s actions on collective consequences, and one’s participation in those consequences regardless of one’s actions, is relevant because there is a dollar value associated with these actions. Furthermore, that dollar value can be complicated. When the cost of gasoline is high enough, the extra initial cost of a more fuel-efficient vehicle ─ or one that does not use gasoline at all ─ can seem less expensive, even if one does not quite believe the car will “pay for itself’ through its fuel savings. However, if enough people were to buy those vehicles ─ in sufficient numbers to reduce the demand for gasoline ─ the cost of gasoline would come down. Then again, so would the cost of the vehicles, thanks to economies of scale. There is a push and pull of cost and relative savings that is difficult for consumers to predict, as it is affected so greatly by their collective actions. It brings to mind economist John Maynard Keynes’ description of stock-market investing: a beauty contest in which the winner is not any of the contestants, but the judge that scores come closest to                            .

① the average scores of the judges collectively

② the flexible criteria depending on situations

③ the absolute and universal aesthetic standard

④ the maximum satisfaction of viewers

⑤ the highest and second ones among the whole judges

[5-6] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 생략(부작위)의 단서를 통해 셜록은 경주마 사건을 해결하였다. 경위가 홈즈에게 질문을 하자 홈즈는 야간에 개가 짖지 않았다는 것은 범인이 개와 친숙한 사람이라는 것의 증거가 된다. 개가 짖었다면 친숙한 사람이 아닌 다른 사람이었을 것이라 말한다.

The metaphor of barking dogs has been used by historians of religions to describe various uses of comparison, but like all good myths, it bears retelling in each new context and can always be used in new ways.

a) ‘‘The dog did nothing in the night-time,” objected the puzzled inspector, the essential straight man for the Socratic sage. “That was the curious incident,” remarked Sherlock Holmes.

b) The fact that the dog did not bark when someone entered the house at night was evidence, in this case evidence that the criminal was someone familiar to the dog. Dogs bark at difference — in this case, someone different from those with whom the dog was familiar.

c) Sherlock Holmes once solved a mystery, the case of Silver Blaze, a racehorse, by using a vital clue of omission. When Inspector Gregory asked Holmes whether he had noted any point to which he would draw the inspector’s attention, Holmes replied, “To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time.”

* sage 현자 * blinkers 옆을 보지 못하게 하는 눈가리개 * inflection 굴절

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[5-6 (2)] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

2번 위 글 참조

The metaphor of barking dogs has been used by historians of religions to describe various uses of comparison, but like all good myths, it bears retelling in each new context and can always be used in new ways. Sherlock Holmes once solved a mystery, the case of Silver Blaze, a racehorse, by using a vital clue of          . When Inspector Gregory asked Holmes whether he had noted any point to which he would draw the inspector’s attention, Holmes replied, “To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time.” ‘‘The dog did nothing in the night-time,” objected the puzzled inspector, the essential straight man for the Socratic sage. “That was the curious incident,” remarked Sherlock Holmes. The fact that the dog did not bark when someone entered the house at night was evidence, in this case evidence that the criminal was someone familiar to the dog. Dogs bark at difference — in this case, someone different from those with whom the dog was familiar.

① submission    ② omission     ③ imitation

④ limitation     ⑤ expectation

[7] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 인정과 (성과) 발생 시간의 간격이 동기부여에서 중요하다는 글. 그래서 인정이 발생시와 가까울수록 동기가 크다는 내용이 나올 수 있다.

The level of motivation in part will be determined by the time lapse between the occurrence and awarding the recognition.

Most employees want to do a good job, make a difference, and be valued for their efforts. ①Regardless of the situation, the company must take time to determine what employees need. ②Employee performance is often tied more to personal factors like being appreciated for doing a good job than to money. ③Recognizing accomplishments in a timely manner by a simple, sincere “Thank You” can go a long way in improving performance. ④The closer the recognition to the occurrence, the greater will be the motivation, creating a positive environment that fosters improved performance. ⑤Really listening to what employees are saying lets employees feel they are contributing, giving them a sense of worth.

[8] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 국제화는 고등교육에서 중요하다. 그 이유는 대학생들이 다양한 직장에 다양한 직장의 세계 시민이 될 것이라 기대되고 국제적 내용이 있는 수업을 들으면 의사소통에 능숙해질 수 있다. 그래서 고용주는 외국어나 국제적 감각을 가진 학생들을 선호하게 되고 더 나아가 대학들은 외국 학생들을 받아들여 국제적 인식력을 가지도록 학생과 교수, 직원들을 훈련시킨다.

Internationalization is a critical issue in higher education today. Many colleges and universities are transforming their curriculum by integrating international perspectives and providing professional development to faculty and staff so that they can effectively participate in today’s increasingly global environment.

a) Furthermore, many colleges and universities are admitting more and more international students, and this makes it necessary to train fellow students as well as faculty and staff about intercultural awareness and multiculturalism.

b) Students who take courses with international content are believed to be better equipped to effectively communicate in global contexts. Therefore, employers are looking for candidates who not only have appropriate degrees for the job but also foreign language skills and intercultural competence.

c) A major reason for internationalization in higher education is that college graduates are expected to become global citizens to be able to successfully communicate in a diverse workplace.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[9] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 그들의 시체는 조개류등을 말하는 것이고 상황이 더 나빠진다고 했기 때문에 그 전에 나빠진 상황(해조류의 죽음)이 한번 나와야 한다. 그리고 아래 줄에 이러한 지나친 분해작용은 이란 말이 나오기 때문에 4번이 적합하다

The decomposition of their bodies removes more oxygen from the water, making a bad situation even worse.

Even people who do not live near the ocean can have an impact on marine communities and ecosystems. Burning of fossil fuels, for instance, increases the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to climate change such as global wanning, rising sea levels, and increased acidity of the ocean. Another way in which inland populations can affect the marine environment is by contributing nutrients to the ocean. Nitrogen is a major nutrient that supports the growth of algae in aquatic ecosystems. ①When nitrogen-containing chemicals from terrestrial sources reach the ocean they support an enormous increase in the growth of algae. ②When the algae die, the decomposition of their remains robs the water of oxygen. ③Marine organisms that can swim away, such as fishes, migrate to better water while those that cannot, such as clams and worms, die from lack of oxygen. ④The result of this excessive decomposition is an area of ocean water that is oxygen depleted. ⑤Because so little marine life can survive in such an area, it is referred to as a dead zone.

* algae  (해 )조류   * terrestrial 육지의 , 육생의

[9-2] 다음 지문의 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요.

5번 die 라고 동사 형태를 쓰는 것이 옳다

Even people who do not live near the ocean can have an impact on marine communities and ecosystems. ①Burning of fossil fuels, for instance, increases the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to climate change such as global wanning, rising sea levels, and ②increased acidity of the ocean. Another way in which inland populations can affect the marine environment is by contributing nutrients to the ocean. Nitrogen is a major nutrient that supports the growth of algae in aquatic ecosystems. When nitrogen-containing chemicals from terrestrial sources ③reach the ocean they support an enormous increase in the growth of algae.  When the algae die, the decomposition of their remains ④robs the water of oxygen. Marine organisms that can swim away, such as fishes, migrate to better water while those that cannot, such as clams and worms, ⑤dying from lack of oxygen. The decomposition of their bodies removes more oxygen from the water, making a bad situation even worse. The result of this excessive decomposition is an area of ocean water that is oxygen depleted. Because so little marine life can survive in such an area, it is referred to as a dead zone.

* algae  (해 )조류   * terrestrial 육지의 , 육생의

[10] 다음 지문에 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

2번 reluctant 학교는 검증된 사실만을 지향하기 때문에 올바른 정보가 포함되어 있지 않은 인터넷을 가르치는 자원으로 수용하기를 꺼린다.

The use of critical thinking has been identified as particularly important in the digital age as relatively quick access to a wide range of information means that the user needs the ability to critically evaluate the validity and relative value of information accessed. In the past, the library, a book, or an expert (e.g., a teacher) were the student’s source of knowledge, and the value or validity was ①unlikely to be questioned. When the Internet was originally introduced to school-based learning programmes, a number of educators were ②willing to use it as a teaching resource as the information may not contain correct facts. This view reflected the limited information available at the time through the Internet, the ③lack of social media where large numbers of people and experts were developing knowledge, and a positivist orientation to schooling (purpose is to learn truths). The ④abundance of information at the touch of a digital technology means that learners need to be able to critically evaluate its relevance, validity and significance. This type of critical thinking expands the scientific orientation of critical thinking using reasoning to evaluate ⑤credibility.

* positivist orientation 실증주의적 지향

[10-2] 다음 지문의 알맞지 않은 어법을 고르세요.

1번 주절의 동사 자리입니다. means 가 적합합니다.

The use of critical thinking has been identified as particularly important in the digital age as relatively quick access to a wide range of information ①meaning that the user needs the ability to critically evaluate the validity and relative value of information  accessed. In the past, the library, a book, or an expert (e.g., a teacher) were the student’s source of knowledge, and the value or validity was unlikely to be questioned. When the Internet was originally introduced to school-based learning programmes, a number of educators ②were reluctant to use it as a teaching resource as the information may not contain correct facts. This view reflected the limited information ③available at the time through the Internet, the lack of social media where large numbers of people and experts were developing knowledge, and a positivist orientation to ④schooling (purpose is to learn truths). The abundance of information at the touch of a digital technology means that learners need to be able to critically evaluate its relevance, validity and significance. This type of critical thinking expands the scientific orientation of critical thinking ⑤using reasoning to evaluate credibility.

[11-12] 다음 지문에서 어법상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

4번 all of which 라고 써야 합니다. 종속절 자리이기 때문에 관계사를 사용하는 것이 적합합니다.

Predicting how inventions and technological innovations will be used and how they will ultimately affect society is often very difficult. The history of technology is full of stories of inventors and innovators who had no idea of ①how their inventions and innovations would ultimately be used or the far-reaching effects that they would have on society. Johannes Gutenberg, inventor of the printing press and movable metal type, was a devout Catholic who would have been ②horrified to know that his invention enabled the Bible ③to be widely printed and so helped stimulate the Protestant Reformation. Thomas Edison apparently believed that the phonograph would be mainly used for recording people’s last wills and testaments and would undoubtedly be amazed by today s tapes, CDs, and MP3 players, ④all of them are descended from his invention for recording sound. And who, until recently, would have thought that chlorofluorocarbons, ⑤which have been used for decades as refrigerants, would be eating away the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere?

* devout 독실한 * last will and testament 유언장 *chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 프레온 가스

08강.

[1] 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것을 고르세요.

4번 대중음악과 다르게 탱고만 춤으로 이어졌다.

From its very beginnings, tango showed its changeable profile: first it was simply music played on piano in houses of dubious reputation. Later it was joined by the guitar, the flute and the violin as it started to be accepted in the more prestigious ballrooms. The great change in tango was brought about by the arrival of the 'bandoneon' squeeze box from Germany, an instrument which was to become emblematic of tango and played by great musicians such as Astor Piazzolla. Tango is such a wide-ranging rhythm that it can only be compared with jazz, insofar as its richness and ability to adapt to changing times are concerned. But because tango is danced and most forms of popular music are not, it invariably ended up in the concert halls instead of on the streets. In Buenos Aires, you can breathe tango at every comer, and there are countless tango shows, many including dinner, first-class orchestras, musicals and also ‘milonga, dances where you are taught the ABCs of this passionate rhythm.

* squeeze box 아코디언 (= accordion) * emblematic of ~ 의 상징이 되는 cf) emblem: 상징

① 탱고는 처음 평판 없는 연예장에서 피아노로 연주되는 음악이었다.

② 탱고의 변화는 아코디언이 독일에서부터 들어오면서였다.

③ 탱고는 변화하는 시대에 적응하였고 오직 재즈만이 비교될 수 있다.

④ 대부분 대중음악처럼 탱고 역시도 춤으로 추어지게 되었다.

⑤ 부에노스아이레스에는 밀롱가에서 리듬의 기본을 가르친다.

[2] 다음 지문의 어법 상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

4번 be limited to 명사  (전치사 to사용) 가 와야한다. 해석상으로 reduced 가 오면 적합하다. 감소된 노동 생산성.

Land transportation systems have become a crucial component of modernity. By speeding up communications and the transport of goods and people, they ①have generated a revolution in contemporary economic and social relations. However, ②incorporating new technology has not come about without cost: environmental contamination, urban stress and deteriorating air quality ③are directly linked to modem land transport systems. Above all, transportation is increasingly associated with the rise in road accidents and premature deaths, as well as physical and psychological handicaps. Losses are not limited to ④reduce worker productivity and trauma affecting a victim’s private life. Equally significant ⑤are the rising costs in health services and the added burden on public finances.

[2-2] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 도로 교통은 현대 경제와 사회에 혁명을 촉진하였지만 신기술의 도입은 환경오염과 같은 그에 따른 대가가 있었다. 게다가 교통사고가 증가하고 신체적 심리적 장애를 겪게 되었고 그러한 손실은 노동생산성의 감소 뿐만 아니라 건강비용의 상승으로 공공 금융에 부담을 주게 되었다.

Land transportation systems have become a crucial component of modernity. By speeding up communications and the transport of goods and people, they have generated a revolution in contemporary economic and social relations.

a) Above all, transportation is increasingly associated with the rise in road accidents and premature deaths, as well as physical and psychological handicaps.

b) However, incorporating new technology has not come about without cost: environmental contamination, urban stress and deteriorating air quality are directly linked to modem land transport systems.

c) Losses are not limited to reduced worker productivity and trauma affecting a victim’s private life. Equally significant are the rising costs in health services and the added burden on public finances.

①　a-c-b ③ b-a-c ④ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[3] 다음 지문의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 willingness를 사용해야 한다. 개도국의 경제가 발전하면서 다국적 제약회사들이 개도국에 투자를 하려는 의지가 증가하고 있다는 내용이다.

The Westernized “developed” economies are, by a very large margin, the largest markets for prescription medicines. It is, therefore, inevitable that any coverage of the biopharmaceutical industry will assume that its research and development activities are directed almost exclusively at these ①affluent nations. The problem for millions of people in the developing world is that treatments for tropical diseases such as malaria are not ②economical to develop and that medicines for “Western” diseases are too expensive. This situation is now ③changing because of economic, political and social factors, including the rise of “venture philanthropy” and new pricing models. Perhaps most significantly, rapidly growing economies (China, India and Brazil, for example) are ④sustaining a large number of people with Western lifestyles and the diseases to match. This may be one reason for an increased ⑤reluctance on the part of multinational pharmaceutical companies to invest heavily in research and development in these countries and to offer generous pricing models for drugs that treat infectious diseases such as malaria.

* pharmaceutical 제약의, 약학의 * philanthropy 자선 사업 * affluent 부유한

[4] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 심리학에서는 보편적인 지식이 중요하다 그리고 이러한 지식들이 특정 상황에 적용되려면 현실과 적합해야 일관성이 있게 된다. 물론 부적절한 과학적 지식에 근거한 현실적 성공을 거두는 별점과 같은 경우도 있지만 그런 이따금 씩의 성공은 특정한 조합일 뿐 과학적 이해의 영역이 아니다.

The relevance of generalized knowledge that is applicable to particular individual phenomena is especially important in the applied areas of psychology ─ where the layperson’s and scientists perspectives cross paths.

a) Successful application of the basic knowledge of psychology in particular concrete situations ─ be those situations examples of individual or group psychotherapy, of consultation in a business firm, or of dealing with a troubled adolescent ─ can be consistent only if the basic scientific basis of these applications is adequate to the reality.

b) Such occasional success, however, would be based on the particular combination of circumstances in the case of a concrete application, and need not follow from any adequate scientific understanding of the phenomenon.

c) Certainly it is possible to achieve occasional practical success on the basis of inadequate scientific knowledge ─ as with the many people who believe in, and try to confirm, predictions made on the basis of horoscopes.

* layperson 비전문가 * horoscope 별점

①　a-c-b ③ b-a-c ④ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[5-6] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 자동차를 사용하며 걷는 능력이 사라지고 자연과의 연결은 줄어든다. 자연은 우리에 정신에 긍정적인 영향을 주는데 자연에 우리가 가지 않는 바로 그 순간 정신질환이 증가한다. 세계보건 기구는 우리의 우울증이 가장 큰 질병이라 이야기하지만 초원이 펼쳐진 어디든지 우리가 참여할 방법은 많이 있다.

One feature of progress and separation from nature is the growing incidence of physical inactivity.

a) Yet green places are good places ─ from the small patches in cities to the wide open wildernesses, and there are many ways to engage in green exercise, from gardening to forest schools to country walks. All these are good for health, but for many adults are no more than temporary measures, as we dash back to the rat race.

b) Hunter-gatherers and farmers expend energy to catch and grow their food; the rest of us rely on cars and are gradually losing the ability to walk. Physical inactivity (and junk food) is killing us, and our kids. It also increases the chance of accidental or designed connection with nature. We know that the natural environment positively affects our mental states.

c) Is it any surprise to learn that mental ill-health is on the increase just as environments and biodiversity come under serious threat, just as we seem to stop going there? The World Health Organization predicts that depression and mental ill-health will be the greatest source of ill-health worldwide by 2020.

* rat race 극심한 생존경쟁 * dog (오랫동안) 괴롭히다

①　a-c-b ③ b-a-c ④ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[5-6 (2)] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 자연과 정신의 관계는 4번 내용부터 등장한다.

We know that the natural environment positively affects our mental states.

One feature of progress and separation from nature is the growing incidence of physical inactivity. ①Hunter-gatherers and farmers expend energy to catch and grow their food; the rest of us rely on cars and are gradually losing the ability to walk. ②Physical inactivity (and junk food) is killing us, and our kids. ③It also increases the chance of accidental or designed connection with nature. ④Is it any surprise to learn that mental ill-health is on the increase just as environments and biodiversity come under serious threat, just as we seem to stop going there? ⑤The World Health Organization predicts that depression and mental ill-health will be the greatest source of ill-health worldwide by 2020.

[7] 다음 지문의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 문장을 고르세요.

2번 시행착오를 통한 성공을 이야기하는 글에서 초기의 성공이 더 큰 성공을 글은 흐름상 맞지 않음.

At the heart of learning is good, old-fashioned trial and error. In many areas of learning, including baseball, writing, and math, we tinker our way toward understanding and competence. Once we have the glimmerings of an idea about how to proceed, we give it a go, observe the effects and the success, adjust our action, and have another go. ①We can rarely figure everything out in advance so well that our first attempt is a surefire success. ②New research finds that in the sciences, early career success yields large and lasting advantages -- a phenomenon known as the 'Matthew effect' ③Watch an engineer sketching a bridge, an athlete adjusting her run-up, a teacher or an executive polishing their PowerPoint presentations, a child learning to dive, a cook tinkering with a recipe, and you will see the power of this kind of rehearsing, practicing, and drafting. ④Sometimes we know what we want to achieve, and our experiments are refined as we approach the goal. ⑤And sometimes we are just playing with material (as artists do), ideas (scientists), or bodily movements (choreographers) to see what happens.

* tinker 조금씩 개선하다 * glimmering 어렴풋이 나타남  * choreographer 안무가

[8] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 나비는 박물관에 전시된 것과 자세가 다름. 예를 들어 살아있는 팔랑나비는 날개의 일부를 접는다. 그래서 박물관의 종과 다르게 보인다. 게다가 나이에 따라서 윤기도 차이가 있다.

Living butterflies hold their wings in positions that differ from those of mounted museum specimens.

a) In addition, relatively fresh individuals often have distinctive sheens that are useful for identification; these sheens are lost upon aging and after death, as are some markings on the butterfly’s body and especially its eye color.

b) For example, an obvious difference is that live grass-skippers spread their hindwings flat but open their forewings only partially, appearing very different from completely flat-spread museum specimens.

c) A less often noted difference is that when landed with their wings closed, living skippers fold under the trailing edge of their hindwings, hiding about one-fifth of the wings. Thus, the shape of the hindwings, especially the length versus the width, may appear very different in the field than on museum specimens.

* specimen 표본 * sheen 윤기

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[9] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 금전이나 시간상의 어려움을 겪는 부모님이 있으시고 그분들 중에 극단적인 경우는 외국으로 가서 아이를 오래 보지 못하는 경우이다. 하지만 부모님의 지식이나 능력에 한계가 있는 경우도 있다. 그 예시가 식품 영양을 잘 모르시는 분들이나 교육의 중요성을 강조하지 못하시는 분들이다.

Limits to parents’ knowledge and abilities are equally important.

In terms of parenting, limited funds may restrict parents’ ability, for example, to pay for the best private schools or to satisfy their children’s demands for the latest gaming console. Yet constraints need not be exclusively of a financial nature. ①For many parents, the most significant constraints are time and capabilities ②Some parents need to work long hours, cutting down the time they can spend with their children. ③In some instances, time constraints can be extreme: some parents migrate without their families in pursuit of work, enduring separation from their children for years. ④Some parents may have the time and resources to care for their children, but fail to provide them with an appropriate diet because they are unaware of the nutritional properties of different types of food. ⑤Others underestimate the importance of education as a means of getting on in society and do not put effort into motivating their children to do well in school.

[9-2] 다음 지문에 어울리지 않는 단어는?

5번 underestimate 위 글 참조

In terms of parenting, limited funds may restrict parents’ ability, for example, to pay for the best private schools or to satisfy their children’s demands for the latest gaming console. Yet ①constraints need not be exclusively of a financial nature. For many parents, the most significant constraints are time and capabilities. Some parents need to work long hours, cutting down the time they can spend with their children. In some instances, time constraints can be extreme: some parents migrate without their families in pursuit of work, enduring ②separation from their children for years. Limits to parents’ knowledge and abilities are equally ③important. Some parents may have the time and resources to care for their children, but ④fail to provide them with an appropriate diet because they are unaware of the nutritional properties of different types of food. Others ⑤overestimate the importance of education as a means of getting on in society and do not put effort into motivating their children to do well in school.

[9-3] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 위 글 참조

Some parents may have the time and resources to care for their children, but fail to provide them with an appropriate diet because they are unaware of the nutritional properties of different types of food.

In terms of parenting, limited funds may restrict parents’ ability, for example, to pay for the best private schools or to satisfy their children’s demands for the latest gaming console.①Yet constraints need not be exclusively of a financial nature.②For many parents, the most significant constraints are time and capabilities. Some parents need to work long hours, cutting down the time they can spend with their children.③In some instances, time constraints can be extreme: some parents migrate without their families in pursuit of work, enduring separation from their children for years.④Limits to parents’ knowledge and abilities are equally important. ⑤Others underestimate the importance of education as a means of getting on in society and do not put effort into motivating their children to do well in school.

[10] 다음 글의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 문장을 고르세요?

4번 경제 대공황의 심각한 상황을 설명하는 글에서 극복방법에 대한 이야기는 흐름상 맞지 않다.

From today’s perspective, it is difficult to imagine the depth of the Great Depression, and the desperation and deprivation it created among people from all walks of life and social conditions. Complete industries disappeared, the ranks of the unemployed swelled to unthinkable levels, families lost their life savings and had no one to turn to. ①Homes and farms were repossessed by the thousands. ②Soup kitchens could not serve enough meals to those going hungry, banks collapsed in rapid succession, and children stopped going to school. ③Complete families thought about emigrating, only to find out that the Depression was a worldwide phenomenon and that relatives who had stayed behind in the old world were suffering as much as they were. ④America overcame The Great Depression by the World War Ⅱ, but they had to go through stages such as strike, banks closing down, and some government policies to overcome such a difficult. ⑤Not only that: uncles and cousins who had gone to faraway places, such as Argentina or Australia, were in even worse conditions. There were no jobs, no relief, and nowhere to go.     * repossess 압류하다

[10] 다음 지문에 어법 상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

5번 뒤에 주절의 동사 were 이 있으므로 수식형태로 써야한다. who had

From today’s perspective, it is difficult to imagine the depth of the Great Depression, and the desperation and deprivation it ①created among people from all walks of life and social conditions. Complete industries disappeared, the ranks of the unemployed swelled to unthinkable levels, families lost their life savings and had no one ②to turn to. Homes and farms were repossessed by the thousands. Soup kitchens could not serve enough meals to those ③going hungry, banks collapsed in rapid succession, and children stopped going to school. Complete families thought about emigrating, ④only to find out that the Depression was a worldwide phenomenon and that relatives who had stayed behind in the old world were suffering as much as they were. Not only that: uncles and cousins ⑤had gone to faraway places, such as Argentina or Australia, were in even worse conditions. There were no jobs, no relief, and nowhere to go.

* repossess 압류하다

[11-12] 다음 지문에 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

4번 지능 테스트의 수량화로 인해 하나의 십년에서 다른 십년으로 규준 집단이 이동하여도 동일한 의미를 가지게 된다.

Intelligence is a ‘relative’ or normative construct. One of Alfred Binet’s seminal contributions to the ①assessment of intelligence was to introduce the idea that we can best index intelligence, especially during childhood when rapid cognitive development occurs, as the individual’s performance in ②comparison to a reference group (e.g., all six-year-old children). It is almost universally accepted that one can only ③quantify an individual’s intelligence by referring to the reference or norming group. The principal advantage to this approach is that an individual’s intelligence is indexed in a way that it has the ④individual meaning, even though norming groups may change from one decade to the next (e.g., in terms of the core knowledge and skills that are within the capabilities of the larger reference group). The principal ⑤disadvantage to this approach is that it renders comparisons across norming groups somewhat problematic.

* seminal 중대한, 영향력이 큰 * render (어떤 상태로) 만들다

9-12강

09강. [1] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 노화는 칼로리 섭취 감소로 미룰 수 있다. 치매의 경우 체지방율이 아니라 칼로리 섭취가 중요한데 신진대사가 활발하여서 많이 먹어도 살이 안 찌는 사람의 경우 기억 장애의 위험성이 높다. 우리의 식단에 의해 발생되어지는 활성산소의 양은 칼로리에서 비롯된다. 그래서 많은 칼로리를 먹고 신진대사가 높은 사람이 해로운 산소를 더 많이 생산한다.

Scientists hope to someday establish beyond a doubt that aging and all the nefarious things that go with it can be indefinitely postponed simply by reducing the amount of food and calories we consume.

a)The amount of age-accelerating oxygen free radicals generated from our diet is related to the amount of calories we consume, not to our weight. Thus a person with a high metabolic rate who consumes greater calories may actually be producing more harmful forms of oxygen than someone with a slower metabolic rate.

b) Take note that in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, maintaining an ideal weight may not be enough. Studies have shown that the risk of Alzheimer’s disease is more closely linked to caloric intake than to weight or body mass index (BMI).

c) This means that a junk food junkie who is blessed with a high metabolic rate that keeps her from gaining weight may still be at a higher risk for developing a memory problem. If we consider the logic that explains how caloric restriction exerts its beneficial on the body and mind, this makes a lot of sense.

* nefarious 못된, 사악한 * oxygen free radical 활성산소

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[1-2] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1본 칼로리는 제한하는 것이 이익

Scientists hope to someday establish beyond a doubt that aging and all the nefarious things that go with it can be indefinitely postponed simply by reducing the amount of food and calories we consume. Take note that in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, maintaining an ideal weight may not be enough. Studies have shown that the risk of Alzheimer’s disease is more closely linked to caloric intake than to weight or body mass index (BMI). This means that a junk food junkie who is blessed with a high metabolic rate that keeps her from gaining weight may still be at a higher risk for developing a memory problem. If we consider the logic that explains how                      exerts its beneficial on the body and mind, this makes a lot of sense. The amount of age-accelerating oxygen free radicals generated from our diet is related to the amount of calories we consume, not to our weight. Thus a person with a high metabolic rate who consumes greater calories may actually be producing more harmful forms of oxygen than someone with a slower metabolic rate.

* nefarious 못된, 사악한 * oxygen free radical 활성산소

① caloric restriction         ② low metabolic rate

③ body water                ④ memory training

⑤ high body mass

[1-3] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 위 해설 참조

The amount of age-accelerating oxygen free radicals generated from our diet is related to the amount of calories we consume, not to our weight.

Scientists hope to someday establish beyond a doubt that aging and all the nefarious things that go with it can be indefinitely postponed simply by reducing the amount of food and calories we consume. ①Take note that in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, maintaining an ideal weight may not be enough. ②Studies have shown that the risk of Alzheimer’s disease is more closely linked to caloric intake than to weight or body mass index (BMI). ③This means that a junk food junkie who is blessed with a high metabolic rate that keeps her from gaining weight may still be at a higher risk for developing a memory problem. ④If we consider the logic that explains how caloric restriction exerts its beneficial on the body and mind, this makes a lot of sense. ⑤Thus a person with a high metabolic rate who consumes greater calories may actually be producing more harmful forms of oxygen than someone with a slower metabolic rate.

* nefarious 못된, 사악한 * oxygen free radical 활성산소

[1-4] 다음 지문의 어법상 잘못된 부분을 고르세요.

4번 주어 자리입니다. this 로 고치면 됨

Scientists hope to someday establish beyond a doubt that aging and all the nefarious things that go with it can be indefinitely postponed simply by reducing the amount of food and calories we consume. ①Take note that in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, maintaining an ideal weight may not be enough. Studies have shown that the risk of Alzheimer’s disease is more closely linked to caloric intake than ②to weight or body mass index (BMI). This means that a junk food junkie who is blessed with a high metabolic rate ③that keeps her from gaining weight may still be at a higher risk for developing a memory problem. If we consider the logic that explains how caloric restriction exerts its beneficial on the body and mind, ④which makes a lot of sense. The amount of age-accelerating oxygen free radicals ⑤generated from our diet is related to the amount of calories we consume, not to our weight. Thus a person with a high metabolic rate who consumes greater calories may actually be producing more harmful forms of oxygen than someone with a slower metabolic rate.

[2] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

2번 민주주의 의사결정은 탈권위적

Economies are organized in different ways to answer the question of what is to be produced. The dispute over the best way to answer this question has inflamed passions for centuries. Should a central planning board make the decisions, as in North Korea and Cuba? Sometimes this highly centralized economic system is referred to as a command economy. Under this type of regime, decisions about how many tractors or automobiles to produce are largely determined by a government official or committee associated with the central planning organization. That same group decides on the number and size of school buildings, refrigerators, shoes, and so on. Other countries, including the United States, much of Europe, and increasingly, Asia and elsewhere have largely adopted a democratic and participatory decision-making process where literally millions of individual producers and consumers of goods and services determine what goods, and how many of them, will be produced. A country that uses such a                                     decision-making process is often said to have a market economy.

① standardized        ② decentralized         ③ absolute

④ abstract             ⑤ authoritative

[3] 다음 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 similar 가 적합

Research with human runners ①challenged conventional wisdom and found that the ground- reaction forces (GRFs) at the foot and the shock transmitted up the leg and through the body after impact with the ground ②varied little as runners moved from extremely compliant to extremely hard running surfaces. As a result, researchers gradually began to believe that runners are subconsciously able to ③adjust leg stiffness prior to foot strike based on their perceptions of the hardness or stiffness of the surface on which they are running. This view suggests that runners create ④soft legs that soak up impact forces when they are running on very hard surfaces and stiff legs when they are moving along on yielding terrain. As a result, impact forces passing through the legs are strikingly ⑤different over a wide range of running surface types. Contrary to popular belief, running on concrete is not more damaging to the legs than running on soft sand.

* compliant 말랑말랑한 *terrain 지형

[4] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 새로운 실수를 하라. 실수를 하지 않는 것은 친숙한 것만 해서 창의력이 없다는 것. 반대로 새로운 실수를 한다는 것은 다른 방향으로 나아간다는 것. 그래서 새로운 것을 시도할 때는 실수를 해야한다. 그래서 새로운 실수로부터 우리는 성장할 수 있다 예를 들어 , 선생님들은 학습이 지저분하다는 것을 알고 실수하는데 편안해야 한다.

The MNM philosophy — Make New Mistakes — recognizes that mistakes are opportunities to learn. Of course, making the same old mistakes over and over isn’t very smart. We should learn from our mistakes so that we don’t repeat them.

a) Conversely, making new mistakes means that different activities and directions are being attempted. We should make mistakes when we try new things; if we don’t do so, then we aren’t being ambitious enough. The key is to learn from our new mistakes so that we grow as a result of them.

b) If we want our teachers to learn from their experiences — to actively engage in anticipating, hypothesis testing, reflecting, and analyzing — they need to know that learning is messy and that it’s all right to feel comfortable when they make a mistake.

c) Yet making no mistakes isn’t very smart either. Making no mistakes means that we continue to execute a familiar model or formula; making no mistakes means a lack of creativity and new strategies.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[4-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 위 글 참조

Conversely, making new mistakes means that different activities and directions are being attempted.

The MNM philosophy — Make New Mistakes — recognizes that mistakes are opportunities to learn. Of course, making the same old mistakes over and over isn’t very smart. ①We should learn from our mistakes so that we don’t repeat them. Yet making no mistakes isn’t very smart either. ②Making no mistakes means that we continue to execute a familiar model or formula; making no mistakes means a lack of creativity and new strategies. ③We should make mistakes when we try new things; if we don’t do so, then we aren’t being ambitious enough. ④The key is to learn from our new mistakes so that we grow as a result of them. ⑤If we want our teachers to learn from their experiences — to actively engage in anticipating, hypothesis testing, reflecting, and analyzing — they need to know that learning is messy and that it’s all right to feel comfortable when they make a mistake.

[8] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 사회적 긴장감을 가진 사람들은 좋은 성품들을 가지고 있어 편안할 때는 자연스럽게 표현되지만 다른 이들 앞에서는 기장하기 때문에 감정 표현에 방해를 받는다. 그래서 사회적 긴장을 극복하는 법을 배우게 되면 그들은 억눌러졌던 자신의 여러 가지 측면들을 드러낼 수 있게 된다.

Socially anxious people usually feel friendly towards others and certainly have their fair share of the positive characteristics that other people appreciate. They may have a sense of fun, be energetic and generous, kind and understanding, serious, amusing, quiet or lively, and they spontaneously behave in these ways when they feel at ease. But feeling at ease in company is so hard for them, and makes them so anxious, that these qualities are often hidden from view. The anxiety interferes with their expression, and the ability to display them may have gone rusty from lack of use. Indeed, socially anxious people may have altogether lost belief in their likeable qualities together with their self- confidence. One of the rewards of learning to overcome social anxiety is that it enables you to                      that may previously have been stifled, and allows you to enjoy, rather than to fear, being yourself.                                    * stifle 억누르다. 억압하다

① express aspects of yourself

② improve your internal maturity

③ isolate yourself from distractions

④ interfere your emotional expression

⑤ take a risk for new relationship

[8-2] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 위 글 참조

Socially anxious people usually feel friendly towards others and certainly have their fair share of the positive characteristics that other people appreciate.

a) The anxiety interferes with their expression, and the ability to display them may have gone rusty from lack of use. Indeed, socially anxious people may have altogether lost belief in their likeable qualities together with their self- confidence.

b) They may have a sense of fun, be energetic and generous, kind and understanding, serious, amusing, quiet or lively, and they spontaneously behave in these ways when they feel at ease. But feeling at ease in company is so hard for them, and makes them so anxious, that these qualities are often hidden from view.

c) One of the rewards of learning to overcome social anxiety is that it enables you to express aspects of yourself that may previously have been stifled, and allows you to enjoy, rather than to fear, being yourself.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[9] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 외래산 동물의 유입은 수출지역 숲에 동물이 사라지는 것과 국내에 그 동물들을 풀어주어 침입종이 되는 것이 있다. 미국의 에버글라드 지역에 비단뱀이 그 예이다. 그러나 가장 큰 피해는 동물들이다. 거래되는 동물들은 거래 전에 70~80% 그리고 거래 이후 1년 이내에 80% 가까이 죽는다.

Exotic pets pose a risk to human health and safety, particularly because some infectious diseases they carry are transmittable to humans. Ecological risks are also significant.

a) Pre-purchase mortality rates within the trade are as high as 70 percent for reptiles and some birds, or 80 percent for wild-caught marine fish, with similar mortality rates persisting within the first year after purchase. Experts argue it is difficult if not impossible to provide adequate care for exotic pets.

b) Species loss due to the exotic pet trade can be so dramatic that experts have coined the term “empty forest syndrome” to describe some of these exporting zones. In importing regions, too, exotic pets can escape or be illegally released into non-native environments, where they may become invasive.

c) The most famous case of this is the breeding population of Burmese pythons now established in the Florida Everglades. But the traded animals themselves arguably bear the risks of the exotic pet trade most profoundly.

* python 비단뱀

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[10] 다음 지문의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어는?

5번 encouraging 이라 써야한다. 선택편견에 대한 이야기로써 다른 사람들이 bandwagon (편승효과)에 뛰어들게 만든다.

What was arguably the all-time greatest example of selection bias resulted in the embarrassing 1948 Chicago Tribune headline “Dewey defeats Truman.” In reality, Harry Truman trounced his opponent. All the major political polls at the time had predicted Thomas Dewey would be elected president. The Chicago Tribune went to press before the election results were in, its editors confident that the polls would be ①correct. The statisticians were wrong for two reasons. First, they stopped polling too far in ②advance of the election, and Truman was especially successful at energizing people in the final days before the election. Second, the telephone polls conducted tended to ③favor Dewey because in 1948, telephones were generally limited to wealthier households, and Dewey was mainly popular among elite voters. The selection bias that resulted in the infamous Chicago Tribune headline was ④accidental, but it shows the danger and potential power ─ for a stakeholder wanting to influence hearts and minds by ⑤discouraging others to hop on the bandwagon ─ of selection bias.

[10] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 its editors을 그 다음 지문에서 The statisticians 으로 받아준다.

The Chicago Tribune went to press before the election results were in, its editors confident that the polls would be correct.

What was arguably the all-time greatest example of selection bias resulted in the embarrassing 1948 Chicago Tribune headline “Dewey defeats Truman.” In reality, Harry Truman trounced his opponent. ①All the major political polls at the time had predicted Thomas Dewey would be elected president. ②The statisticians were wrong for two reasons. ③First, they stopped polling too far in advance of the election, and Truman was especially successful at energizing people in the final days before the election. ④Second, the telephone polls conducted tended to favor Dewey because in 1948, telephones were generally limited to wealthier households, and Dewey was mainly popular among elite voters. ⑤The selection bias that resulted in the infamous Chicago Tribune headline was accidental, but it shows the danger and potential power ─ for a stakeholder wanting to influence hearts and minds by encouraging others to hop on the bandwagon ─ of selection bias.

[11] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 책상위 컴퓨터에 지도제작 프로그램이 있어도 기자들은 미술부서에 맡긴다. 신문사들은 별개의 그래픽 부서를 가지고 지도를 제작하도록 하고 그래픽 편집자가 그 중간에서 중재한다. 다른 곳에서는 이것이 비공식적인 동맹이고 기자들은 디자인 훈련을 받지 않아서 노동의 이러한 분할은 계속 증가할 가능성이 있다 하지만 탐사보도의 경우 기자들은 직접 소프트웨어를 이용한다.

Despite advances in desktop mapping software, which would empower reporters as mapmakers, news publishers tend to treat maps like photographs and other images 一 as illustrations developed by specialists working in an art department outside the news room.

a) Elsewhere the integration of illustrations and art relies on informal alliances — inviting the art director to the daily editorial meeting is a common concession. Because reporters and editors are rarely trained in graphic design and mapmaking, this division of labor is likely to persist.

b)Even so, some newspapers committed to investigative reporting acquired a geographic information system and made the software available to reporters covering crime, elections, or the environment. The resulting maps are often team efforts involving reporters, editors, and graphics specialists.

c) Some newspapers have a separate graphics department that is responsible for maps and other information graphics or a “graphics editor” who mediates between the news desk and the art department.  * concession 양해 사항, 양보

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[11-2] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 위 글 참조

Despite advances in desktop mapping software, which would empower reporters as mapmakers, news publishers tend to treat maps like photographs and other images 一 as illustrations developed by specialists working in an art department outside the news room. Some newspapers have a separate graphics department that is responsible for maps and other information graphics or a “graphics editor” who mediates between the news desk and the art department. Elsewhere the integration of illustrations and art relies on informal alliances — inviting the art director to the daily editorial meeting is a common concession. Because reporters and editors are rarely trained in graphic design and mapmaking, this                   is likely to persist. Even so, some newspapers committed to investigative reporting acquired a geographic information system and made the software available to reporters covering crime, elections, or the environment. The resulting maps are often team efforts involving reporters, editors, and graphics specialists.

* concession 양해 사항, 양보

① freedom of speech

② formal alliances

③ division of labor

④ digital revolution

⑤ industrial competition

10강.

[1] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 글을 쓸 때 상대방이 어법에 대한 잘못된 지식을 가지고 있다면 당신이 바르게 글을 쓴다 하여도 당신의 언어 능력에 대해 상대의 인식은 좋지 않은 경우가 일어날 수 있다.

One of the great risks of writing is that even the simplest of choices regarding wording or punctuation can sometimes prejudice your audience against you in ways that may seem unfair. For example, look again at the old grammar rule forbidding the splitting of infinitives. After decades of    sentence), most composition experts now concede that a split infinitive is not a grammar crime. Suppose you have written a position paper trying to convince your city council of the need to hire security personnel for the library, and half of the council members — the people you wish to convince — remember their eighth-grade grammar teacher’s warning about splitting infinitives. How will they respond when you tell them, in your introduction, that librarians are compelled “to always accompany” visitors to the rare book room because of the threat of vandalism? How much of their attention have you suddenly lost because of their automatic recollection of what is now a nonrule? It is possible, in other words, to write correctly and still offend your readers’ notions of             .

*infinitive 부정사 * concede 인정하다 *vandalism (공공 기물의) 파손

① your language competence        ② your self-esteem

③ old grammar rules                ④ their past memory

⑤ your willing cooperation

[1-2] 다음 중 글의 흐름상 잘못 사용된 단어를 고르세요.

5번 possible 이라 사용해야 함.

One of the great risks of writing is that even the simplest of choices regarding wording or punctuation can sometimes prejudice your audience against you in ways that may seem ①unfair. For example, look again at the old grammar rule forbidding the splitting of infinitives. After decades of sentence), most composition experts now ②concede that a split infinitive is not a grammar crime. Suppose you have written a position paper trying to convince your city council of the need to hire security personnel for the library, and half of the council members — the people you wish to convince — ③remember their eighth-grade grammar teacher’s warning about splitting infinitives. How will they respond when you tell them, in your introduction, that librarians are ④compelled “to always accompany” visitors to the rare book room because of the threat of vandalism? How much of their attention have you suddenly lost because of their automatic recollection of what is now a nonrule? It is ⑤impossible, in other words, to write correctly and still offend your readers’ notions ofyour language competence

[2] 다음 글의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어는?

2번 hostile 라 써야함. 외부 세계에서 타인의 목적 성취를 방해하는 것은 우정이 끝날 만큼 적대적인 행위이다.

While we dislike failing in our regular endeavors, games are an entirely different thing, a safe space in which failure is okay, neither painful nor the least unpleasant. The phrase “It’s just a game” suggests that this would be the case. And we do often take what happens in a game to have a ①different meaning from what is outside a game. To prevent other people from achieving their goals is usually ②harmless behavior that may end friendships, but we regularly prevent other players from achieving their goals when playing ③friendly games. Games, in this view, are something different from the regular world, a frame in which failure is not the least ④distressing. Yet this is clearly not the whole truth: we are often upset when we fail, we put in considerable effort to avoid failure while playing a game, and we will even show ⑤anger toward those who foiled our clever in-game plans. In other words, we often argue that in-game failure is something harmless and neutral, but we repeatedly fail to act accordingly. * foil 저지하다

[2-1] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 게임이 해가 없고 중립적이라는 것은 알지만 우리는 자주 그렇게 행동하지 못한다.

While we dislike failing in our regular endeavors, games are an entirely different thing, a safe space in which failure is okay, neither painful nor the least unpleasant. The phrase “It’s just a game” suggests that this would be the case. And we do often take what happens in a game to have a different meaning from what is outside a game. To prevent other people from achieving their goals is usually hostile behavior that may end friendships, but we regularly prevent other players from achieving their goals when playing friendly games. Games, in this view, are something different from the regular world, a frame in which failure is not the least distressing. Yet this is clearly not the whole truth: we are often upset when we fail, we put in considerable effort to avoid failure while playing a game, and we will even show anger toward those who foiled our clever in-game plans. In other words, we often argue that in-game failure is something harmless and neutral, but we repeatedly                    . * foil 저지하다

① fail to act accordingly

② try to remember the fact

③ believe in what is not proved

④ put effort into developing new strategy

⑤ mistake a game for a safe space

[3] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 감정적인 메시지를 누군가가 보낼때가 있다. 그는 나를 예의에서 벗어나도록 이끈다. 문제는 어떻게 반응을 할 것인가이다. 이 경우에는 반응하지 않는 것이 좋다. 지금 그 글을 쓴 사람은 어떤 답이 올지 불안하다. 이런 불안한 메시지를 받았을 때에 즉각 반응하지 말아라. 감정적 반응은 너를 공격자처럼 보이게 만든다.

Emotions can easily intrude upon the most simple messages.

a) If you receive an unsettling message such as this, do not respond immediately. No matter how justified or outraged you feel, your emotions will get the better of your ability to express your thoughts and, ironically enough, you may end up appearing the aggressor.

b) There are certainly people who can push us over the edge of civilized decorum. The question is how to respond to them. In this case, perhaps it’s best not to respond at all. The writer is clearly upset and resentful, perhaps even insecure about something you may have said or suggested.

c) Some people can send us letters and e-mail messages that are clearly hostile or nasty and tempt us to respond in kind. At times maybe we should. How would you feel if you received this message? Whose job do you think you can do better? Mine or yours? Most likely you’d feel like socking the person who sent it.

* intrude upon ~에 침범하다 * sock 세게 치다 * decorum 예의, 점잖음

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[4] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 우리 가족에서 대학학위는 필수이다. 부모님은 교육은 투자이고 보상을 주며 돈,사랑과 같이 사라지는 것이 아니라 하셨다. 이러한 생각은 결핍된 이민자 가족에게 큰 의미를 주었다. 부모님의 전문능력과 우리의 대학학위는 더 좋은 삶을 약속해주었다. 학위가 없는 어메리칸 드림은 없는 것 같다.

This thinking had acquired greater meaning in our new context as recent immigrants facing significant scarcity.

Within my family, obtaining a university degree was never presented as a choice. I was exceptionally lucky because my parents always cultivated in my sister and me deep admiration for academic and professional achievement. As I grew up, my parents would repeat again and again that education was an investment that would always yield returns. ①They convinced us that knowledge was the one thing in life nobody could take away from you. ②Money, properties, even loved ones could disappear. ③But not knowledge. ④In these circumstances, the promise of a better life depended on my parents’ ability to exercise their professions in the United States and on the education my sister and I could obtain. ⑤There seemed to be no American Dream without a college degree.

[4-2] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 위 글 참조

Within my family, obtaining a university degree was never presented as a choice. I was exceptionally lucky because my parents always cultivated in my sister and me deep admiration for academic and professional achievement.

a) Money, properties, even loved ones could disappear. But not knowledge. This thinking had acquired greater meaning in our new context as recent immigrants facing significant scarcity.

b) In these circumstances, the promise of a better life depended on my parents’ ability to exercise their professions in the United States and on the education my sister and I could obtain. There seemed to be no American Dream without a college degree.

c) As I grew up, my parents would repeat again and again that education was an investment that would always yield returns. They convinced us that knowledge was the one thing in life nobody could take away from you.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[4-3] 다음 지문 중 어법상 잘못된 곳을 고르세요.

1번 뒤에 deep admiration 이라는 목적어가 존재합니다.

Within my family, obtaining a university degree was never presented as a choice. I was exceptionally lucky because my parents always ①was cultivated in my sister and me deep admiration for academic and professional achievement. As I grew up, my parents ②would repeat again and again that education was an investment that would always yield returns. They convinced us ③that knowledge was the one thing in life nobody could take away from you. Money, properties, even loved ones could disappear. But not knowledge. This thinking had acquired greater meaning in our new context as recent immigrants ④facing significant scarcity. In these circumstances, the promise of a better life ⑤depended on my parents’ ability to exercise their professions in the United States and on the education my sister and I could obtain. There seemed to be no American Dream without a college degree.

[8] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 마지막 순간에 글을 쓰지 마라. 생각이 멈추고 논리적 사고능력에 손상을 가진다. 그래서 불가피하게 실수를 하게 된다. 하루 정도 일찍 글을 완성하고 바로 보내지 말아라. 대신 하루나 하룻밤 미루어두고 글을 다시 검토해라. 단 큰소리로 읽으면서 검토하면 빠진 것이나 실수한 것들이 드러난다.

Avoid the myth that writing is easier at the last minute.

a) Inevitably, last- minute writing results in embarrassing mistakes, omissions, and a lack of clarity. Finish a day ahead of time, and review your work the next day. Never post, publish, or submit a project immediately after you finish writing. Instead, put it aside for an hour, or — even better — overnight.

b) It’s a popular, but dangerous myth. Last-minute deadlines are more likely to create stress that can paralyze your thinking and ability to write. You may feel “energized” by the stress, but the stress also undermines your ability to make logical connections and correct choices while writing.

c) Then, carefully review what you’ve written. Always read what you’ve written out loud. Reading out loud will reveal errors and omissions that you didn’t notice the previous day. Reading out loud helps you locate run-on sentences, awkward phrases, and unnecessary ideas.

* run-on sentence 무종지문 (2개 이상의 문장이나 독립된 절을 접속사 없이 연결한 것)

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[8-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 큰소리로 읽는 이야기가 처음 나옴. 그래서 바로 아래 큰 소리로 나오는 이야기가 연결되어진다.

Always read what you’ve written out loud.

Avoid the myth that writing is easier at the last minute. It’s a popular, but dangerous myth. Last-minute deadlines are more likely to create stress that can paralyze your thinking and ability to write. You may feel “energized” by the stress, but the stress also undermines your ability to make logical connections and correct choices while writing. Inevitably, last- minute writing results in embarrassing mistakes, omissions, and a lack of clarity. Finish a day ahead of time, and review your work the next day. ①Never post, publish, or submit a project immediately after you finish writing. ②Instead, put it aside for an hour, or — even better — overnight. ③Then, carefully review what you’ve written. ④Reading out loud will reveal errors and omissions that you didn’t notice the previous day. ⑤Reading out loud helps you locate run-on sentences, awkward phrases, and unnecessary ideas.

[9] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는 ?

3번 작곡가는 점과 선으로 음악을 작곡하고 그것을 연주자가 읽어서 소리를 낸다. 이것으로 소리는 마치 언어하고 비슷하다고 할 수 있는데 사실 음악은 언어 그 이상의 기능을 한다. 소세지라는 구체적인 단어를 음으로 나타낼 수는 없지만 여러 가지 감정들을 표현할 수 있다. 단어는 만약 이렇게 많은 의미들을 표현하려면 탈진을 하고 말 것이다.

Composers compose music. They write down a series of dots and lines on a page; then performers come along with their instruments and voices, look at the dots and lines on the page, and make sounds from them. It’s all very mysterious. Or is it?

a) On the other hand, a musical sentence, or phrase, can sound happy, sad, thoughtful, nostalgic and eager — all at the same time! Words would get exhausted if they tried to express as many meanings as that.

b) After all, these words you’re reading are just another series of dots and lines; you know what they mean, so you can look at them and make sounds (and sense) from them. So maybe music is really just another language, with its own meaning; but there IS something more magical about music than about any other language.

c) The range of sounds is far, far huger than that of any spoken language; and because they aren’t tied to any specific meaning, the sounds can express much more. There’s no musical sound meaning ‘sausage’ or ‘dirty laundry’, for instance.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[9-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 위 설명 참조

On the other hand, a musical sentence, or phrase, can sound happy, sad, thoughtful, nostalgic and eager — all at the same time!

Composers compose music. They write down a series of dots and lines on a page; then performers come along with their instruments and voices, look at the dots and lines on the page, and make sounds from them. It’s all very mysterious. Or is it?  ①After all, these words you’re reading are just another series of dots and lines; you know what they mean, so you can look at them and make sounds (and sense) from them. ②So maybe music is really just another language, with its own meaning; but there IS something more magical about music than about any other language. ③The range of sounds is far, far huger than that of any spoken language; and because they aren’t tied to any specific meaning, the sounds can express much more. ④There’s no musical sound meaning ‘sausage’ or ‘dirty laundry’, for instance. ⑤Words would get exhausted if they tried to express as many meanings as that.

[10] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

5번 특정한 설명이 가장 좋다고 생각할 때 항상 여러 가지 대안책을 고민해봐라. 과학에서 화학자가 하나의 현상에 대한 명백한 설명을 거부하는 것은 그들이 다른 설명들을 생각할 수 있기 때문이다. 마찬가지로 도덕적 판단을 할 때에도 그들이 무엇을 할 수 있었는지 상상해봐라. 만약 다른 대안책이 있었다면 그들을 혹독하게 비난하겠지만 그게 아니라면 그들에게 관대한 판단을 할 것이다.

In judging that a particular explanation is the best one, you need to compare it with other possible explanations; and the more alternatives you are able to imagine, the better your judgement is likely to be. In science, a chemist working with the same data as their colleagues may reject an ‘obvious’ explanation of the phenomena because they have the intellectual ability to imagine a range of different explanations and the judgement to be able to choose between them. Similarly, when you make a moral judgement about someone’s behaviour, not only do you need to look at what they actually did, but you also need to imagine                 . If someone does something bad, your judgement is likely to be harsher if you think there were better choices available to them, and more lenient if you think they really had no choice.  * lenient 관대한

① what they need to do

② what they want to do

③ what they didn’t do then

④ what they didn't have then

⑤ what they could have done

[10-2] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

3번 위 설명 참조

In judging that a particular explanation is the best one, you need to compare it with other possible explanations; and the more           you are able to imagine, the better your judgement is likely to be. In science, a chemist working with the same data as their colleagues may reject an ‘obvious’ explanation of the phenomena because they have the intellectual ability to imagine a range of different explanations and the judgement to be able to choose between them. Similarly, when you make a moral judgement about someone’s behaviour, not only do you need to look at what they actually did, but you also need to imagine what they could have done. If someone does something bad, your judgement is likely to be harsher if you think there were better choices available to them, and more lenient if you think they really had no choice.  * lenient 관대한

① expectations     ② solutions      ③ alternatives

④ strategies      ⑤ theories

[10-3] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 위 설명 참조

In judging that a particular explanation is the best one, you need to compare it with other possible explanations; and the more alternatives you are able to imagine, the better your judgement is likely to be.

a) Similarly, when you make a moral judgement about someone’s behaviour, not only do you need to look at what they actually did, but you also need to imagine what they could have done.

b) In science, a chemist working with the same data as their colleagues may reject an ‘obvious’ explanation of the phenomena because they have the intellectual ability to imagine a range of different explanations and the judgement to be able to choose between them.

c) If someone does something bad, your judgement is likely to be harsher if you think there were better choices available to them, and more lenient if you think they really had no choice.                    * lenient 관대한

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[11] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 생산성 문제 해결은 임금이 상승하는 이익이 있지만 임금 격차가 심해진다. 낮은 가치의 직업은 제3세계나 자동화로 거의 사라지게 되고 높은 가치의 높은 월급을 받는 직업만이 높은 교육을 받은 노동력을 요구하게 된다. 그래서 고학력 노동자가 성공할 가능성이 높아진다.

Solving the productivity problem is a double-edged sword. As soon as the business sector raises productivity and salaries start to rise in absolute terms, wage disparities between poorly trained and highly trained workers are likely to become more pronounced.

a) While the rising tide of higher salaries will lift more people above the poverty line, the income differences among different sectors of society are likely to grow.

b) The remaining high-value, high-paying jobs are thus likely to require an increasingly well-educated labor force. In an economy dominated by innovation and mass customization, the highly skilled and the highly trained are likely to prosper.

c) As companies strive to become more productive as well as more innovative in differentiating their products from their competitors, they will increasingly either spin off low- paying, low-value jobs to Third World countries or eliminate them altogether through automation.

*  disparity 차이, 격차 * spin off ~을 분리하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

11강. [1] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 전설적인 복서 알리는 포기하지 말고 평생을 챔피언으로 살라고 하며 실패는 약하다고 생각하였다. 이와 다르게 맹목적인 목표 헌신은 감정, 에너지의 낭비를 초래할 수 있다. 그 예시가 캘리포니아 골드러쉬이다. 황금열은 사람들의 삶에 심리적인 질을 감소시켰고 그것은 목표를 성취하지 않는 것의 부정적인 측면에만 집중해서 생겨난 일이다.

To many people, having a goal is synonymous with commitment, and commitment to a goal — in turn — is nearly synonymous with success.

a) As you might guess, we challenge the notion that giving up (an indisputable psychological discomfort, by the way) is so awful. Blind devotion to goals has led to, among other things, “gold fever,” most often associated with the California Gold Rush, when miners expended enormous physical, emotional, and financial capital in their fruitless pursuit of riches.

b) In fact, researcher Eva Pomerantz of the University of Illinois argues that heavy investment in a goal can erode a person’s psychological quality of life by creating a spike in their anxiety. This is especially true when people push themselves by focusing on the potential negative impact of not achieving their goals.

c) Legendary boxer Muhammad Ali once remarked, “I hated every minute of training but I said, ‘Don’t quit. Suffer now and live the rest of your life as a champion.’’’ And there you have it — the clear sentiment that doubling down on goals is more likely to lead to success. Quitting, on the other hand, is reserved for the morally and physically weak.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[1] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 위 글과 아래글이 바뀌는 부분 (위 글 참조)

As you might guess, we challenge the notion that giving up (an indisputable psychological discomfort, by the way) is so awful.

To many people, having a goal is synonymous with commitment, and commitment to a goal — in turn — is nearly synonymous with success. Legendary boxer Muhammad Ali once remarked, “I hated every minute of training but I said, ‘Don’t quit. Suffer now and live the rest of your life as a champion.’’’ ①And there you have it — the clear sentiment that doubling down on goals is more likely to lead to success. ②Quitting, on the other hand, is reserved for the morally and physically weak. ③Blind devotion to goals has led to, among other things, “gold fever,” most often associated with the California Gold Rush, when miners expended enormous physical, emotional, and financial capital in their fruitless pursuit of riches. ④In fact, researcher Eva Pomerantz of the University of Illinois argues that heavy investment in a goal can erode a person’s psychological quality of life by creating a spike in their anxiety. ⑤This is especially true when people push themselves by focusing on the potential negative impact of not achieving their goals.

[1-3] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 문장은?

2번 위 글 참조

To many people, having a goal is synonymous with commitment, and commitment to a goal — in turn — is nearly synonymous with success. Legendary boxer Muhammad Ali once remarked, “I hated every minute of training but I said, ‘Don’t quit. Suffer now and live the rest of your life as a champion.’’’ And there you have it — the clear sentiment that doubling down on goals is more likely to lead to success. Quitting, on the other hand, is reserved for the morally and physically weak. As you might guess, we challenge the notion that giving up (an indisputable psychological discomfort, by the way) is so awful.                         has led to, among other things, “gold fever,” most often associated with the California Gold Rush, when miners expended enormous physical, emotional, and financial capital in their fruitless pursuit of riches. In fact, researcher Eva Pomerantz of the University of Illinois argues that heavy investment in a goal can erode a person’s psychological quality of life by creating a spike in their anxiety. This is especially true when people push themselves by focusing on the potential negative impact of not achieving their goals.

① Being morally weak

② Blind devotion to goals

③ Ignoring effort on goals

④ Commitment to assciation

⑤ Staying in the comfort zone

[2]  다음 지문의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

3번 appease 로 고쳐야 한다. 수산업 업체들에 요구를 들어주는 정치인들에 대한 이야기이다.

Our insatiable appetite for seafood, coupled with the brutal efficiency of our industrial fishing technologies, has wreaked havoc. But above all, it has been a combination of government ①weakness, industrial greed and a scientific community lacking the courage to sound the alarm that has resulted in one of the greatest ecological tragedies of our time. Decision-makers have routinely ②ignored the warning signs. The reason is that they have been frightened of upsetting the ‘fishing lobby’. As a result, they have set hopelessly unrealistic quotas, and have gone out of their way to ③regulate industrial fishing companies. For example, in November 2008, the inappropriately named International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) set a catch quota for blue fin tuna that is nearly 50 per cent ④higher than its own scientists advise. Citing concern for jobs, livelihoods and consumer interest, politicians have brought fish stocks to the brink of collapse, and by their failure, they ⑤threaten the very people in whose interests they claim to be acting.

* insatiable 만족할 줄 모르는 * wreak havoc 많은 문제를 초래하다

[2-2] 다음 글의 어법상 잘못된 것은 ?

2번 의사결정자들이 겁을 먹은 것이기 때문에 frightened 라 써야합니다.

Our insatiable appetite for seafood, coupled with the brutal efficiency of our industrial fishing technologies, has wreaked havoc. But above all, it has been a combination of government weakness, industrial greed and a scientific community ①lacking the courage to sound the alarm that has resulted in one of the greatest ecological tragedies of our time. Decision-makers have routinely ignored the warning signs. The reason is that they have been ②frightening of upsetting the ‘fishing lobby’. As a result, they have set hopelessly unrealistic quotas, and have gone out of their way to appease industrial fishing companies. For example, in November 2008, the inappropriately named International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) ③set a catch quota for blue fin tuna that is nearly 50 per cent higher than its own scientists advise. ④Citing concern for jobs, livelihoods and consumer interest, politicians have brought fish stocks to the brink of collapse, and by their failure, they threaten the very people in ⑤whose interests they claim to be acting.

* insatiable 만족할 줄 모르는 * wreak havoc 많은 문제를 초래하다 * appease 요구를 들어주다

[3] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 real time data 가 이제 보안문제 그 이상으로 나아간다고 하였다. 그래서 위 글에서는 보안과 관련된 이야기를 해야하고 밑에서는 다른 주제에 대해 이야기를 해야 한다.

But the influence of ‘real time’ data now extends well beyond matters of security.

We live in times when speed of reaction often takes precedence over slower and more cautious assessments. ①As we become more attuned to ‘real time’ events and media, we inevitably end up placing more trust in sensation and emotion than in evidence. ②Knowledge becomes more valued for its speed and impact than for its cold objectivity, and emotive falsehood often travels faster than fact. ③In situations of physical danger, where time is of the essence, rapid reaction makes sense. ④News, financial markets, friendships and work engage us in a constant flow of information, making it harder to stand back and construct a more reliable portrait of any of them. ⑤The threat lurking in this is that otherwise peaceful situations can come to feel dangerous, until eventually they really are.

* lurk 잠재하다, 숨어 있다

[3-2]  다음 중 어법상 잘못된 것은?

3번 종속절의 자리입니다. 뒤에 주절이 있습니다. 그래서 where을 써야합니다.

We live in times when speed of reaction often takes precedence over slower and more cautious assessments. As we become more attuned to ‘real time’ events and media, we inevitably end up ①placing more trust in sensation and emotion than in evidence. Knowledge becomes more valued for its speed and impact than for its cold objectivity, and emotive falsehood often ②travels faster than fact. In situations of physical danger, ③their time is of the essence, rapid reaction makes sense. But the influence of ‘real time’ data now extends well beyond matters of security. News, financial markets, friendships and work engage us in a constant flow of information, making it harder to stand back and ④construct a more reliable portrait of any of them. The threat lurking in this is that otherwise peaceful situations can come to feel dangerous, until eventually they really ⑤are. * lurk 잠재하다, 숨어 있다

[4] 다음 지문의 알맞은 위치는?

4번 통계적인 유의미를 추구하는 집단은 자료를 통합시키고 무의미를 추구하는 집단은 자료를 분해한다. 그 예시로 여자교수와 의대 사이에 고소 사건에서 여교수쪽은 자료를 통합하여 자료의 유의미성을 나타내려고 했지만 대학쪽은 자료를 학부별로 분해하여 그 자료가 실제로 연관성이 없음을 밝혔다. 학부가 성별과 입학 사이에 관계없음을 밝히는 변수였다.

When the figures were broken down by department, however, it appeared that in most departments the women’s acceptance rate was higher than the men’s.

Quite often, a party seeking to show statistical significance combines data from different sources to create larger numbers, and hence greater significance for a given disparity. Conversely, a party seeking to avoid finding significance disaggregates data insofar as possible. ①In a discrimination suit brought by female faculty members of a medical school, plaintiffs aggregated faculty data over several years, while the school based its statistics on separate departments and separate years. ②The argument for disaggregation is that pooled data may be quite misleading. ③A well-known study showed that at the University of California at Berkeley female applicants for graduate admissions were accepted at a lower rate than male applicants. ④The reason for the reversal was that women applied in greater numbers to departments with lower acceptance rates than to the departments to which men predominantly applied. ⑤The departments were therefore variables that confounded the association between sex and admission.  * disaggregate 구성요소로 분해하다 * plaintiff (민사 소송의) 원고

[4-2] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

1번 위 글 참조

Quite often, a party seeking to show statistical significance combines data from different sources to create larger numbers, and hence greater significance for a given disparity. Conversely, a party seeking to avoid finding significance disaggregates data insofar as possible. In a discrimination suit brought by female faculty members of a medical school, plaintiffs aggregated faculty data over several years, while the school based its statistics on separate departments and separate years. The argument for disaggregation is that pooled data may be quite misleading. A well-known study showed that at the University of California at Berkeley female applicants for graduate admissions were accepted at a lower rate than male applicants. When the figures were broken down by department, however, it appeared that in most departments the women’s acceptance rate was higher than the men’s. The reason for the reversal was that women applied in greater numbers to departments with lower acceptance rates than to the departments to which men predominantly applied.              were therefore variables that confounded the association between sex and admission.          * disaggregate 구성요소로 분해하다 * plaintiff (민사 소송의) 원고

① The departments         ② The applicants

③ its statistics             ④ The years

⑤ The imaginations

[4-3] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 위 글 참조

Quite often, a party seeking to show statistical significance combines data from different sources to create larger numbers, and hence greater significance for a given disparity. Conversely, a party seeking to avoid finding significance disaggregates data insofar as possible.

a) The reason for the reversal was that women applied in greater numbers to departments with lower acceptance rates than to the departments to which men predominantly applied. The departments were therefore variables that confounded the association between sex and admission.

b) In a discrimination suit brought by female faculty members of a medical school, plaintiffs aggregated faculty data over several years, while the school based its statistics on separate departments and separate years. The argument for disaggregation is that pooled data may be quite misleading.

c) A well-known study showed that at the University of California at Berkeley female applicants for graduate admissions were accepted at a lower rate than male applicants. When the figures were broken down by department, however, it appeared that in most departments the women’s acceptance rate was higher than the men’s.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[8] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 연인들간에 감추는 것으로 거짓말을 하는 이유는 첫 번째 발각되지 않는다는 것. 정보가 제공되면 거짓말 탐지가 가능하지만 감추면 어떤 정보도 제공하지 않는다는 것. 게다가 그럴듯한 이야기를 마들어 낼 필요가 없는 것. 거짓말이나 과장을 하게 되면 세부사항을 기억해야 하는 단점이 또 있다. 하지만 감추면 기억해야할 것이 없다.

When romantic partners lie to each other they do so relatively often by concealing information.

a) There are several reasons as to why liars prefer concealments. First of all, they are difficult to detect. Once information is provided, lie detectors can verify the accuracy of this information by searching for further evidence that supports or contradicts it.

b) Another problem with telling an outright lie or exaggerating is that liars need to remember the details they provided in case the topic of the lie comes up on subsequent occasions. However, they don’t need to remember anything if they don’t provide information (concealment).

c) In the case of concealments, however, no information is given. Moreover, concealing information is relatively easy. When telling an outright lie or when exaggerating, a liar should invent a story that sounds plausible, whereas nothing needs to be invented when concealing information.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[8-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 위 글 참조 ( 2번 아래에 moreover 다음에 감추는 것의 추가적 이점을 이야기했으므로 그 위에 감추는 것의 좋은 점이 한번 이야기되어야 한다.)

In the case of concealments, however, no information is given.

When romantic partners lie to each other they do so relatively often by concealing information. There are several reasons as to why liars prefer concealments. First of all, they are difficult to detect. ①Once information is provided, lie detectors can verify the accuracy of this information by searching for further evidence that supports or contradicts it. ②Moreover, concealing information is relatively easy. ③When telling an outright lie or when exaggerating, a liar should invent a story that sounds plausible, whereas nothing needs to be invented when concealing information. ④Another problem with telling an outright lie or exaggerating is that liars need to remember the details they provided in case the topic of the lie comes up on subsequent occasions. ⑤However, they don’t need to remember anything if they don’t provide information (concealment).

[8-3] 다음 중 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 것을 고르세요.

3번 상대의 감정 손상을 막기 위해 거짓된 칭찬을 하는 것에 대한 이야기는 이 글 주제와 어울리지 않는다.

When romantic partners lie to each other they do so relatively often by concealing information. There are several reasons as to why liars prefer concealments. First of all, they are difficult to detect. Once information is provided, lie detectors can verify the accuracy of this information by searching for further evidence that supports or contradicts it. ①In the case of concealments, however, no information is given. Moreover, concealing information is relatively easy. ②When telling an outright lie or when exaggerating, a liar should invent a story that sounds plausible, whereas nothing needs to be invented when concealing information. ③Friends and romantic partners might lie to each other by delivering false praise with the intention of preventing emotional harm. ④Another problem with telling an outright lie or exaggerating is that liars need to remember the details they provided in case the topic of the lie comes up on subsequent occasions. ⑤However, they don’t need to remember anything if they don’t provide information (concealment).

[9] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현을 고르세요.

5번 범죄 현장 조사시에 훈련된 별개의 조사 인력이 필요하고 분야마다 별개의 현장조사관들이 다루는 것을 원칙으로 하지만 연구소에서는 오염을 방지하기 위해 같은 조사관이 조사를 진행해야 한다.

Control of the crime scene is obviously important. This can be done by establishing the boundary of the scene (be it a location, item, or person) and protecting it. The establishment of a cordon at a major crime scene, marking it with incident tape and protecting it with police officers, is the common practice. The same principles apply if the examination is that of a person (a suspect, victim, or witness), recovered vehicle, or any other item. The recording of the names of those who enter and leave the defined scene (or come into contact with it) and at what time maintains the integrity of the scene management process. The scene or investigation also extends to persons removed from the scene and those who may be potentially connected with it. The availability of trained crime scene investigators to examine such scenes may not always be adequate.  It is a long-established principle that all areas such as scene, victim, vehicle, and suspect should be dealt with by                    . But at some stage, most often in the laboratory, items will be examined and compared by the same scientist, where systems are also required to ensure that there is no contamination.              * Gordon (경찰이 진입을 통제하는) 저지선

① collective and imaginative ideas

② consistent statements

③ scientific management process

④ various investigation processes

⑤ separate scene investigators

[10] 다음 지문의 어법상 잘못된 부분을 고르세요.

5번 동사가 필요한 자리입니다. recovered 라고 쓰면 됩니다.

In a study, 77 undergraduate students were interviewed. During these interviews, they were presented with various events (e.g., falling on their head, getting a painful wound, or being sent to a hospital emergency room). They ①were told that, according to their parents, these events had occurred in their childhood. The interviewer gave further details about the events supposedly given by the parents. ②Unknown to the interviewees, the events were invented by the researchers and had never ③happened to the participants according to their parents. Guided imagery instructions were given to the participants to help them ④generate images for the false event (e.g., “Visualize what it might have been like and the memory will probably come back to you”). Results indicated that 26% of students “⑤recovering” a complete memory for the false event, and another 30% recalled aspects of the false experience.

[11] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 소음은 수행력에 영향을 준다. 하지만 명확하게 구분할 순 없다. 일반적으로 소음 소리가 크면 업무에 방해가 된다. 일이 어려울 때 소음은 업무력을 감소시키지만 일이 단순하고 반복되면 업무력은 증가한다. 이렇나 강화효과는 소음이 사람의 자각을 강화시키고 지루함을 감소시키기 때문이다. 불행하게도, 이러한 결과는 대게 실험실에서 발견된 것이고 일반화 할 순 없다.

Noise is often thought to affect performance, as anyone who has tried to concentrate in a noisy environment can attest.

a) Simple or routine tasks, on the other hand, are typically not affected by noise, and sometimes noise increases performance on simple tasks. This enhancement effect probably occurs because the noise acts as a stressor, raising the person’s arousal level and therefore weakening the boredom associated with the task.

b) Unfortunately, most of the evidence on task performance under noisy conditions comes from laboratory experiments. Based on the research conducted so far, we cannot assess whether the findings of lab research on noise will generalize to less controlled conditions in real work settings.

c) High intensity noise clearly is related to a generalized stress response. However, the effects of noise on performance are far from clear-cut. In general, task performance is only impaired at very high noise intensities. Performance deficits are particularly obvious for difficult or demanding tasks.                   * attest 입증하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[11-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 위 글 참조

Unfortunately, most of the evidence on task performance under noisy conditions comes from laboratory experiments.

Noise is often thought to affect performance, as anyone who has tried to concentrate in a noisy environment can attest. High intensity noise clearly is related to a generalized stress response. However, the effects of noise on performance are far from clear-cut. ①In general, task performance is only impaired at very high noise intensities. ②Performance deficits are particularly obvious for difficult or demanding tasks. ③Simple or routine tasks, on the other hand, are typically not affected by noise, and sometimes noise increases performance on simple tasks. ④This enhancement effect probably occurs because the noise acts as a stressor, raising the person’s arousal level and therefore weakening the boredom associated with the task. ⑤Based on the research conducted so far, we cannot assess whether the findings of lab research on noise will generalize to less controlled conditions in real work settings. * attest 입증하다

[11-3] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 문장을 고르세요.

1번 위 글 참조

Noise is often thought to affect performance, as anyone who has tried to concentrate in a noisy environment can attest. High intensity noise clearly is related to a generalized stress response. However, the effects of noise on performance are           . In general, task performance is only impaired at very high noise intensities. Performance deficits are particularly obvious for difficult or demanding tasks. Simple or routine tasks, on the other hand, are typically not affected by noise, and sometimes noise increases performance on simple tasks. This enhancement effect probably occurs because the noise acts as a stressor, raising the person’s arousal level and therefore weakening the boredom associated with the task. Unfortunately, most of the evidence on task performance under noisy conditions comes from laboratory experiments. Based on the research conducted so far, we cannot assess whether the findings of lab research on noise will generalize to less controlled conditions in real work settings.          * attest 입증하다

① far from clear-cut

② unlimited to specific conditions

③ weakening in social presence

④ independent from work styles

⑤ offset by the boredom

[11-4]  다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 3번 지문의 맨 처음에 “이러한 강화”라는 단어를 위 글에서 받아주기 위해 삽입문장이 필요하다.

Simple or routine tasks, on the other hand, are typically not affected by noise, and sometimes noise increases performance on simple tasks.

Noise is often thought to affect performance, as anyone who has tried to concentrate in a noisy environment can attest. High intensity noise clearly is related to a generalized stress response. However, the effects of noise on performance are far from clear-cut. ①In general, task performance is only impaired at very high noise intensities. ②Performance deficits are particularly obvious for difficult or demanding tasks. ③This enhancement effect probably occurs because the noise acts as a stressor, raising the person’s arousal level and therefore weakening the boredom associated with the task. ④Unfortunately, most of the evidence on task performance under noisy conditions comes from laboratory experiments. ⑤Based on the research conducted so far, we cannot assess whether the findings of lab research on noise will generalize to less controlled conditions in real work settings.            * attest 입증하다

12강. 1] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

5번 정리를 하는 것이 당신의 감성을 손상없도록 도와준다.

Clutter beats us up psychologically and physically. It clouds our minds, making it difficult to access what truly matters in our lives. According to Ab Jackson, a fellow organizer, “Are you a person that buys things that you don’t need, with money that you don’t have, to impress people that you don’t even like?” Sound familiar? How reassuring would it be to get organized in a way that not only helps you cope with the basic demands of life but also gives you more energy and joy? How about a way that actually resonates with what is easy for your unique brain? We only have so much life force, so much chi, pran, or energy. Why spend it performing tasks that don’t match your prewired tendencies? How can we learn to do this with less stress and more grace; even, dare I say, a sense of satisfaction and pleasure? Here is where              can greatly assist you in feeling intact, leading a life that is proactive rather than reactive, purposeful, and ultimately satisfying. * clutter 어수선함 * resonate with ~와 공명하다 * proactive 주도하는

① the basic demands of life

② money that you don’t have

③ what is easy for your unique brain

④ avoiding what truly matters in life

⑤ your own organizing skills

[2] 다음 중 글의 흐름에 맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

4번 same 이 맞습니다. tv는 하나의 좋은 프로그램을 수백만명의 시청자들에게 보내지만 인터넷은 수백만개의 프로그램을 개인의 소비자에게 보낼 수 있다 그래서 방송 시대는 동시에 같은 프로그램을 보내는 것을 요구하지만 그것은 지점 대 지점 통신에 최적화 된 광대역 시대의 경우 반대로 같은 프로그램 동시 송출은 자원 낭비이다.

TV shows were more popular in the seventies than they are now not because they were better, but because we had fewer alternatives to ①compete for our screen attention. What we thought was the rising tide of common culture actually turned out to be less about the triumph of Hollywood talent and more to do with the sheepherding effect of broadcast distribution. The great thing about broadcast is that it can bring one show to millions of people with unmatchable ②efficiency. But it can’t do the opposite — bring a million shows to one person each. Yet that is exactly what the Internet does so well. The economics of the broadcast era required hit shows — big buckets — to catch ③huge audiences. The economics of the broadband era are reversed. Serving the ④diverse stream to millions of people at the same time is hugely expensive and wasteful for a distribution network ⑤optimized for point-to-point communications.

sheepherding effect 양떼 효과 (무리에서 혼자 뒤쳐지거나 동떨어진 것을 싫어해서 따라하는 현상) * broadband era 광대역(고속 데이터 통신망) 시대

[2-2] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 위 해설 참조

TV shows were more popular in the seventies than they are now not because they were better, but because we had fewer alternatives to compete for our screen attention.

a) What we thought was the rising tide of common culture actually turned out to be less about the triumph of Hollywood talent and more to do with the sheepherding effect of broadcast distribution. The great thing about broadcast is that it can bring one show to millions of people with unmatchable efficiency.

b)The economics of the broadband era are reversed. Serving the same stream to millions of people at the same time is hugely expensive and wasteful for a distribution network optimized for point-to-point communications.

c) But it can’t do the opposite — bring a million shows to one person each. Yet that is exactly what the Internet does so well. The economics of the broadcast era required hit shows — big buckets — to catch huge audiences.                                           sheepherding effect 양떼 효과

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[2-3] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 위 해설 참조

The economics of the broadband era are reversed.

TV shows were more popular in the seventies than they are now not because they were better, but because we had fewer alternatives to compete for our screen attention. What we thought was the rising tide of common culture actually turned out to be less about the triumph of Hollywood talent and more to do with the sheepherding effect of broadcast distribution. ①The great thing about broadcast is that it can bring one show to millions of people with unmatchable efficiency. ②But it can’t do the opposite — bring a million shows to one person each. ③Yet that is exactly what the Internet does so well. ④The economics of the broadcast era required hit shows — big buckets — to catch huge audiences. ⑤Serving the same stream to millions of people at the same time is hugely expensive and wasteful for a distribution network optimized for point-to-point communications.

sheepherding effect 양떼 효과

[3] 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 부분을 고르세요.

3번 동사 자리입니다. were recoreded 라 써야합니다.

In one study Barbara Weston and I attempted to determine whether or not 2- and 3-year- old babies would show evidence of familiarity to the perfume the mother ①wore during regular feedings. She would wear her own perfume and the same one each time. The perfumes included “L’Air du Temps’, ‘Jontu’ and ‘Maximi’. After a ②few such exposures, we tested the babies in the laboratory. The perfume was presented to the infant on a cotton swab and the babies’ sucking, respiration, general activity and heart rate ③recorded on a polygraph. There were two control groups: a test with an odourless cotton swab, and a test with another perfume, ‘Cachet’, ④which was not worn by any of the mothers in the experimental group. The results for 15 infants, 8 girls and 7 boys, ⑤showed 80 per cent response on trials with the perfume versus virtually zero with the odourless control. However, the infants responded about equally to mothers‘ perfume and the control perfume, ‘Cachet’. * cotton swab 면봉 * respiration 호흡 * polygraph 다원 기록기

[4] 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

1번 친환경 접착제를 개발하기 위해 친환경 원재료를 써서 환경 영향을 줄이고 정부는 규제를 통해 접착제 사용시 방출되는 오염 물질을 줄이려고 한다. 그래서 휘발성 물질의 양을 통제한다. 다른 상품의 경우 에너지를 절약하고 쓰레기를 줄이기 위해 낮은 온도에서도 접착제가 녹도록 하고 새로운 포장 기술로 쓰레기를 줄인다.

In addition to efforts to develop natural and more sustainable adhesive materials for commercial use, recent years have seen the emergence of a wide variety of “green adhesives.” Efforts to produce and market these have been associated not only with the use of more sustainable raw materials but also with minimizing the environmental impacts of adhesives, particularly with regard to reducing harmful compounds and solvents contained in the adhesives. A number of governments have introduced regulations on the chemical emissions produced when using adhesives. These regulations have attempted to place limits on the amount of volatile organic compounds contained in adhesive products, as these compounds are thought to release hazardous air pollutants posing both health and environmental risks. Other products are designed to                     . Low- temperature hot melt glues, for example, require less energy to melt and apply, and new cardboard and foil-based packaging has also been developed to reduce the landfill waste from plastic tube applicators.     * adhesive 접착성의; 접착제  * solvent 용제  * volatile 휘발성의

① save energy and reduce waste

② release hazardous air pollutants

③ reduce harmful compounds

④ reduce the effect of adhesives on health

⑤ heighten the melting point of glues

[4-2] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 위 설명 참조

In addition to efforts to develop natural and more sustainable adhesive materials for commercial use, recent years have seen the emergence of a wide variety of “green adhesives.”

a) Other products are designed to save energy and reduce waste. Low- temperature hot melt glues, for example, require less energy to melt and apply, and new cardboard and foil-based packaging has also been developed to reduce the landfill waste from plastic tube applicators.

b) A number of governments have introduced regulations on the chemical emissions produced when using adhesives. These regulations have attempted to place limits on the amount of volatile organic compounds contained in adhesive products, as these compounds are thought to release hazardous air pollutants posing both health and environmental risks.

c) Efforts to produce and market these have been associated not only with the use of more sustainable raw materials but also with minimizing the environmental impacts of adhesives, particularly with regard to reducing harmful compounds and solvents contained in the adhesives.

* adhesive 접착성의; 접착제  * solvent 용제  * volatile 휘발성의

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[4] 다음 중 글의 흐름과 어울리지 않는 문장을 고르세요.

4번 학교에 대한 이야기가 아닙니다.

In addition to efforts to develop natural and more sustainable adhesive materials for commercial use, recent years have seen the emergence of a wide variety of “green adhesives.” Efforts to produce and market these have been associated not only with the use of more sustainable raw materials but also with enhancing the environmental impacts of adhesives, particularly with regard to reducing harmful compounds and solvents contained in the adhesives. ①A number of governments have introduced regulations on the chemical emissions produced when using adhesives.②These regulations have attempted to place limits on the amount of volatile organic compounds contained in adhesive products, as these compounds are thought to release hazardous air pollutants posing both health and environmental risks. ③Other products are designed to save energy and reduce waste. ④ A lot of energy is used to heat and cool our school, so it takes a lot of public finance to maintain it. ⑤Low- temperature hot melt glues, for example, require less energy to melt and apply, and new cardboard and foil-based packaging has also been developed to reduce the landfill waste from plastic tube applicators.

* adhesive 접착성의; 접착제  * solvent 용제  * volatile 휘발성의

[8] 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 Maddy is bad 라 이야기를 하면 화자가 그에 대해 인정하지 않는 다는 것을 알지만 세부사항에 대해서는 전달하지 못한다. 반대로 Maddy is wick 라고 이야기를 하면 상대에 대한 Maddy의 전형적인 행동을 이해할 수 있어서 더 구체적이다. 물론 wick 도 많은 다양한 의미가 있지만 그럼에도 더 세부적이고 전형적인 언어 관습을 생각해보았을 때, 그녀의 도덕성에 대한 이야기임을 알게된다.

Imagine I tell you that Maddy is bad. Perhaps you infer from my intonation, or the context in which we are talking, that I mean morally bad.

a) But there is more detail nevertheless, perhaps a stronger connotation of the sort of person Maddy is. In addition, and again assuming typical linguistic conventions, you should also get a sense that I am disapproving of Maddy, or saying that you should disapprove of her, or similar, assuming that we are still discussing her moral character.

b) Additionally, you will probably infer that I am disapproving of Maddy, or saying that I think you should disapprove of her, or similar, given typical linguistic conventions and assuming I am sincere. However, you might not get a more detailed sense of the particular sorts of way in which Maddy is bad, her typical character traits, and the like, since people can be bad in many ways.

c) In contrast, if I say that Maddy is wicked, then you get more of a sense of her typical actions and attitudes to others. The word ‘wicked’ is more specific than ‘bad’. I have still not exactly pinpointed Maddy’s character since wickedness takes many forms.*connotation 함축 cf) denotation: (단어를 통한) 지시; 명시적 의미

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[8-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 위 글 참조

But there is more detail nevertheless, perhaps a stronger connotation of the sort of person Maddy is.

Imagine I tell you that Maddy is bad. Perhaps you infer from my intonation, or the context in which we are talking, that I mean morally bad. Additionally, you will probably infer that I am disapproving of Maddy, or saying that I think you should disapprove of her, or similar, given typical linguistic conventions and assuming I am sincere. ①However, you might not get a more detailed sense of the particular sorts of way in which Maddy is bad, her typical character traits, and the like, since people can be bad in many ways. ②In contrast, if I say that Maddy is wicked, then you get more of a sense of her typical actions and attitudes to others. ③The word ‘wicked’ is more specific than ‘bad’. ④I have still not exactly pinpointed Maddy’s character since wickedness takes many forms. ⑤In addition, and again assuming typical linguistic conventions, you should also get a sense that I am disapproving of Maddy, or saying that you should disapprove of her, or similar, assuming that we are still discussing her moral character.

* connotation 함축 cf) denotation: (단어를 통한) 지시; 명시적 의미

[9] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 파장이 너무 길어 망막에 손상을 주지 못하는 전자파는 적외선이라 하고 파장이 너무 짧아서 망막이나 세포에 손상을 주는 것을 자외선이라 한다. 이 사이에 가시광선을 중심으로 양쪽으로 나뉘는데 이 짧은 파를 가진 파장들은 세포를 변경시킬 만큼 강한 에너지가 있고 반대로 긴 파장은 에너지가 작아서 망막과 분자에 손상을 주지 못한다. 이 낮은 파가 생물학적으로 영향을 준다면 그것의 메커니즘은 모호할 것이다.

When electromagnetic wavelengths start to get too long to bend retinal (a biological chemical in the retina of the eye), we call them infrared because they are just below the visible color red.

a) Those wavelengths shorter than visible light carry more energy. The shorter wavelength radiations (think x-rays) carry enough energy that they go beyond simply bending molecules; they can actually break them. And it is the breaking of biological molecules that results in radiation’s adverse biological effects.

b) In contrast, those radiations with longer wavelengths carry much less energy than light (think radio waves), not even enough to bend retinal or other biological molecules. If these low energy radiations have biological effects, their mechanism is more obscure and beyond what we currently understand about biology.

c) When the wavelengths are a little too short to be seen we call them ultraviolet because they are just beyond the visible color violet. Visible light is squeezed in between the invisible infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths. If we consider visible light to be the dividing line within the universe of invisible electromagnetic waves, what can we say about wavelengths on either side of the visible? * bend 구조를 바꾸다 * retina (눈의 ) 망막

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[9] 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 부분을 고르세요.

4번 that 절의 동사가 필요합니다. results

When electromagnetic wavelengths start to get too long to bend retinal (a biological chemical in the retina of the eye), we call them infrared because they are just below the visible color red. When the wavelengths are a little too short to ①be seen we call them ultraviolet because they are just beyond the visible color violet. Visible light is squeezed in between the invisible infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths. If we consider visible light to be the dividing line within the universe of invisible electromagnetic waves, what can we say about wavelengths on either ②side of the visible? Those wavelengths shorter than visible light carry more energy. The shorter wavelength radiations (think x-rays) carry enough energy ③that they go beyond simply bending molecules; they can actually break them. And it is the breaking of biological molecules that ④resulting in radiation’s adverse biological effects. In contrast, those radiations with longer wavelengths carry much less energy than light (think radio waves), not even enough to bend retinal or other biological ⑤molecules. If these low energy radiations have biological effects, their mechanism is more obscure and beyond what we currently understand about biology.

[10] 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 고통은 혼자서 경험하는 것이므로 의사소통이 어렵다. 그래서 Elaine은 세상을 파괴하는 것이 고통이라 묘사하였다. 고통을 겪는 이는 혼자 겪기 때문에 확실하지만 그것에 대해 듣는 사람은 의심을 한다. 이러한 것들이 정치적인 논점이 되어 동정을 받을 사람과 그 정도에 대해 다른 관점을 가지게 한다. 예를 들어, 미국 보수주의자들은 고통을 겪는 사람들은 동정이나 구제를 받을 만하지 않다는 가혹한 관점을 가진다.

Pain has always been philosophically and politically problematic.

a) The sufferer feels alone with their pain, and depends on the capacity of others to empathize and to believe them. As Scarry puts it, ‘‘To have pain is to have certainty, to hear about pain is to have doubt:’ This generates its own political strains, as some sufferers are inevitably viewed as more credible than others, while some are assumed to exaggerate their pains.

b) Whereas physical injuries and diseases can be observed by others, pain has an apparently private quality, which potentially cuts the sufferer off from others. By its nature, it can be difficult to adequately communicate, a quality that led the cultural theorist Elaine Scarry to describe intense pain as “world-destroying.”

c) The politics of pain involves differing views of who deserves compassion and how much, a matter that generates its own distinctive political positions. For example, American conservatives have historically taken the harsher view that those in pain are less deserving of sympathy or pain relief.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

[10-2] 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 위 글 참조 (정치적 이야기가 처음 시작되는 부분)

This generates its own political strains, as some sufferers are inevitably viewed as more credible than others, while some are assumed to exaggerate their pains.

Pain has always been philosophically and politically problematic. Whereas physical injuries and diseases can be observed by others, pain has an apparently private quality, which potentially cuts the sufferer off from others. ①By its nature, it can be difficult to adequately communicate, a quality that led the cultural theorist Elaine Scarry to describe intense pain as “world-destroying.” ②The sufferer feels alone with their pain, and depends on the capacity of others to empathize and to believe them. ③As Scarry puts it, ‘‘To have pain is to have certainty, to hear about pain is to have doubt:’ ④The politics of pain involves differing views of who deserves compassion and how much, a matter that generates its own distinctive political positions. ⑤For example, American conservatives have historically taken the harsher view that those in pain are less deserving of sympathy or pain relief.

[10-3] 다음 지문의 어법상 바르지 않은 곳은?

4번 뒤에 동사가 없으므로 종속절이 안된다. its 라 써야한다.

Pain has always been philosophically and politically problematic. Whereas physical injuries and diseases can ①be observed by others, pain has an apparently private quality, which potentially cuts the sufferer off from others. By its nature, it can be difficult to adequately communicate, a quality ②that led the cultural theorist Elaine Scarry to describe intense pain as “world-destroying.” The sufferer feels alone with their pain, and ③depends on the capacity of others to empathize and to believe them. As Scarry puts it, ‘‘To have pain is to have certainty, to hear about pain is to have doubt:’ This generates ④whose own political strains, as some sufferers are inevitably viewed as more credible than others, while some are assumed to exaggerate their pains. The politics of pain involves differing views of who deserves compassion and how much, a matter that ⑤ generates its own distinctive political positions. For example, American conservatives have historically taken the harsher view that those in pain are less deserving of sympathy or pain relief.

[11] 다음 지문의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 문장을 고르세요.

2번 수메르 경제활동과 거래에서 합의를 위한 문자 또는 그림 문자 사용에 대한 글이다. Uruk 문화 재건 프로젝트는 이 글의 내용상 흐름이 맞지 않다

In the classic model of the Sumerian economy, the temple functioned as an administrative authority governing commodity production, collection, and redistribution. The discovery of administrative tablets from the temple complexes at Uruk suggests that token use and consequently writing evolved as a tool of centralized economic governance. ①Given the lack of archaeological evidence from Uruk-period domestic sites, it is not clear whether individuals also used the system for personal agreements. ②Some projects have started to recreate the ancient city of Uruk from the period around 3000 B.C., letting the history students experience how it looked like and how its citizens behaved in the past. ③For that matter, it is not clear how widespread literacy was at its beginnings. ④The use of identifiable symbols and pictograms on the early tablets is consistent with administrators needing a lexicon that was mutually intelligible by literate and nonliterate parties. ⑤As cuneiform script became more abstract, literacy must have become increasingly important to ensure one understood what he or she had agreed to.

* lexicon 어휘 목록 * cuneiform script 설형 문자

test1

1-3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 표정 특히 두려움에 대한 표정이 고정관념화 되어 있는 것은 어린 시절부터 교육, 방송 등에 의해서이다. 즉 우리의 표정은 문화 또는 학습에 의해 이루어진 것이라 할 수 있다.

If facial movements have so much variation within an emotion category like “Fear,” you might wonder why we find it so natural to believe that a wide- eyed face is the universal fear expression. The answer is that it’s a stereotype, a symbol that fits a well-known theme for “Fear” within our culture. Preschools teach these stereotypes to children: “People who scowl are angry. People who pout are sad.” They are cultural shorthands or conventions. You see them in cartoons, in advertisements, in the faces of dolls, in emojis — in an endless array of imagery and iconography. Textbooks teach these stereotypes to psychology students. Therapists teach them to their patients. The media spreads them widely throughout the Western world. “Now, wait just a minute,” you might be thinking. “Is she saying that our culture has created these expressions, and                                  ?” Well... yes.   *scowl 얼굴을 찡그리다   **pout 입을 삐쭉 내밀다  ***iconography 도상(종교나 신화에 대한 미술 작품에 나타난 인물 또는 형상)

① we need to break our stereotypes

② we have adopted minor cultures

③ we all have learned them

④ we do what we are born to do

⑤ we are affected by our biological trait

1-4. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 유치원 선생님이 시공간 기술에 집중하면 이러한 분야(위 글의 수학과학) 나중에 학생들의 학습에 긍정적 영향을 준다. 왜냐하면 어린 시절에 경험이 뇌 성장 과정을 강화해주기 때문이다.

Preschool teachers who focus on building their students’ visual-spatial skills enhance the development of these regions and positively influence students’ learning in subsequent years.

Students who struggle with visual-spatial working memory may have a difficult time with math and science tests. ①In order to do well on these kinds of tests, it is necessary to visualize and manipulate images. ②Think of how you solve physics problems or answer questions about cellular division. ③The brain needs to be able to picture these things, hold these images in mind, manipulate them, and then hold the answer in mind while the student records it on paper. ④Students who build their visual-spatial abilities early in life may be more successful later in fields of math and science. ⑤Because experience changes the brain, early experience strengthens these processes in the developing brain, making them more robust later in life.

*robust  강건한, 튼튼한

1-5. 다음 지문에서 어법상 잘못된 부분을 고르세요.

2번 앞에 require이 있다. that절 앞에 주장,제안,요구등의 단어가 있으면 that절의 동사에 should, 또는 should가 생략된 동사원형의 형태가 와야 한다. participate 라고 써야한다

On the basis of a knowledge of genre, etc., we as spectators will expect the film we are watching ①to follow a particular logic of development. So while we are watching the film we will always have expectations as to how it will continue. Films require that the audience ②participates actively in the ongoing process by making hypotheses about “what will happen next” and readjusting expectations accordingly and by adapting their expectations in accordance with this, Bordwell and Thompson write, ③emphasizing that our involvement in works of art depends to a great extent on such expectations. The point of course is ④that films and other works of fiction never take a direct route to their goal; they constantly refute our expectations and force us ⑤to change our hypotheses as to “what will happen next”, and often it is not the goal at all but the detour that is the most important thing.

*refute  ~이 틀렸음을 보이다

1-5-2. 다음 글에 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 영화 감상은 우리의 기대를 그대로 따라가는 것이 아니라 반박하는 것이고 우리는 기존 가설을 변화시키며 감상을 한다. refute

On the basis of a knowledge of genre, etc., we as spectators will expect the film we are watching to follow a particular ①logic of development. So while we are watching the film we will always have expectations as to how it will continue. Films require that the audience participate ②actively in the ongoing process by making hypotheses about “what will happen next” and ③readjusting expectations accordingly and by adapting their expectations in accordance with this, Bordwell and Thompson write, ④emphasizing that our involvement in works of art depends to a great extent on such expectations. The point of course is that films and other works of fiction never take a direct route to their goal; they constantly ⑤accept our expectations and force us to change our hypotheses as to “what will happen next”, and often it is not the goal at all but the detour that is the most important thing.

*refute  ~이 틀렸음을 보이다

1-6. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 스트레스는 사람들을 발전시켜 준다. 즉 스트레스에 의해 시작된 적응이 더 좋게 사람들을 변화시킨다. 한 실험에서 높은 역경은 정신을 안 좋게 하지만 적당한 역경은 역경을 겪지 않은 사람보다 더 건강하게 만들고 또 이어지는 실험에서 삶에서의 역경과 실험실에 스트레스에 대한 반응에 있어서도 유사한 관계가 있음을 드러내었다. 그래서 역경은 미래 스트레스의 회복력을 만들어준다.

Studies of people grappling with major health problems show that the majority of respondents report they derived benefits from their adversity.

a) Stressful events sometimes force people to develop new skills, reevaluate priorities, learn new insights, and acquire new strengths. In other words, the adaptation process initiated by stress can lead to personal changes for the better.

b) A follow-up study found a similar link between the amount of lifetime adversity and subjects’ responses to laboratory stressors. Intermediate levels of adversity were predictive of the greatest resilience. Thus, having to grapple with a moderate amount of stress may build resilience in the face of future stress.

c) One study that measured participants’ exposure to thirty-seven major negative events found a curvilinear relationship between lifetime adversity and mental health. High levels of adversity predicted poor mental health, as expected, but people who had faced intermediate levels of adversity were healthier than those who experienced little adversity, suggesting that moderate amounts of stress can foster resilience.

*grapple  with  ~을 해결하려고 노력하다, ~와 씨름하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

1-6-2. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 알맞은 단어는?

2번 역경 즉 적당한 스트레스나 부정적인 상황들은 정신적으로 건강하게 만들어 회복을 빠르게 하도록 해준다는 글.

Studies of people grappling with major health problems show that the majority of respondents report they derived benefits from their           . Stressful events sometimes force people to develop new skills, reevaluate priorities, learn new insights, and acquire new strengths. In other words, the adaptation process initiated by stress can lead to personal changes for the better. One study that measured participants’ exposure to thirty-seven major negative events found a curvilinear relationship between lifetime adversity and mental health. High levels of adversity predicted poor mental health, as expected, but people who had faced intermediate levels of adversity were healthier than those who experienced little adversity, suggesting that moderate amounts of stress can foster resilience. A follow-up study found a similar link between the amount of lifetime adversity and subjects’ responses to laboratory stressors. Intermediate levels of adversity were predictive of the greatest resilience. Thus, having to grapple with a moderate amount of stress may build resilience in the face of future stress.          *grapple  with  ~을 해결하려고 노력하다, ~와

①physical health      ②adversity        ③immune system

④network            ⑤predictability

1-7. 다음 지문에 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

2번 서로 잘 듣지 않음으로써 서로를 분리시키는 것이 더욱 강화되어 진다는 글. intensifying

We live in times of great change, in which much is being asked of us. We live at a time when we are less and less able to listen and really hear one another in society, at a time when those with ①different views, beliefs, or backgrounds are so easily cast as the “other.” At this time when great forces of political, social, economic, and environmental change are sweeping the globe and ②resisting our separation from self, others, and life, we need to learn how to speak and listen in a new way. We need to learn how to ③reperceive our world with fresh eyes, beyond inherited historical and economic structures of competition and separation that can so easily determine our relationships. True dialogue is more than the mere exchange of ideas. It is a ④transformative process based on trust and mutual respect, in which we come to see another in new and more accurate ways. As theologian David Lochhead explains, “it is a way of knowing truth that neither party ⑤possesses prior to the dialogue.”

1-9. 다음 글에서 잘못된 어법을 고르세요.

3번 leaving 이라고 써야함. 동사자리가 아님.

Kate Chopin was born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1850. Chopin’s Irish father died when she was five years old, ①leaving her to be raised by her mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother. At twenty, she married Oscar Chopin, and the couple settled in New Orleans, Louisiana. They moved around southern Louisiana, ②where she would learn much of the Creole Culture that would become instrumental in her writing. In 1882, her husband died, ③leaved her to raise their six children and with a large debt. Two years later, she moved back in with her mother, but her mother died the following year. In a depression, she sought help from her doctor, who suggested ④writing as a means to ease her grief and loss. By the 1890s, Chopin was finding not only comfort in her writing but also success with her short works. ⑤Stemming from that success, she began to write novels. Her second, published in 1899, The Awakening, would come to be regarded as her finest work but was largely criticized during her life.

1-12. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 텔레비전의 사회적 효과에 차이는 아이들의 경험과 정보의 차이이다. 예를 들어, sesame street 이라는 프로그램으로 원주민을 접한 아이들은 그 정보를 통해 그들과의 만남에 행동 모델을 가지지만 직접 원주민 주변에서 살아본 아이들은 더 다양한 방식을 가지게 된다. 그래서 프로그램이 이 아이에게도 행동 모델을 주긴 하지만 하나의 단일 모델이 아니라 관련된 다른 정보와 어울려서 자리를 잡게 될 것이다.

A determinant of developmental differences in the social effects of television is the amount of information or experience a child has accumulated. As children mature they are exposed to different people, actions, and norms. This provides a range of choices when they have an opportunity to perform or opine.

a) In contrast, a child who grows up close to a Puerto Rican enclave will understand much more about the variety of ways in which he or she could interact with Puerto Ricans.

b) Hopefully, Sesame Street will provide information for this child too, but the information will take its place alongside other relevant information rather than providing the single model for interaction.

c) For example, children who encounter Puerto Ricans only on Sesame Street may learn that interactions with them are always cordial and use that as a model for a first encounter with a live Puerto Rican.

*opine  의견을 말하다  **enclave  소수 민족 거주지

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

1-12-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 위 설명 참조.

A determinant of developmental differences in the social effects of television is                a child has accumulated. As children mature they are exposed to different people, actions, and norms. This provides a range of choices when they have an opportunity to perform or opine. For example, children who encounter Puerto Ricans only on Sesame Street may learn that interactions with them are always cordial and use that as a model for a first encounter with a live Puerto Rican. In contrast, a child who grows up close to a Puerto Rican enclave will understand much more about the variety of ways in which he or she could interact with Puerto Ricans. Hopefully, Sesame Street will provide information for this child too, but the information will take its place alongside other relevant information rather than providing the single model for interaction.

*opine  의견을 말하다  **enclave  소수 민족 거주지

① the quality of the single model from a program

② the frequency of television watching

③ the amount of information or experience

④ the education and knowledge in school

⑤ the number of acquaintances and relatives

1-13. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 문학 작품에 접근하는 하나의 입장은 취향을 무시한 과학적 방식이다. 좋고 싫은 것을 말하는 것이 아니라 줄거리나 구조를 말하는 것이다. 이것은 감상하는 방식과는 차이가 있고 재미없는 사람들에게 국한 된 것처럼 보인다.  게다가 사람들은 이런 방식을 일반적으로 상상하지도 않는다. 하지만 이것은 다른 방식이고 이러한 방식은 객관적이고 하나 이상의 작품을 비교할 때 유용하다

One stance to approach literary production is one that completely ignores taste and hence is a purely scientific approach.

a)  But this is a different stance, and we must accept the fact that it features an objective attitude that precludes taste. We must also accept that such a stance is permissible in discussing literary works. In fact, leaving aside an analysis of a single work, this approach becomes especially useful series of works.

b) Using this approach, we never say something is well or badly done. If we are to evaluate a script, we say that the structure is such and such, the plot is such and such — but we never praise or criticize based on our taste.

c) This is the polar opposite of the appreciative  stance and is an approach that very few critics have adopted. In the rare cases it has been adopted, it seems to have been limited to dull people. Moreover, people generally do not fancy such an approach. They say that it lacks taste or that it is incomprehensible.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

1-13-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 위 설명 참조

But this is a different stance, and we must accept the fact that it features an objective attitude that precludes taste.

One stance to approach literary production is one that completely ignores taste and hence is a purely scientific approach. Using this approach, we never say something is well or badly done. If we are to evaluate a script, we say that the structure is such and such, the plot is such and such — but we never praise or criticize based on our taste. This is the polar opposite of the appreciative  stance and is an approach that very few critics have adopted. ①In the rare cases it has been adopted, it seems to have been limited to dull people. ②Moreover, people generally do not fancy such an approach. ③They say that it lacks taste or that it is incomprehensible. ④We must also accept that such a stance is permissible in discussing literary works. ⑤In fact, leaving aside an analysis of a single work, this approach becomes especially useful series of works.

1-14. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 디즈니 랜드는 대기자들을 위해 퍼레이드를 하고 유니버셜 리조트의 경우 티비를 여러대 설치하여서 사람들이 입장하러 대기하는 동안 재미난 프로그램을 보도록 함.

For long lines, Universal Orlando Resort spaces television sets throughout the time which show a video or movie.

Occupied time feels shorter than unoccupied time. ①If you are busy doing something while you are waiting, the time seems to go by faster. ②Most line waits can be made more enjoyable and made to feel less lengthy if guests can be distracted or diverted in some way. ③Disney planners are the masters of managing time waits by giving their guests something to stop them from thinking about the wait. ④If the line for a particular Walt Disney World Resort attraction has become extraordinarily long and a service failure is imminent, a strolling band or acrobats or some other distraction arrives to entertain and occupy the guests while they wait. ⑤People can watch an interesting program while moving toward the entrance to the attraction.

1-15. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 많은 사회적 거래는 타인에게 무엇인가를 주면 그로부터 무엇인가를 받는 것이고 거기에는 이익도 있고 비용도 있다. 교환에 각 집단의 동기는 긍정을 극대화 하고 부정을 최소화 하는 것이다. 이것은 사랑과 결혼을 포함한 모든 사회적 교환에 적용되는데 당신은 어쩌면 사랑의 관계를 비용과 보상으로 축소할 수 없다고 이야기할 수도 있겠지만 사회 교환 이론가들은 그것을 반박하며 관계 지속의 가장 중요한 것은 유리한 손익계산서라고 이야기하였다.

Social exchange is the general category of social process and involves people in the organization trading resources and attempting to make sure that their rewards outweigh their costs.

a) Social exchange theorists propose that all interactions among people constitute social exchanges, even those involving love and marriage. Explaining something as personal as love as an exchange that continues as long as it is profitable may seem cynical.

b) Many of the social interactions occurring in an organization consist of transactions in which one person offers resources to the other person and in return receives something from that individual. There are costs involved in the transactions as well as benefits, and the motivation of each party to the exchange is to maximize the positive and minimize the negative.

c) You might protest and say that remaining in a loving relationship is not reducible to rewards and costs. Social exchange theorists would counter by stating that an important part of any continuing relationship is achieving a favorable balance sheet in the transactions with the other person.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

1-15-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 사랑과 결혼에 대한 이야기가 시작되는 지문. 아래 사랑하는 관계라는 내용이 시작.

Social exchange theorists propose that all interactions among people constitute social exchanges, even those involving love and marriage.

Social exchange is the general category of social process and involves people in the organization trading resources and attempting to make sure that their rewards outweigh their costs. ①Many of the social interactions occurring in an organization consist of transactions in which one person offers resources to the other person and in return receives something from that individual. ②There are costs involved in the transactions as well as benefits, and the motivation of each party to the exchange is to maximize the positive and minimize the negative. ③Explaining something as personal as love as an exchange that continues as long as it is profitable may seem cynical. ④You might protest and say that remaining in a loving relationship is not reducible to rewards and costs. ⑤Social exchange theorists would counter by stating that an important part of any continuing relationship is achieving a favorable balance sheet in the transactions with the other person.

1-15-3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은 ?

1번 위 설명 참조

Social exchange is the general category of social process and involves people in the organization trading resources and attempting to make sure that their rewards outweigh their costs. Many of the social interactions occurring in an organization consist of transactions in which one person offers resources to the other person and in return receives something from that individual. There are costs involved in the transactions as well as benefits, and the motivation of each party to the exchange is to maximize the positive and minimize the negative. Social exchange theorists propose that all interactions among people constitute social exchanges, even those involving love and marriage. Explaining something as personal as love as an exchange that continues as long as it is profitable may seem cynical. You might protest and say that remaining in a loving relationship is not reducible to rewards and costs. Social exchange theorists would counter by stating that an important part of any continuing relationship is achieving                   in the transactions with the other person.

① a favorable balance sheet     ② an accurate estimation

③ self-sufficient prophecy       ④ a win-win game

⑤ a self-sacrifice behavior

1-16. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 인과는 단순하지 않다. 교통 체증에 늦었을 때 차가 막힐 수도 있지만 주유를 해서 그럴 수도 있다. 이런 여러 가지 연관된 원인들을 전문용어로 인과 요인들이라 한다. 게다가 결과가 반드시 하나의 인과 요인에 관련된 것은 아닐 때도 있다. 예를 들어 담배와 폐암의 경우 반드시 하나의 직접적인 인과가 성립되는 것이 아니다. 이 마지막 예시들은 개인보다는 집단을 설명한다. 즉 일반적인 사람의 경우 담배는 폐암에 하나의 원인일 뿐이다.

Causal relationships are not always simple or straightforward. For one thing, effects can have more than a single cause. It may be, for example, that my lateness was in part caused by a traffic jam.

a) As this last example suggests, causal explanations are often about groups, not individuals. The claim that smoking causes lung cancer means that, among people in general (and several kinds of laboratory animals), smoking is one factor that contributes to lung cancer.

b) Moreover, effects need not invariably be associated with a given causal factor. We know, for example, that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer despite the fact that some cigarette smokers will not contract lung cancer and that some who will contract lung cancer will not be smokers.

c) But suppose that while hung up in traffic I ran low on gas and so had to stop and fill up. Suppose also that neither event, alone, would have made me late. In the jargon of causal research, multiple related causes are referred to simply as “causal factors.”    *jargon  (특정 분야의) 전문 용어

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

1-16-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 인과요인이라는 말이 처음 등장하고 그 아래 지문에서 다시 나타난다.

In the jargon of causal research, multiple related causes are referred to simply as “causal factors.”

Causal relationships are not always simple or straightforward. For one thing, effects can have more than a single cause. It may be, for example, that my lateness was in part caused by a traffic jam. But suppose that while hung up in traffic I ran low on gas and so had to stop and fill up. ①Suppose also that neither event, alone, would have made me late. ②Moreover, effects need not invariably be associated with a given causal factor. ③We know, for example, that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer despite the fact that some cigarette smokers will not contract lung cancer and that some who will contract lung cancer will not be smokers. ④As this last example suggests, causal explanations are often about groups, not individuals. ⑤The claim that smoking causes lung cancer means that, among people in general (and several kinds of laboratory animals), smoking is one factor that contributes to lung cancer.

*jargon  (특정 분야의) 전문 용어

1-16-3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 위 설명 참조

Causal relationships are not always simple or straightforward. For one thing, effects can have more than a single cause. It may be, for example, that my lateness was in part caused by a traffic jam. But suppose that while hung up in traffic I ran low on gas and so had to stop and fill up. Suppose also that neither event, alone, would have made me late. In the jargon of causal research, multiple related causes are referred to simply as “causal factors.” Moreover, effects need not invariably be associated with a given causal factor. We know, for example, that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer despite the fact that some cigarette smokers will not contract lung cancer and that some who will contract lung cancer will not be smokers. As this last example suggests, causal explanations are often                      . The claim that smoking causes lung cancer means that, among people in general (and several kinds of laboratory animals), smoking is one factor that contributes to lung cancer.  *jargon  (특정 분야의) 전문 용어

① about groups, not individuals

② related to fiction, not fact

③ fragmented but not complex

④ direct as well as monotony

⑤ not only indirect but also accurate

1-17. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 관찰은 어떤 데이터가 중요한지 명확히 알고 행하는 것이 아니다. 게다가 예상치 못한 정보들이 발견되기도 한다. 예를 들어 임산부의 고혈압에 칼슘의 영향을 연구하던 중 고혈압 보다 칼슘을 복용한 여성이 플라시보를 복용한 사람들보다 우울증이 감소한다는 것을 발견하였다. 그 결과 연구자들은 완전히 새로운 연구를 하게 되었다. 이 예시가 암시하듯 중요한 정보라는 것에 대한 고정관념에 너무 애착하지 않아야 중요한 무엇인가를 놓치지 않게 된다.

Observations are not always undertaken with a clear sense of what data may be relevant. Think, for example, of a detective at the scene of a crime. What small details need to be noted or perhaps preserved for future reference?

a) Though they observed no significant reductions in the blood pressure of the women in their study who took calcium, they did notice something quite interesting and unexpected. The women in their study who took calcium during pregnancy had lower rates of depression than those who took a placebo instead of calcium.

b) As a result, the researchers began an entirely new study, one designed to determine the extent to which calcium can prevent depression in pregnant women. As this example suggests, it is important not to become too attached to fixed notions of what may constitute relevant observational data. Otherwise, we run the risk of missing something that may turn out to be significant.

c) Moreover, a set of observations may yield unanticipated information — data that does not conform to the observer’s sense of what is relevant — but information that is nonetheless of some importance. Recently, medical researchers at a large university were studying the effect of calcium on pregnancy-related high blood pressure.  *placebo  위약(僞藥)

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

1-17-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 우울증에 대한 이야기가 처음 시작되는 부분.

The women in their study who took calcium during pregnancy had lower rates of depression than those who took a placebo instead of calcium.

Observations are not always undertaken with a clear sense of what data may be relevant. Think, for example, of a detective at the scene of a crime. What small details need to be noted or perhaps preserved for future reference? Moreover, a set of observations may yield unanticipated information — data that does not conform to the observer’s sense of what is relevant — but information that is nonetheless of some importance. ①Recently, medical researchers at a large university were studying the effect of calcium on pregnancy-related high blood pressure. ②Though they observed no significant reductions in the blood pressure of the women in their study who took calcium, they did notice something quite interesting and unexpected. ③As a result, the researchers began an entirely new study, one designed to determine the extent to which calcium can prevent depression in pregnant women. ④As this example suggests, it is important not to become too attached to fixed notions of what may constitute relevant observational data. ⑤Otherwise, we run the risk of missing something that may turn out to be significant.

*placebo  위약(僞藥)

1-17-3. 다음 지문의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어는?

5번 중요한 무엇인가를 놓치겠죠. 위 글을 참고. significant

Observations are not always undertaken with a clear sense of what data may be relevant. Think, for example, of a detective at the scene of a crime. What small details need to be noted or perhaps preserved for future reference? Moreover, a set of observations may yield ①unanticipated information — data that does not conform to the observer’s sense of what is relevant — but information that is nonetheless of some ②importance. Recently, medical researchers at a large university were studying the effect of calcium on pregnancy-related high blood pressure. Though they observed no significant reductions in the blood pressure of the women in their study who took calcium, they did notice something quite interesting and ③unexpected. The women in their study who took calcium during pregnancy had lower rates of depression than those who took a placebo instead of calcium. As a result, the researchers began an entirely new study, one designed to determine the extent to which calcium can ④prevent depression in pregnant women. As this example suggests, it is important not to become too attached to fixed notions of what may constitute relevant observational data. Otherwise, we run the risk of missing something that may turn out to be ⑤insignificant.

*placebo  위약(僞藥)

1-18. 다음 글의 어법상 잘못된 것은?

3번 The subtle effects 이 주어이기 때문에 are

Does advertising encourage you to eat more? Advertisers often say that their advertising is to promote their brand and ①to get you to choose their brand over the competitor’s. This may be true, but the ads also encourage food consumption in general. Advertising for food and beverages ②communicates potentially powerful food consumption cues. The subtle effects of food advertising on what you eat and how much you eat ③is usually outside of your own awareness or intention. Research confirms that external cues such as food advertisements ④have a significant influence on food consumption behaviors. The evidence suggests that advertising for food has a direct causal link to greater consumption of food in general, not just of the food ⑤being advertised.

1-19. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 100% 유전이 되었다는 것은 모든 차이가 유전자로 결정되었다는 것이다. 대다수의 성격은 60% 유전인데 그럼에도 불구하고 우리가 그것을 변경할 수 없다는 의미는 아니라. 대신에 높은 유전성은 환경이 개인의 차이에 최소의 영향을 준다는 것이다.

Nevertheless, the fact that a trait is heritable does not mean we cannot modify it.

Many authors have implied that heritable traits are difficult or impossible to alter. Heritability is defined in percentages.If a characteristic is 0% heritable, all differences in the trait are entirely determined by the environment, and if it is 100% heritable, then all differences are defined by genetics. The majority of personality traits are 60% heritable. ①Instead, a high heritability means that current environmental factors impact minimally on individual differences in a trait. ②The figure does not relate to the potential effects of new environments. ③We can also treat heritable conditions. ④Phenylketonuria (PKU) is 100% heritable and means carriers cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. ⑤Those with PKU can avoid the negative symptoms (mental retardation) by excluding phenylalanine from their diets, thus modifying the effects of the heritable trait. *phenylketonuria  페닐케톤뇨증  **phenylalanine  페닐알라닌(필수 아미노산의 일종)

1-19-2. 다음 지문의 흐름상 관계없는 문장을 고르세요.

3번 3번 지문은 태아의 유전자 선별에 대한 윤리적인 문제를 이야기하고 있기 때문에 글의 흐름에 맞지 않음.

Many authors have implied that heritable traits are difficult or impossible to alter. Heritability is defined in percentages.If a characteristic is 0% heritable, all differences in the trait are entirely determined by the environment, and if it is 100% heritable, then all differences are defined by genetics. The majority of personality traits are 60% heritable. Nevertheless, the fact that a trait is heritable does not mean we cannot modify it. Instead, a high heritability means that current environmental factors impact minimally on individual differences in a trait. ①The figure does not relate to the potential effects of new environments. ②We can also treat heritable conditions. ③Some of the biggest supporters of human-embryo editing today are people who carry genes for serious disorders like beta thalassemia, but the process is considered unethical by others  ④Phenylketonuria (PKU) is 100% heritable and means carriers cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. ⑤Those with PKU can avoid the negative symptoms (mental retardation) by excluding phenylalanine from their diets, thus modifying the effects of the heritable trait.

1-20. 다음 지문의 어법상 바르지 않은 곳을 고르세요.

5번 such these clays 의 동사가 필요하다. are

To begin understanding how some clays can be more medicinally effective than others we have to look at where they are mined. It is recognized that the better quality clays come from ①what are known as primary or residual deposits. These are clays which are found where they were initially deposited after the volcanic eruption. Other clays are known as secondary or ②transported deposits and they are more in line with sediments. These clays are veins ③which have moved from their original location usually by the force of water or erosion. In many cases they ultimately rest as sediment at the bottom of lakes, rivers or some other kind of marine basin. Ultimately it is often found that these deposits ④prove to be less pure than the primary clays. No doubt this is due to the fact that the secondary deposits have collected numerous other compounds on their journey to the water. As such these clays, although they can be effective, ⑤being usually diminished in quality and purity.

1-20-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 4번 문장에서 이러한 퇴적물들이 일차 점토보다 덜 순수하다고 하였다. 그 이유에 대해서 물로 이동하며 다른 물질들을 모았기 때문이라고 이야기한다.

Ultimately it is often found that these deposits prove to be less pure than the primary clays.

To begin understanding how some clays can be more medicinally effective than others we have to look at where they are mined. It is recognized that the better quality clays come from what are known as primary or residual deposits. These are clays which are found where they were initially deposited after the volcanic eruption. ①Other clays are known as secondary or transported deposits and they are more in line with sediments.②These clays are veins which have moved from their original location usually by the force of water or erosion. ③In many cases they ultimately rest as sediment at the bottom of lakes, rivers or some other kind of marine basin. ④No doubt this is due to the fact that the secondary deposits have collected numerous other compounds on their journey to the water. ⑤As such these clays, although they can be effective, are usually diminished in quality and purity.

1-21. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 두 학자는 학교 성적 이외의 권위적 부모의 효과를 연구하였고 그 아래에 성적 뿐만 아니라 행복이나 자존감도 높다고 이야기를 한다.

Sociologists Tak Wing Chan and Anita Koo study the effect of parenting styles beyond school performance.

In developmental psychology, there is a great deal of research that aims to understand how specific parenting styles affect child development. ①A main finding in a number of empirical studies is that, on average, the children of authoritative parents perform better in school than children exposed to other parenting styles. ②A frequently cited article by Sanford Dornbusch of Stanford University and a number of coauthors considers a sample of 7,836 high school students in the San Francisco Bay Area and finds that children who experience authoritative parenting obtain higher grades. ③Several other studies using data from other areas of the United States confirm their findings. ④Using the Youth Panel of the British Household Panel Survey, they document that children exposed to an authoritative parenting style not only obtain stronger academic results but also report higher levels of subjective well-being and self- esteem. ⑤In addition, these children enjoy better health and are less likely to indulge in risky behavior such as smoking cigarettes or engaging in fights.

*empirical  실증적인  **indulge  in  ~에 빠지다, ~에 탐닉하다

1-21-2. 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 곳을 고르세요.

2번 article 이 주어이기 때문에 considers 라고 써야한다.

In developmental psychology, there is a great deal of research that aims to understand how specific parenting styles affect child development. A main finding in a number of empirical studies is that, on average, the children of authoritative parents perform better in school than children ①exposed to other parenting styles. A frequently cited article by Sanford Dornbusch of Stanford University and a number of coauthors ②consider a sample of 7,836 high school students in the San Francisco Bay Area and finds that children who experience authoritative parenting ③obtain higher grades. Several other studies using data from other areas of the United States confirm their findings. Sociologists Tak Wing Chan and Anita Koo study the effect of parenting styles beyond school performance. Using the Youth Panel of the British Household Panel Survey, they document ④that children exposed to an authoritative parenting style not only obtain stronger academic results but also report higher levels of subjective well-being and self- esteem. In addition, these children enjoy better health and are less likely to indulge in risky behavior such as smoking cigarettes or ⑤engaging in fights.

1-22. 다음 지문의 흐름상 맞지 않은 곳을 고르세요.

2번 농업용 화학물질에 대한 사람들의 걱정과 농업 기술에 영향을 준다는 내용이다. 2번 지문은 많은 사람들이 public poisoning 문제를 잘 인식할수록 그러한 독성 물질에 노출을 줄일 수 있다는 글이다.

Many agricultural chemicals have long been known to have toxic effects when improperly handled, stored, or applied. It is clear that neither manufacturers nor producers intended or wanted these consequences, and both groups have made efforts to mitigate and control unintended consequences. Nevertheless, unintended consequences of agricultural chemicals pose ethical problems in that it is impossible to eliminate the risk of an unwanted event entirely. ①Furthermore, there is often disagreement about the degree of risk associated with agricultural chemicals. ②The more of us that become aware of some of the most common ways public poisoning is happening, the better chance we have of reducing or ending exposure to at least some of the poisons. ③Some individuals express far greater concern about exposure to pesticides than others. ④Producers, scientists, and chemical manufacturers thus face the problem of managing concern for unwanted effects, even when the empirical evidence for such effects is scant, controversial, and even nonexistent. ⑤Whether real or imagined, unwanted consequences of agricultural chemicals have significantly affected the reception of many agricultural technologies, including mechanization and biotechnology, among producers and food consumers since 1962.

*mitigate  완화하다, 누그러뜨리다  **empirical  실증적인  ***scant  불충분한

1-23. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 지루한 실험을 끝마친 후 재미있었다고 거짓말을 하도록 지시한다. 그리고 두 집단에게 각각 20 달러와 1달러를 준다. 그 의도는 1달러를 받은 사람은 자신의 인식에 부조화가 발생하여 이러한 부조화를 제거하기 위해 자신의 태도를 변화시켜 생각의 조화를 다시 만들 것 이라 생각하였던 것이다. 그런데 실제로 이런 일이 일어났다.

In a study, participants first had to perform a series of very lengthy, extremely tedious tasks (like turning pegs in peg holes). Afterwards they were asked to tell the next participant that the tasks they would do were actually really interesting!

a) It was predicted that the $1 participants, being highly cognitively dissonant, would change their attitude towards enjoying or liking the tasks so as to re-establish consonance; those in the $20 condition would not. This was exactly what happened when attitudes towards the task were measured after the experiment.

b) The idea was to create in each participant the dissonant cognitions that, on the one hand, they had disliked the experiment but, on the other hand, they had told another person that they enjoyed it. In addition, half of the participants were given $20 for compliance with the ‘lying’ request and the other half a meagre $1.

c) The idea here was that those in the $1 group would experience a higher level of cognitive dissonance than those in the $20 group because they had insufficient justification for the inconsistency between their attitudes (i.e. ‘that really was a boring task’) and their actual behaviour (i.e. lying about the behaviour to another person). The $20 group had the justification of a decent money payout and would thus experience less dissonance.

*peg  못  **dissonant  조화되지 않는  ***meagre  변변찮은

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

test 2

2-1. 다음 중 어법상 틀린 것을 고르세요

4번 뒷 문장이 완전하기 때문에 that

Dear Catherine Olson,

I read this month's issue with great interest. Your feature article on the Grand Palm Beach Wedding caught my attention. ①What a lovely wedding! The photos were beautiful and the contents of the article ②were very informative. No wonder you’re the most prominent editor of the country’s number one wedding magazine. I’m writing this letter because I am getting ③married the last week in May in the garden of a beautiful church. The feature article was very helpful in planning my wedding, except ④what I couldn’t find any information on the bridesmaid dress in the photo. I would really appreciate it if you could give me information about the dress through the Dear Reader section in next month’s issue. Thanks in advance, and I look forward to ⑤reading more of your articles in the future.

Sincerely, Janine Robinson

2-2. 다음 중 어법상 틀린 것을 고르세요

4번 동사의 자리가 아닙니다. look 은 수동태가 없으므로 looking

I drove home, undressed, and got into bed. I was exhausted, but I couldn’t sleep. My eyes kept sliding open and it was ①too great an effort to keep them closed. I got out of bed, went downstairs, and made a cup of camomile tea from the box Reeny ②had left behind. After the first sip, I poured the distasteful stuff down the drain. I trudged upstairs and climbed back into bed, ③to lie staring into the dark for another hour, unable to erase the image of Bobbi, ④looked thin and drawn, surrounded by beeping machines, with tubes down her throat, needles inserted into her veins, and electrodes glued to her head and chest. I couldn’t help but ⑤think why she had to go through all this. I didn’t know what frightened me more: that she might die, that she might never wake up, or that when she did wake up she wouldn’t be Bobbi anymore.

2-3. 다음 글의 흐름과 맞지 않은 지문을 고르세요

3번 리더들의 감정적인 불균형을 이야기하고 있는데 링컨이 노예제도를 없애려고 했다는 것은 흐름상 어울리지 않는다.

There are times when even the best leaders lose their emotional balance. Leadership brings with it responsibility, and responsibility, in times of serious adversity, brings emotional confusion and strain. In this sense responsibility is like a lever, which can upset a leader’s emotional balance when adversity presses down hard on one end.① When the adversity is threatening enough or comes without warning, it can unbalance the leader at a single stroke. ②Even a leader as great as Lincoln was floored more than once in this way. ③Lincoln vowed to end slavery during his campaign for president, while never speaking about how the country would keep its relationship with the southern states. ④Other times the effect is cumulative, coming after a period of sustained high tension - of pressure on one end and resistance on the other - until finally the leader’s equanimity begins to give way. ⑤The point is that every leader has their emotional limits, and there is no shame in exceeding them.

2-4. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

3번 우리가 아이들의 매체에 대해 주의한다면 우리가 걱정하고 할 일들이 더해질 것이라는 글. 태만한 이 아니라 wary(주의하는)을 사용해야 한다.

It’s tempting to believe that we can trust the media with our kids, that we don’t need to pay ①close attention to what movies or TV shows our kids are watching, what computer games they’re playing, or where they’re surfing on the Internet. It’s much easier to believe that we can ②trust the media. After all, we’re only adding more work and more worry to our lives if we admit that we now need to be as ③negligent of the media as we are of strangers approaching our children on the street. As a result, many parents are in a state of “media ④denial,” while others feel overwhelmed and helpless. But the fact is, we need to take as much responsibility for our children’s media consumption as we do for their performance in school and their physical well-being. If we’re worried about what our kids eat, then we should certainly be ⑤worried about what our kids are watching.

2-5. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 글로벌 기업들은 다른 나라의 문화를 이해해야 한다. 그 첫 번째 예시가 색상이다. 중국과 미국의 차이. 그리고 그 다음 예시가 일본의 놀이동산을 시계방향으로 건설했다는 이야기가 나온다.

As more companies expand their operations globally, the need to understand the cultures of foreign countries becomes more important. A firm has little chance of selling products in a culture it does not understand. Like people, products have cultural values and rules that influence their perception and use.

a) Culture, therefore, must be understood before the behavior of individuals within the cultural context can be understood. Colors, for example, may have different meanings in global markets than they do at home.

b) After extensive surveys and product testing, the result was a Universal Studios theme park with an orderly clockwise layout, Japanese-style American food, and a Jurassic Park water slide designed to prevent riders from getting wet.

c) In China, white is the color of mourning and brides wear red. In the United States, black is for mourning and brides wear white. American designers at Universal Studios had to learn about Japanese culture when planning a new theme park for Japan.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

2-5-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 위 글 참조

American designers at Universal Studios had to learn about Japanese culture when planning a new theme park for Japan.

As more companies expand their operations globally, the need to understand the cultures of foreign countries becomes more important. A firm has little chance of selling products in a culture it does not understand. ①Like people, products have cultural values and rules that influence their perception and use. ②Culture, therefore, must be understood before the behavior of individuals within the cultural context can be understood. ③Colors, for example, may have different meanings in global markets than they do at home. ④In China, white is the color of mourning and brides wear red. In the United States, black is for mourning and brides wear white. ⑤After extensive surveys and product testing, the result was a Universal Studios theme park with an orderly clockwise layout, Japanese-style American food, and a Jurassic Park water slide designed to prevent riders from getting wet.

2-6. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 정부는 처벌을 내릴 수 있는 힘이 있다. 이것은 보편적 정의가 아니라 더 많은 고통을 야기하지 않고 반사회적 행위를 단념시키는 구조이다. 예를 들어, 처벌이 범죄에 걸맞아야 하는 것은 정의가 아니라 범법자를 경미한 범죄에서 멈추게 하기 위해서이다. 잔혹한 처벌은 효과적이지 않고 사회를 더 흉악하게 만든다.

Among the powers of government is meting out punishment, and writers such as Montesquieu, Cesare Beccaria, and the American founders thought afresh about the government’s license to harm its citizens.

a) The reason the punishment should fit the crime, for example, is not to balance some mystical scale of justice but to ensure that a wrongdoer stops at a minor crime rather than escalating to a more harmful one.

b) Criminal punishment, they argued, is not a mandate to implement cosmic justice but part of an incentive structure that discourages antisocial acts without causing more suffering than it prevents.

c) Cruel punishments, whether or not they are in some sense “deserved,” are no more effective at preventing harm than moderate but surer punishments, and they desensitize spectators and brutalize the society that implements them.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

2-6-2. 다음 지문의 단어 중 흐름상 어울리지 않는 것은?

1번 처벌이란 시민들에게 harm 해를 가할 수 있는 정부의 허가권이다.

Among the powers of government is meting out punishment, and writers such as Montesquieu, Cesare Beccaria, and the American founders thought afresh about the government’s license to ①benefit its citizens. Criminal punishment, they argued, is not a mandate to implement cosmic justice but part of an incentive structure that ②discourages antisocial acts without causing more suffering than it prevents. The reason the punishment should ③fit the crime, for example, is not to balance some mystical scale of justice but to ensure that a wrongdoer stops at a minor crime rather than ④escalating to a more harmful one. Cruel punishments, whether or not they are in some sense “deserved,” are no more effective at preventing harm than moderate but surer punishments, and they ⑤desensitize spectators and brutalize the society that implements them.

2-11. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 지문을 고르세요.

3번 이 글은 동물이 새끼였을 때 무는 놀이를 하게 되면 커서 허용할 수 없는 행위가 되고 만다는 것이다. 3번은 어른 동물도 아이들과 다른 일이 없을 때 놀아준다는 이야기이므로 흐름상 어울리지 않는다.

Pet owners themselves often give signals that can create behaviors that are the opposite of what they want. For example, bite inhibition in animals is a lesson taught by mother, father, and/or siblings in the wild. ①All puppies have the instinct to bite and the need to chew during the teeth-cutting months, so they must be taught by us, their surrogate parents, what they are allowed and not allowed to put their teeth on. ②Many humans, however, will play “rough” with their young animals, encouraging them to be ‘‘momhy’’ by grabbing clothing, arms, or hair “in play.” ③Grownups play too, usually with their young, but only when they aren’t busy hunting or protecting the group. ④That only teaches the animal to associate placing their teeth on humans as something fun to do - a behavior that only escalates as they get older. ⑤What started out as a cute puppy antic of grabbing your arm becomes unacceptable behavior when that cute little puppy has grown into a hundred-pound Rottweiler!

2-12. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 초보 상담가는 침묵을 어려워한다. 내담자가 감정을 정리하고 적당한 표현을 찾으려고 할 때 그들에게 여유가 필요하지만 상담가는 그 시간이 길다고 느낀다. 내담자는 그렇게 길지 않다. 질문을 하며 끼어들고 싶지만 그것은 내담자에게 생각의 침해라 느껴질 수 있다. 그러니 침묵에 편안해지는 것을 배우고 침묵을 깨야 할 때는 질문보다는 반영을 할 수 있는 표현을 사용하는 것이 좋다.

Novice counselors learning active listening techniques often find silences difficult, just as many of us do in social settings.

a) It is unlikely to feel as long to the client as it does to you. You may be tempted to jump in, usually with a question, which to the client can feel like an intrusion on their thoughts. You may need to learn to be comfortable with silence.

b) Remember, however, that in an active listening setting your client may be processing some very difficult emotions and struggling to find the right words. Your client may need space to stop, think and feel. When you are a novice a short silence feels very long.

c) And you may need to learn to trust yourself with this space in the helping relationship. If eventually you need to break the silence then it is probably better to do this with some kind of reflection than it is to ask a question.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

2-14. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 유럽에서 부족이나 정의가 아니라 정체성을 향한 먹거리 정치가 등장하며 그 예시로써 지역 문화 유산을 보존하고자 하는 슬로푸드 운동이 등장한다.

But in Europe in the twenty-first century, food politics is directed not at scarcity or justice but at identity.

Food politics is not a new phenomenon. ①A battle over the production of bread in Paris was the occasion of Marie Antoinette’s unfortunate remark about eating cake, and increases in prices or taxes on food have provoked revolt in countless countries including colonial America. ②The Slow Food movement’s prime concern is to protect the diverse, local traditions responsible for artisanal food production and encourage people to eat local ingredients. ③The threatened loss of specific tastes and the local cultures that produce them animate this movement. ④They deploy the aesthetic and symbolic content of food in a search for a more authentic lifestyle anchored in local traditions, which then becomes the idiom through which political mobilization occurs. ⑤Thus, the Slow Food movement understands the food artisan, not as a conservative standing in the way of progress but as someone charged with the preservation of local heritage.

2-14-2. 다음 중 어법상 옳지 않은 것은?

4번 동사 자리입니다. animate 라고 사용하는 것이 맞습니다.

Food politics is not a new phenomenon. A battle over the production of bread in Paris was the occasion of Marie Antoinette’s unfortunate remark about eating cake, and increases in prices or taxes on food ①have provoked revolt in countless countries including colonial America. But in Europe in the twenty-first century, food politics ②is directed not at scarcity or justice but at identity. The Slow Food movement’s prime concern is to protect the diverse, local traditions ③responsible for artisanal food production and encourage people to eat local ingredients. The threatened loss of specific tastes and the local cultures that produce them ④to animate this movement. They deploy the aesthetic and symbolic content of food in a search for a more authentic lifestyle anchored in local traditions, which then ⑤becomes the idiom through which political mobilization occurs. Thus, the Slow Food movement understands the food artisan, not as a conservative standing in the way of progress but as someone charged with the preservation of local heritage.

2-14-3. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 유럽에서 부족이나 정의가 아니라 정체성을 향한 먹거리 정치가 등장하며 그 예시로써 지역 문화 유산을 보존하고자 하는 슬로푸드 운동이 등장한다. 이들의 주요 관심사는 장인의 식품 생산을 책임지는 지역 전통 보호이다. 특정한 맛과 문화가 상실될 위협에 이 운동에 생기가 생겼다. 그들은 지역 전통의 진정한 생활 양식을 찾고 식품장인을 지역 유산 보존에 책임있는 사람으로 이해한다.

Food politics is not a new phenomenon. A battle over the production of bread in Paris was the occasion of Marie Antoinette’s unfortunate remark about eating cake, and increases in prices or taxes on food have provoked revolt in countless countries including colonial America. But in Europe in the twenty-first century, food politics is directed not at scarcity or justice but at identity.

a) Thus, the Slow Food movement understands the food artisan, not as a conservative standing in the way of progress but as someone charged with the preservation of local heritage.

b) They deploy the aesthetic and symbolic content of food in a search for a more authentic lifestyle anchored in local traditions, which then becomes the idiom through which political mobilization occurs.

c) The Slow Food movement’s prime concern is to protect the diverse, local traditions responsible for artisanal food production and encourage people to eat local ingredients. The threatened loss of specific tastes and the local cultures that produce them animate this movement.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

2-15. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 펜실베니아의 설립자가 칼을 차고 있을 때 퀘이커교의 구성원은 할 수 있는 동안 하라고 이야기한다. 나는 그 말을 삶의 신조로 삼고 있다. 할 수 있는 동안 먹고 휴가를 가고 술을 마시고 불편하면 그만두는 것. 내면의 진실에 주목해야 한다. 우리는 선택권을 가지는 것에 대해 이야기하지만 그러나 결정을 내리는 것에 관해 이야기할 때 외부적인 관점에서 말한다. 내부의 명령이 존재하고 길이 명확하다.

There is a story about William Penn, founder of the state of Pennsylvania. Part of his apparel as an aristocrat was to wear a sword.

c) He asked George Fox, one of the early members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), whether it was all right to wear one. Fox’s response was not “Take it off this instant; we are a pacifist organisation” but “Wear it as long as you can.”

a) I find that a good rule to live by: eat meat for as long as you can, fly to overseas holidays for as long as you can, drink alcohol for as long as you can; give up when and if the discomfort grows too much. Pay attention to the inner truth.

b) We speak of having choices and, of course, compared to those who struggle to survive, we do. But to talk of making decisions is to speak from an external perspective. There is an interior imperative, and the way becomes clear.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

2-16. 다음 지문의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

3번 생수에 공적자금을 쓰면 안되는 것이 수돗물의 가격이 훨씬 싸고 서구 선진국은 그 비용을 감당할 수 있지만 중산층 국가는 가격 불균형으로 생수가 확산될수록 공공식수공급을 경시하게 된다. deemphasize

The figures regarding the comparative cost of bottled water show just how unacceptable it is for public money to be spent on bottled water. At 36 cents a liter, tap water is 141 times ①cheaper than the best-selling mineral water in Europe. Arguably the costs of producing bottled water can be borne by Western industrialized countries, but from the perspective of middle-income countries, such as Mexico, such prices are disproportionately ②high, and it is worrying that the proliferation of bottled water could induce municipal authorities in developing nations to ③emphasize public drinking water provision. A related issue involves the rapid proliferation of “dual water pipe” systems, especially in China and East Asia. On the basis of the assumption that standard municipal hook-ups are unfit for human consumption, developers have been quick to “add value” (and profit) to their developments by installing ④separate “pure water” supply lines, at great cost to the consumer. What is more, the greater the proliferation of such systems, the more municipal supply of drinking water (which depends on extensive cross-subsidies, from urban to rural, from rich to poor, etc.) is ⑤undermined.

2-16. 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

4번 동사의 자리입니다. are

The figures regarding the comparative cost of bottled water show just how unacceptable it is for public money ①to be spent on bottled water. At 36 cents a liter, tap water is 141 times cheaper than the best-selling mineral water in Europe. Arguably the costs of producing bottled water can be ②borne by Western industrialized countries, but from the perspective of middle-income countries, such as Mexico, such prices are disproportionately high, and it is worrying that the proliferation of bottled water could induce municipal authorities in developing nations ③to deemphasize public drinking water provision. A related issue involves the rapid proliferation of “dual water pipe” systems, especially in China and East Asia. On the basis of the assumption that standard municipal hook-ups ④being unfit for human consumption, developers have been quick to “add value” (and profit) to their developments by installing separate “pure water” supply lines, at great cost to the consumer. What is more, the greater the proliferation of such systems, the more municipal supply of drinking water (which depends on extensive cross-subsidies, from urban to rural, from rich to poor, etc.) ⑤is undermined.

2-17. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 뭄 마시기가 수분 부족을 줄여주는 것이 아니다. 쥐는 밤에 물을 대부분 마시고 인간은 식사하면서 마신다. 그 이유는 소화나 소금기 때문일 수 있지만 이 두가지 이유는 부분적으로만 옳다. 식후에는 물이 필요하지 않다. 식사 중에 물을 마시는 것은 물이 필요할 것을 예상하여 목 마르기 전에 미리 우물을 파는 것이다.

Much drinking that people and other animals do does not reduce a water deficit. For example, the amount that rats drink depends greatly on the time of day, independent of when the water is actually needed.

a) Rats receiving 50% of their food during the day drink only about 25% of their water during that time; they drink most of their water at night even though they aren’t getting most of their food then. Let’s consider an example that you may be able to relate to more directly. If you keep a record, you’ll see that you do most of your drinking while you’re eating a meal.

b) Both reasons are, however, only partly correct. You don’t actually need the water until several hours after you eat. When you drink during a meal, you’re anticipating a need for water and taking advantage of available water to prevent a deficit. Animals drink, as well as eat, before there’s any actual need for doing so, following the maxim, “Dig a well before you are thirsty.”

c) One possible reason might be that you need the water to help digest your food, to maintain the optimal food to water ratio in your GI tract. Another possible reason might be that you need the water because the food is salty and you need to replenish the water that the salt draws out of your cells.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

2-17-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 물이 필요할 것을 예상하여 마신다는 내용이 시작되는 부분.

Both reasons are, however, only partly correct. You don’t actually need the water until several hours after you eat.

Much drinking that people and other animals do does not reduce a water deficit. For example, the amount that rats drink depends greatly on the time of day, independent of when the water is actually needed. Rats receiving 50% of their food during the day drink only about 25% of their water during that time; they drink most of their water at night even though they aren’t getting most of their food then. Let’s consider an example that you may be able to relate to more directly. ①If you keep a record, you’ll see that you do most of your drinking while you’re eating a meal. ②One possible reason might be that you need the water to help digest your food, to maintain the optimal food to water ratio in your GI tract. ③Another possible reason might be that you need the water because the food is salty and you need to replenish the water that the salt draws out of your cells. ④When you drink during a meal, you’re anticipating a need for water and taking advantage of available water to prevent a deficit. ⑤Animals drink, as well as eat, before there’s any actual need for doing so, following the maxim, “Dig a well before you are thirsty.”

2-19. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 사물에 대한 인식은 모두 뇌의 작용이지만 사람들은 촉감으로 인해 인식이 아니라 물질적인 형태로 존재하고 있다고 생각한다.

The sense of touch is one of the factors which prevent people from being convinced of the truth that the senses of sight, hearing and taste occur within the brain. For example, if you told someone that he sees a book within his brain, he would, if he didn’t think carefully, reply “I can’t be seeing the book in my brain - look, I’m touching it with my hand”. Or, if we said “we cannot know whether the original of this book exists as a material object outside or not”, again the same superficially minded person might answer “no, look, I’m holding it with my hand and I feel the hardness of it – that                      which has material reality”. However, there is a fact that such people cannot understand, or perhaps just ignore. The sense of touch also occurs in the brain as much as do all the other senses. That is to say, when you touch a material object, you sense whether it is hard, soft, wet, sticky or silky in the brain. The effects that come from your fingertips are transmitted to the brain as an electrical signal and these signals are perceived in the brain as the sense of touch. For instance, if you touch a rough surface, you can never know whether the surface is, in reality, indeed a rough surface, or how a rough surface actually feels. That is because you can never touch the original of a rough surface. The knowledge that you have about touching a surface is your brain’s interpretation of certain stimuli.

① isn’t a perception but an existence

② is perceived in the brain as the sense of touch

③ is your brain’s interpretation of certain stimuli

④ is not considered objective one but a subjective one

⑤ exists as an interpreted object

2-18. 다음 글의 어법상 잘못된 것은?

3번 that 지문의 동사가 필요하다. trends 라고 써야함.

Ancient cultures traditionally told stories under the stars and around the flickering flames of the campfire. Some cultures still do so to this day, even in the United States of the twenty-first century. Many continue ①such traditions in backyards, on family trips, and at camp. There is no denying, however, ②that in the past half century or so the flickering light around which we gather as clans ③to trend more and more toward the electronic screen, and in recent years these have become increasingly individual and hand-held rather than communal. Nevertheless, the storytelling potential of constantly evolving social media ④has much to recommend it as a vehicle for the transmission of cultural information, and any outright rejection of technology and other new avenues of communication for the transmission of American “folklore” ⑤is premature and, in the end, unwise.

2-19-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

3번 표면을 건드렸을 때 얻게되는 지식은 모두 우리의 뇌의 작용 즉 특정한 자극에 대한 뇌의 해석이다.

The sense of touch is one of the factors which prevent people from being convinced of the truth that the senses of sight, hearing and taste occur within the brain. For example, if you told someone that he sees a book within his brain, he would, if he didn’t think carefully, reply “I can’t be seeing the book in my brain - look, I’m touching it with my hand”. Or, if we said “we cannot know whether the original of this book exists as a material object outside or not”, again the same superficially minded person might answer “no, look, I’m holding it with my hand and I feel the hardness of it - that isn’t a perception but an existence which has material reality”. However, there is a fact that such people cannot understand, or perhaps just ignore. The sense of touch also occurs in the brain as much as do all the other senses. That is to say, when you touch a material object, you sense whether it is hard, soft, wet, sticky or silky in the brain. The effects that come from your fingertips are transmitted to the brain as an electrical signal and these signals are perceived in the brain as the sense of touch. For instance, if you touch a rough surface, you can never know whether the surface is, in reality, indeed a rough surface, or how a rough surface actually feels. That is because you can never touch the original of a rough surface. The knowledge that you have about touching a surface is                          .

① sensuous capture from a body and sense organs

② perceiving material reality as it is

③ your brain’s interpretation of certain stimuli

④ a function of the sense of sight and touch

⑤ superfluous for capturing a genuine surface

2-20. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 편도체의 작용으로 위험상황에서 빠르게 반응할 수 있지만 대신 인지적인 평가가 없어서 잘못된 신호에 반응하기도 한다. 그 예시가 도로에서 싸움을 하거나 가족들에게 소리를 치는 경우들이다.

However, since our hair-triggered reactions to extreme stressors do not include a “cognitive review,” we also react to a lot of false alarms.

When the amygdala is triggered, it “hijacks” or commandeers our entire biological system to respond to threats. When we detect danger, the response time of the amygdala is around thirty-three milliseconds - and for some people, half that time.  The prefrontal cortex (our “thinking” brain) requires at least ten times that amount of time to process information from the environment as a conscious thought. ①For millions of years in human evolutionary history, the “fight or flight” reaction pattern triggered by the amygdala has survived because it saves lives. ②In the “tooth and claw” days, this adrenaline-charged system allowed our ancestors to club the predator, or grab the baby and run. ③In modem life, the stress response still saves lives when we hit the brakes to avoid an oncoming car. ④Think of road rage as the adult equivalent of a two-year-old’s (or twelve-year-old’s) temper tantrum. ⑤Every day, in families all over the world, people yell, scream, curse, and take flight from loved ones when their buttons (amygdalae) are pushed.

2-20-2. 다음 지문에 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 인간의 진화 역사동안 편도체에 의해 싸우거나 달아나는 반응이 생명을 구하였기 때문에 살아남았다. 그 예시로, 이빨과 발톱의 시대에 (선사시대) 이 아드레날리에 의해 채워진 시스템(편도체 작용)은 포식자에게 몽둥이로 때리고 아이를 안고 달아나도록 해주었다.

For millions of years in human evolutionary history, the “fight or flight” reaction pattern triggered by the amygdala has survived because it saves lives.

When the amygdala is triggered, it “hijacks” or commandeers our entire biological system to respond to threats. When we detect danger, the response time of the amygdala is around thirty-three milliseconds - and for some people, half that time.  The prefrontal cortex (our “thinking” brain) requires at least ten times that amount of time to process information from the environment as a conscious thought. ①In the “tooth and claw” days, this adrenaline-charged system allowed our ancestors to club the predator, or grab the baby and run. ②In modem life, the stress response still saves lives when we hit the brakes to avoid an oncoming car. ③However, since our hair-triggered reactions to extreme stressors do not include a “cognitive review,” we also react to a lot of false alarms. ④Think of road rage as the adult equivalent of a two-year-old’s (or twelve-year-old’s) temper tantrum. ⑤Every day, in families all over the world, people yell, scream, curse, and take flight from loved ones when their buttons (amygdalae) are pushed.

2-21. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 압력이 얼음이 미끄러운 이유라 생각했지만 압력이 없는 경우 설명을 못함. 그래서 마찰이라 생각. 하지만 가만히 서있는 경우 설명이 안됨. 현대의 분석은 가장 위의 분자가 불안전하다는 것인데 그것은 1850년 물리학자의 물표면층 가설을 입증하는 것이었다. 얼음은 고유의 물층 때문에 미끄러운 것이다.

For years people thought that ice melting under pressure was the only reason for ice being slippery. But it turns out that the story is more complex than that, because it doesn’t explain why ice is still slippery at temperatures well below its freezing point, or when the pressure isn’t enough to melt it (e.g. ice is still slippery if you wear flat shoes, not just ice skates).

a) Modern analysis has shown that because the molecules at the surface of ice are inherently unstable due to the lack of molecules above them, the surface reconstructs to form a liquid-like layer.

b) It turns out that friction plays a big part 一 as the ice skates, skis, or glaciers slide, the friction generates heat, which melts the surface of the ice slightly. But that’s still not the whole story, as it doesn’t explain why ice is slippery even if you stand still.

c) This verified the original hypothesis made by the famous physicist Michael Faraday in 1850 that all ice has an intrinsic thin layer of water at the surface. So ice is slippery due to its inherent surface water layer, which can be enhanced using pressure and friction.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

2-22. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 소멸은 긍정적 보상이 없애는 것을 수반한다. 바람직하지 않은 행동에 보상을 하지 않는 것의 예시는 수업에 지각하는 학생에게 보상을 주지 않음으로써 지각을 소멸하는 것이다. 하지만 소멸은 좋은 행동에서도 작동한다. 열심히 공부하는 학생의 노력을 몰라보면 그는 공부를 중단한다. 시상식을 따로 하는 것도 그런 이유들이다. 상이나 다른 형태의 인정이 없다면 학생들은 상을 받기 위해 노력하지 않을 것이다

Extinction involves the removal of a positive reward. Extinction occurs when one tries to eliminate an undesirable behavior by withholding rewards when the behavior occurs. A student who is late for class misses the teacher’s reward for promptness that day. By withholding the reward, the teacher can eventually eliminate the chronic tardiness (the tardiness becomes extinct).

a) Without these awards or some other type of recognition, students would no longer do the work that goes into earning these awards - that behavior would become extinct.

b) Can you imagine receiving the chapter, state, or American FFA (Future Farmers of America) degree with no awards, no banquet, and no State Convention or National Convention to attend?

c) However, extinction can also work on good, desirable behaviors that are not rewarded. A student who works hard during class, but whose hard work goes unnoticed, may soon stop working as diligently.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

2-23. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 사람들은 도움을 구하려고 할 때 죄책감을 많이 느낀다. 그래서 도움을 주려는 사람에게는 그것이 놀랍다. 한 연구에서 도움을 줄 가능성이 있는 조언자나 조교에게 도움을 청할 학생의 수를 가늠해보라 하였을 때 60~20 퍼센트 차이가 나게 과대평가했다. 이런 예측의 오류는 자신이 이전에 학생이나 조교였음에도 불구하고 예측에는 아무런 도움이 되지 않았습니다.

The peer advisors overestimated by over 60%, and the teaching assistants by 20%, the number of students who would ask them for help.

People tend to overestimate how harshly others will judge them. This dynamic may apply to the case of help-seeking. ①Even a small request can make the help-seeker feel self-conscious, embarrassed, and guilty. ②In our research, we have found that the anxiety help-seekers experience over how their request will come across is surprising to potential helpers who do not know what all the fuss is about. ③In one study, we asked two samples of potential helpers (teaching assistants and peer advisors) to estimate the number of students who would seek their help during a single semester. ④This prediction error emerged even though the peer advisors had been students themselves the prior year, and the majority of teaching assistants had worked as teaching assistants before (often for the same class). ⑤Nevertheless, their past experience as help-seekers offered no clues in predicting others‘ future help-seeking behavior.

2-23-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 위 글 참고 .

People tend to overestimate how harshly others will judge them. This dynamic may apply to the case of help-seeking. Even a small request can make the help-seeker feel self-conscious, embarrassed, and guilty.

a) In our research, we have found that the anxiety help-seekers experience over how their request will come across is surprising to potential helpers who do not know what all the fuss is about.

b) This prediction error emerged even though the peer advisors had been students themselves the prior year, and the majority of teaching assistants had worked as teaching assistants before (often for the same class). Nevertheless, their past experience as help-seekers offered no clues in predicting others‘ future help-seeking behavior.

c) In one study, we asked two samples of potential helpers (teaching assistants and peer advisors) to estimate the number of students who would seek their help during a single semester. The peer advisors overestimated by over 60%, and the teaching assistants by 20%, the number of students who would ask them for help.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

2-23-3. 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 것은?

1번 의미상 주어가 the help-seeker 이기 때문에 embarrassed

People tend to overestimate how harshly others will judge them. This dynamic may apply to the case of help-seeking. Even a small request can make the help-seeker feel self-conscious, ①embarrassing, and guilty. In our research, we have found that the anxiety help-seekers experience over how their request will come across is surprising to potential helpers who do not know ②what all the fuss is about. In one study, we asked two samples of potential helpers (teaching assistants and peer advisors) to estimate ③the number of students who would seek their help during a single semester. The peer advisors overestimated by over 60%, and the teaching assistants by 20%, the number of students who would ask ④them for help. This prediction error emerged even though the peer advisors had been students themselves the prior year, and the majority of teaching assistants ⑤had worked as teaching assistants before (often for the same class). Nevertheless, their past experience as help-seekers offered no clues in predicting others‘ future help-seeking behavior.

test3

3-1. 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 부분은?

4번 successfully 라고 써야함. 성공적인 캠페인을 끝내는 것이 아니라 성공적으로 캠페인을 끝내는 것.

Dear library users,

Since the Book Tree Library was founded in 2001 as a place for research and study, we have made efforts to meet the users’ various needs. We are about ①to modernize our services. We strive to develop electronic library resources, as well as ②provide remote services to our users. We need to buy more paperback books to sustain a library you can trust. Funds are needed to employ more administrative staff. For 20 years, our dream has been to build the library of everything and make it ③available to everyone. Please help the Book Tree Library. If everyone donates $5, we can end this fundraising campaign ④successful. With your donation we can make our dream ⑤come true. If you find our library useful, please help us. Thank you.

Sincerely,

Sarah Lamb

Library Director

3-3. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 어른 운동선수에게 이른 성공을 기대함. 하지만 어릴 때부터 유망주가 후반에 계속 성공하기란 현실보다는 환상. 예를 들어, 수천명의 리틀 리그 월드 시리즈 선수 중 메이저 리그 가는 선수는 50명 정도. 대게 후반에 실패함. 궁극적인 성공 선수는 실패를 견뎌내는 선수들. 그러므로 미래의 성공에 신경을 써야 함.

If you’re a young athlete, you, your parents, and your coaches want you to experience success now because you and they believe that early success is highly predictive of later success in your sport.

a) More often than not, it is the athletes who keep at it through setbacks, plateaus, and failures who ultimately “make it.” Your efforts early on as you strive for your sports goals should be devoted to preparing yourself for success in the future, when it matters most, not achieving quick and immediate success.

b) For example, out of the thousands of young baseball players who have competed in the Little League World Series throughout the years, fewer than 50 went on to major-league careers. In fact, phenoms are a statistical rarity, and those can’t-miss kids often do miss later in their athletic careers.

c) Our athletic culture is obsessed with the “phenom” and the “can’t-miss kid,” who show earlier dominance in a sport. Yet, although there have been phenoms who went on to great success later in their careers, this perception is as much fantasy as reality.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-3. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 위 글 참조.

Yet, although there have been phenoms who went on to great success later in their careers, this perception is as much fantasy as reality.

If you’re a young athlete, you, your parents, and your coaches want you to experience success now because you and they believe that early success is highly predictive of later success in your sport. ①Our athletic culture is obsessed with the “phenom” and the “can’t-miss kid,” who show earlier dominance in a sport. ②For example, out of the thousands of young baseball players who have competed in the Little League World Series throughout the years, fewer than 50 went on to major-league careers. ③In fact, phenoms are a statistical rarity, and those can’t-miss kids often do miss later in their athletic careers. ④More often than not, it is the athletes who keep at it through setbacks, plateaus, and failures who ultimately “make it.” ⑤Your efforts early on as you strive for your sports goals should be devoted to preparing yourself for success in the future, when it matters most, not achieving quick and immediate success.

3-4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

3번 잠을 자는 동안 우리가 주변환경에 대한 인식을 멈추었다는 것을 생각해보았을 때, 대자연이 꿈속에 동작을 못하도록 구속복을 만들어 두었다는 것은 참 현명한 것이다.

Why did evolution decide to ban muscle activity during REM sleep? Because by eliminating muscle activity you are prevented from acting out your dream experience. During REM sleep, there is a nonstop barrage of motor commands swirling around the brain, and they underlie the movement-rich experience of dreams. Wise, then, of Mother Nature to have tailored a physiological straitjacket that forbids these fictional movements from becoming reality, especially considering that you’ve stopped          . You can well imagine the disastrous outcome of falsely enacting a dream fight, or a frantic sprint from an approaching dream foe, while your eyes are closed and you have no comprehension of the world around you. It wouldn’t take long before you quickly left the gene pool. The brain paralyzes the body so the mind can dream safely.

① thinking what you are worried about

② to act out your dream experience

③ consciously perceiving your surroundings

④ banning muscle activity during sleep

⑤ persuading others to do as you want them to

3-5. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 다신은 자원봉사하면 아프리카에 가서 애들을 가르치는 것을 떠올리겠지만 사실 자원봉사는 훨씬 넓다. 신문 수집에서 기타 연주에 이르기 까지 수백가지이다.

Actually, those are ways to volunteer, yet the world of volunteering is much broader than the stereotypical ideas most people have.

When you and your daughter hear the word volunteering, what’s the first image that comes to your mind? Donating your outgrown clothes to the Salvation Army? Maybe you think volunteering means you have to go to Africa and live in a mud hut and eat raw bugs while teaching Sunday School to starving children. ①There are hundreds of ways to volunteer, from collecting newspapers for the Humane Society to playing the guitar at an assisted living center. ②There’s a volunteer possibility just right for your daughter. ③I have a friend who loves gymnastics, so she volunteers at a local gym and teaches kids to somersault and do cartwheels. ④That’s a long way from eating raw bugs in Africa! ⑤She found something that she loved doing and gives her time helping others.

3-6. 다음 지문에 어법상 잘못된 곳을 고르세요.

4번 only when ~ 도치구문이다. 주어가 we 이기 때문에 do

How often do we think about the air we breathe, the water we drink, or the soil our agribusiness conglomerates plant our vegetables in? Not often enough. The typical attitude toward natural resources ①is often deliberate ignorance. Only when someone must wait in line for hours to fill the car gas tank does gasoline become a concern. Only when people can see - and smell - the air they breathe and cough when they inhale ②does air become a visible resource. Water, the universal solvent, causes no concern (and very little thought) until shortages ③occur, or until it is so foul that nothing can live in it or drink it. Only when we lack water or the quality is poor ④does we think of water as a resource to “worry” about. Is soil a resource or is it “dirt?” Unless you farm, or plant a garden, soil is only ‘‘dirt.’’ Whether you pay any heed to the soil/dirt debate depends on ⑤what you use soil for - and on how hungry you are.

3-7. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 1990년 초 기존 과학을 이행하기 위한 디지털 기구 사용 하지만 지금은 컴퓨터가 포스트 과학적인 방법을 따라 인간이 이해하지 못하더라도 나름대로 문제를 해결하도록 하는 것이 더 쉬워짐. 은유적인 의미에서 컴퓨터는 새로운 종류의 과학을 발전. 1990년 디지털 혁명은 새로운 제작 방식이라면 오늘날 전산 혁명은 새로운 사고 방식을 낳고 있음.

Twenty to thirty years is a long time in the annals of information technology - long enough to allow us to discern a fundamental rift between the inner workings of yesterday’s and today’s computational tools.

a) In a metaphorical sense, computers are now developing their own science 一 a new kind of science. Thus, just as the digital revolution of the 1990s (new machines, same old science) generated a new way of making, today’s computational revolution (same machines, but a brand-new science) is generating a new way of thinking.

b) Now, to the contrary, we are learning that computers can work better and faster when we let them follow a different, nonhuman, postscientific method; and we increasingly find it easier to let computers solve problems in their own way .- even when we do not understand what they do or how they do it.

c) At the beginning, in the 1990s, we used our brand-new digital machines to implement the old science we knew - in a sense, we carried all the science we had over to the new computational platforms we were then just discovering.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-7-2. 다음 글의 흐름상 관계없는 문장은?

3번 위 글 참조 – 기후변화의 해결책이 후기 과학에서 전사회적 의견일치 단계로 변화하였다는 글은 관계없음.

Twenty to thirty years is a long time in the annals of information technology - long enough to allow us to discern a fundamental rift between the inner workings of yesterday’s and today’s computational tools. ①At the beginning, in the 1990s, we used our brand-new digital machines to implement the old science we knew - in a sense, we carried all the science we had over to the new computational platforms we were then just discovering. ②Now, to the contrary, we are learning that computers can work better and faster when we let them follow a different, nonhuman, postscientific method; and we increasingly find it easier to let computers solve problems in their own way .- even when we do not understand what they do or how they do it. ③Some climatologists describe the solution of the climate change challenge as shifting from the “postscientific consensus to presocial consensus stage.” ④In a metaphorical sense, computers are now developing their own science 一 a new kind of science. ⑤Thus, just as the digital revolution of the 1990s (new machines, same old science) generated a new way of making, today’s computational revolution (same machines, but a brand-new science) is generating a new way of thinking.

3-12. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 지각은 신경계에서 일어나는 것이지 지적인 작용과 같은 것이 아니다. 하지만 이 둘은 너무나도 비슷하기 때문에 심리학자 역시도 감각의 성취를 지적 능력에 의해 도움을 받은 것이라 보았다. 그들은 지각(감각)이라는 것을 외부 세계의 기계적 포착 이라고만 생각했었다. (하지만)　이제는 지각적 수준이나 지적 수준이나 동일한 메커니즘이 적용되기 때문에 감각적 작업을 묘사하기 위해 여러 가지 용어들을 사용하게 되었다.

In no way is the use of the word “concept” intended to suggest that perceiving is an intellectual operation. The processes in question must be thought of as occurring within the visual sector of the nervous system.

a) But the term concept is intended to suggest a striking similarity between the elementary activities of the senses and the higher ones of thinking or reasoning. So great is this similarity that many psychologists attributed the achievements of the senses to secret aid supposedly rendered them by the intellect.

b) It seems now that the same mechanisms operate on both the perceptual and the intellectual level, so that terms like concept, judgment, logic, abstraction, conclusion, computation, are needed in describing the work of the senses.

c) Those psychologists spoke of unconscious conclusions or computations because they assumed that perception itself could do no more than mechanically register the impingements of the outer world.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-12-2. 다음 어법상 알맞지 않은 곳을 고르세요.

3번 형용사 도치구문 – great 가 맞습니다 .

In no way is the use of the word “concept” intended to suggest that perceiving is an intellectual operation. The processes in question must be ①thought of as occurring within the visual sector of the nervous system. But the term concept is intended to suggest a ②striking similarity between the elementary activities of the senses and the higher ones of thinking or reasoning. So ③greatly is this similarity that many psychologists attributed the achievements of the senses to secret aid supposedly ④rendered them by the intellect. Those psychologists spoke of unconscious conclusions or computations because they assumed that perception itself could do no more than mechanically register the impingements of the outer world. It seems now that the same mechanisms operate on ⑤both the perceptual and the intellectual level, so that terms like concept, judgment, logic, abstraction, conclusion, computation, are needed in describing the work of the senses.

3-13. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 빈칸에 말하지 않는 것이 더 좋다는 의미가 들어가야 함. less harshly

One alternative to self-disclosure is to keep your thoughts and feelings to yourself. You can get a sense of how much you rely on ①silence instead of disclosing by keeping a record of when you do and don’t express your opinions. You’re likely to find that ②withholding thoughts and feelings is a common approach for you. Telling the whole truth may be honest, but it can jeopardize you, the other person, and your relationship. Most ③thoughtful communicators would keep quiet rather than give unwanted opinions like “You look awful” or “You talk too much.” Social scientists have found that people often make ④distinctions between “lies of omission” and “lies of commission” 一 and that saying nothing (omission) is usually judged less ⑤positively than telling an outright lie (commission). One study showed that in the workplace, holding back information is often seen as a better alternative than lying or engaging in intentional deception.

3-13-2. 다음 지문의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 문장을 고르세요.

3번 솔직하게 말하거나 거짓말을 하는 것보다는 침묵하는 것이 좋다는 글이다. 3번 글은 나는 괜찮다는 말이 가장 자주 사용되는 거짓말이고 자신이 거짓말을 하지 않는다고 하는 사람은 거짓말쟁이라는 글이다. 글의 흐름상 관계가 없다.

One alternative to self-disclosure is to keep your thoughts and feelings to yourself. You can get a sense of how much you rely on silence instead of disclosing by keeping a record of when you do and don’t express your opinions. You’re likely to find that withholding thoughts and feelings is a common approach for you. ①Telling the whole truth may be honest, but it can jeopardize you, the other person, and your relationship. ②Most thoughtful communicators would keep quiet rather than give unwanted opinions like “You look awful” or “You talk too much.” ③‘I’m fine’ is the most common lie and usually anyone who claims they never lie is a liar. ④Social scientists have found that people often make distinctions between “lies of omission” and “lies of commission” 一 and that saying nothing (omission) is usually judged less harshly than telling an outright lie (commission). ⑤One study showed that in the workplace, holding back information is often seen as a better alternative than lying or engaging in intentional deception.

3-14. 다음 글의 흐름상 알맞은 답을 고르세요.

5번 타인이 있을 때 우리는 그들에게 호감을 얻고 싶어한다. 우리는 다른 이들이 우리의 생각을 고르해주길 원한다. 고프먼은 모든 직업이나 신분의 사람들이 만나는 이들에게 자신의 관심을 투영하기 위한 전략을 가지고 있는데 그는 이것을 인상 관리라고 하였다. 우리가 하는 모든 역할은 타인에게 영향을 주고자 하는 전략들이 있다. 그래서 일상의 모든 순간이 설득이 필요없을 만큼 보잘 것 없는 경우는 없다.

Sociologist Erving Goffman notes “that when an individual appears before others he will have many motives for trying to control the impression they receive of the situation.” We want to be liked and to have our ideas accepted.

a) In words, gestures, and small signs, we leave a trail of cues that are meant to guide the responses of our audiences. No moment in the routine events of the day is too small to be completely without persuasion.

b) He referred to such strategies as impression management. Since we perform many of these roles simultaneously, we are constantly faced with the imperatives of making our actions and attitudes acceptable to others. Every role we play carries a number of possible strategies for influencing others.

c) We want others to show regard for our feelings and for the values that serve as the anchors for our actions. Goffman reminds us that children, teachers, parents, close friends, employees, employers, spouses, lovers, and coworkers all have strategies for projecting their interests to those with whom they come in contact.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-14-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 문장은?

2번 위 글 참조 ( 타인을 설득하는 것 = 청중의 반응을 이끌어내는 것 )

Sociologist Erving Goffman notes “that when an individual appears before others he will have many motives for trying to control the impression they receive of the situation.” We want to be liked and to have our ideas accepted. We want others to show regard for our feelings and for the values that serve as the anchors for our actions. Goffman reminds us that children, teachers, parents, close friends, employees, employers, spouses, lovers, and coworkers all have strategies for projecting their interests to those with whom they come in contact. He referred to such strategies as impression management. Since we perform many of these roles simultaneously, we are constantly faced with the imperatives of making our actions and attitudes acceptable to others. Every role we play carries a number of possible strategies for influencing others. In words, gestures, and small signs, we leave a trail of cues that are meant to          . No moment in the routine events of the day is too small to be completely without persuasion.

① carry a variety of meanings relative to context

② guide the responses of our audiences

③ try to convey the agreement to the other

④ finish one project at a time in time

⑤ seemingly accept others’ opinions at once

3-15. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 기업들은 소비자에게 그들이 가치있게 여기는 것들을 주어야 한다. 이것은 소비자에 대한 지식을 요구하고 그러기 위해서는 자신이 경험을 바탕으로 지식을 갖춰야 한다. 그러면 소비자의 변화하는 삶의 스타일에 대해 인식하고 그 지식으로 변화하는 라이프 스타일과 관련된 상품을 만들어 낼 수 있다. changing

Entrepreneurs succeed by providing customers with businesses and services they value. This requires knowledge of what people value and how to provide those goods and services. It is ①hard to succeed without that knowledge. The person who observes a change in consumption patterns will not necessarily realize its importance unless he or she is ②familiar with the product or industry. Business people draw on their knowledge acquired from experience to make more ③accurate assessments of areas of possible demand. Part of this involves getting into the heads of the consumers to see how they perceive products in relation to their needs. In so doing, you need to be ④aware of changes in lifestyles of consumers and their product needs. With this knowledge, you can create a product that connects with the ⑤conventional lifestyles of the potential market. Firms that put together new combinations of technologies and build products that fit into buyers‘ thought systems should have greater potential for survival than those that do not.

3-15-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 경험을 토대로 한 지식으로 수요를 정확히 평가한다. 그것은 서비자의 머릿속으로 들어가 그들이 상품을 바라보는 방식을 보기 위함이다.(상품이 처음 등장) 그렇게 할 때 당신은 소비자의 삶의 스타일과 상품의 욕구에 변화를 볼 필요가 있다.

Part of this involves getting into the heads of the consumers to see how they perceive products in relation to their needs.

Entrepreneurs succeed by providing customers with businesses and services they value. This requires knowledge of what people value and how to provide those goods and services. It is hard to succeed without that knowledge. ①The person who observes a change in consumption patterns will not necessarily realize its importance unless he or she is familiar with the product or industry. ②Business people draw on their knowledge acquired from experience to make more accurate assessments of areas of possible demand. ③In so doing, you need to be aware of changes in lifestyles of consumers and their product needs. ④With this knowledge, you can create a product that connects with the changing lifestyles of the potential market. ⑤Firms that put together new combinations of technologies and build products that fit into buyers‘ thought systems should have greater potential for survival than those that do not.

3-16. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 왜 사람들은 슬픈 음악에 끌리는 것일까? 슬픔과 같은 부정적인 감정은 회피 행동이다. 그래서 우리를 슬프게 하는 사람들과 상황으로부터 피하게 한다. 그러므로 우리는 행복한 음악을 선호한다. 연구는 이 생각을 지지한다. 하지만 반직감적으로 우리는 음악과 미술의 경험에 있어 기꺼이 슬픈 경험을 추구한다. 흄은 괴로움을 겪을 때 즐겁고 슬픔을 방출하기 위한 눈물만큼 더 행복한 적은 없다고 말한다.

The mystery of why we are attracted to sad music is a particularly fascinating paradox that has puzzled philosophers for centuries, with very little empirical research on the subject until the last decade.

a) We could expect, therefore, that people would usually display a preference for listening to happy music. Research supports this idea, with findings that people do mostly prefer to listen to up-tempo music in major keys, music which is usually perceived as happy.

b) ‘Negative’ emotions such as sadness are generally held to involve avoidance behaviours according to most models of emotion, impelling us to escape from situations or people that make us feel sad, thus protecting us from potential danger.

c) Counterintuitively, however, in the case of music or other aesthetic experiences, the evidence suggests that we also willingly seek out experiences of sadness, even seeming to enjoy them. As David Hume says, “they are pleased as they are afflicted, and never so happy as when they employ tears, sobs and cries to give vent to their sorrow.”

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-17. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 거리 예술은 정치적인 조건들을 충족하기 위해 변화하였다. 다원주의 사회에선 역사적 기억을 기록하고 권위적인 사회에서는 공공의 공간을 정부가 통제하기 때문에 낙서만이 주요 매체가 되었다. 정치적인 위험 때문에 벽화는 금지되었고 전단지 만이 낙서를 보충하였다. 주제들도 국가적인 문제들을 반영하였다. 권위적 국가에서는 오직 정치문제만이 우선이었는데 경쟁사회에서는 길거리 예술은 정치, 사회, 경제, 문화를 반영하였다.

Themes also adapt to reflect pressing national problems. In an authoritarian system, political matters take precedence over social, cultural, and economic questions.

The form of street art changes to meet the conditions of the political system. In open, pluralistic societies, collectives competing for political space often utilize all forms to record their historical memory. However, in noncompetitive, authoritarian systems where government dominates public space, graffiti becomes the primary medium; posters, wallpaintings, and murals are more risky. ①Until the twilight of the Augusto Pinochet regime, the painting of murals ceased because of the high political risks. Leaflets supplemented the underground graffiti. ②At times they were displayed as wallposters. ③The opposition’s push is to resolve political questions first; their themes record a regime’s sins. ④In a competitive system, once the transition questions are resolved, the street art begins to reflect an array of pressing problems - political, social, economic, or cultural in nature. ⑤These are recorded in posters, graffiti, wallpaintings, and murals.

3-17-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 위 설명 참조

The form of street art changes to meet the conditions of the political system. In open, pluralistic societies, collectives competing for political space often utilize all forms to record their historical memory.

a) The opposition’s push is to resolve political questions first; their themes record a regime’s sins. In a competitive system, once the transition questions are resolved, the street art begins to reflect an array of pressing problems - political, social, economic, or cultural in nature. These are recorded in posters, graffiti, wallpaintings, and murals.

b) Leaflets supplemented the underground graffiti. At times they were displayed as wallposters. Themes also adapt to reflect pressing national problems. In an authoritarian system, political matters take precedence over social, cultural, and economic questions.

c) However, in noncompetitive, authoritarian systems where government dominates public space, graffiti becomes the primary medium; posters, wallpaintings, and murals are more risky. Until the twilight of the Augusto Pinochet regime, the painting of murals ceased because of the high political risks.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-17-3. 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

2번 graffiti 가 주어이므로 becomes

The form of street art changes to meet the conditions of the political system. In open, pluralistic societies, collectives ①competing for political space often utilize all forms to record their historical memory. However, in noncompetitive, authoritarian systems where government dominates public space, graffiti ②become the primary medium; posters, wallpaintings, and murals are more risky. Until the twilight of the Augusto Pinochet regime, the painting of murals ③ceased because of the high political risks. Leaflets supplemented the underground graffiti. At times they were displayed as wallposters. Themes also adapt ④to reflect pressing national problems. In an authoritarian system, political matters take precedence over social, cultural, and economic questions. The opposition’s push is to resolve political questions first; their themes record a regime’s sins. In a competitive system, once the transition questions are ⑤resolved, the street art begins to reflect an array of pressing problems - political, social, economic, or cultural in nature. These are recorded in posters, graffiti, wallpaintings, and murals.

3-18. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 미국 혁명을 지금까지는 고립된 미국의 사건이라 생각했지만 이 혁명은 전세계에 사회,문화,이데올로기 적인 영향을 주었다. 특히 프랑스 혁명이나 다른 대서양의 혁명에 영향을 주었다.

The American Revolution (1774-83) ranks among the most written about episodes in history. It achieved independence and forged a great nation. But historians and readers have mostly approached it as                 , the decisive formative episode in the history of the nation-state. That it also exerted an immense social, cultural, and ideological impact on the rest of the world that proved fundamental to the shaping of democratic modernity has attracted little attention since the mid-nineteenth century until very recently. The American Revolution, preceding the great French Revolution of 1789-99, was the first and one of the most momentous upheavals of a whole series of revolutionary events gripping the Atlantic world during the three-quarters of a century from 1775 to 1848-49. Like the French Revolution, these were all profoundly affected by, and impacted on, America in ways rarely examined and discussed in broad context.

① an isolated American drama

② a broadly discussed event

③ a valuable threshold of dissegregation

④ a resultant one from the French Revolution

⑤ an unprecedented economic change

3-19. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 동물은 기본적인 문화를 가지고 있지만 인간과 같이 언어를 가지고 있지는 않다. 언어가 처음 등장하는 지문.

But no animal species, at least none out of the more than one million known, has a language.

A very few animal species have rudimentary culture. A local troop of Japanese macaques have learned, from the example an innovative female in their midst provided, how to clean sweet potatoes by washing them in water. ①Equally impressive, members of at least one chimpanzee troop use bush stems stripped of leaves to fish for termite soldiers, the suicidally aggressive insect fighters that bite and hold on to any invader of their nest. ②Members of a second group of chimpanzees have learned from one another how to swim and dive or otherwise move through water. ③These are among the very rare examples of true cultures - behavior invented by individuals and groups and passed on by the social learning of others. ④What then is language - what exactly? Linguists define it as the highest form of communication, an endless combination of words translatable into symbols, and arbitrarily chosen to confer meaning. ⑤They are used to label any conceivable entity, process, or one or more attributes that define entity and process.

3-20. 다음 중 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

3번 의료 방사능은 사람들 마다 고르게 분포되어 있지 않다고 해야 함. evenly

Fear of radiation is problematic considering the trend in radiation exposures. Since 1980, the background radiation exposure level for Americans has doubled, and is likely to continue to climb. Similar patterns are occurring in all of the developed and developing countries. This ①increase in background radiation is almost entirely due to the expanding use of radiation procedures in medicine. The benefits of diagnostic radiology in identifying disease and monitoring treatment progress have been ②significant. However, radiation has also been overused in many circumstances, conveying little or no benefits to patients while still subjecting them to increased risks. Furthermore, medical radiation is not distributed ③unevenly across the population. While some people are getting no medical radiation exposure at all, others are receiving ④substantial doses. Under such circumstances, the “average” background radiation level means little to the individual. People need to be aware of their personal radiation exposures and weigh the risks and benefits before ⑤agreeing to subject themselves to medical radiation procedures.

3-20-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 사람들보다 고르게 분포되어 있지 않아 누군가는 거의 노출이 없지만 다른 이들은 상당한 양을 받고 있다.

Furthermore, medical radiation is not distributed evenly across the population.

Fear of radiation is problematic considering the trend in radiation exposures. Since 1980, the background radiation exposure level for Americans has doubled, and is likely to continue to climb. Similar patterns are occurring in all of the developed and developing countries. This increase in background radiation is almost entirely due to the expanding use of radiation procedures in medicine. ①The benefits of diagnostic radiology in identifying disease and monitoring treatment progress have been significant. ②However, radiation has also been overused in many circumstances, conveying little or no benefits to patients while still subjecting them to increased risks. ③While some people are getting no medical radiation exposure at all, others are receiving substantial doses. ④Under such circumstances, the “average” background radiation level means little to the individual. ⑤People need to be aware of their personal radiation exposures and weigh the risks and benefits before agreeing to subject themselves to medical radiation procedures.

3-20-3. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 의료용 방사능의 사용이 질병을 확인하고 감시하는데 중요하다. 하지만 과도하게 사용되어 환자에게 아무 이익을 못 주기도 한다.

However, radiation has also been overused in many circumstances, conveying little or no benefits to patients while still subjecting them to increased risks. .

Fear of radiation is problematic considering the trend in radiation exposures. Since 1980, the background radiation exposure level for Americans has doubled, and is likely to continue to climb. Similar patterns are occurring in all of the developed and developing countries. This increase in background radiation is almost entirely due to the expanding use of radiation procedures in medicine. ①The benefits of diagnostic radiology in identifying disease and monitoring treatment progress have been significant. ②Furthermore, medical radiation is not distributed evenly across the population. ③While some people are getting no medical radiation exposure at all, others are receiving substantial doses. ④Under such circumstances, the “average” background radiation level means little to the individual. ⑤People need to be aware of their personal radiation exposures and weigh the risks and benefits before agreeing to subject themselves to medical radiation procedures.

3-21. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 스포츠는 예측이 불가능하다. 성공의 기록이 있다 하더라도 예측할 수 없다. 이러한 예측 불가능성이 스포츠와 회사 마케팅을 구분한다. 실제로 많은 회사 메니저는 마케팅 수단으로 스포츠를 선호하지 않는다. 하지만 스포츠 팬들은 결과가 보장되지 않아 스포츠를 따른다. 만약 스포측 대본이 있었다면 그것은 회사의 광고일 뿐이었을 것이다.

Unlike conventional marketing activities, like advertising and promotions, that are planned and scripted, sports events are inherently unpredictable. Fans, athletes, teams, and companies do not know outcomes.

a) Despite even the most formidable track records of success, one cannot know for certain whether past sport performances will continue or whether expectations will be turned upside down. This very unpredictability separates sports from almost all other corporate marketing activities.

b) Fans have an emotional attachment to their favorite teams and athletes, irrespective (mostly) of their recent performances. If sports were scripted then they would lose credibility, spontaneity would be lost, and they would be no different than a conventional company-directed ad campaign.

c) Indeed, many business managers find this prospect of uncertainty distinctly uncomfortable and consequently shy away from using sports as a marketing platform. Yet sports fans follow sports partly because outcomes are not guaranteed.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-22. 다음 글의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 내용을 고르세요.

3번 정규교육에는 항상 뒤처지는 사람들이 있고 그 원인은 다양하고 그 문제들은 모두 교육에 핵심이다. 이들을 해결하는 것이 인지 심리학자, 교육 심리학자들의 목표이라는 내용이다. 3번은 사람들이 자주 듣거나 자신이 좋아하는 사람이 이야기 한 것에 대해 더욱 편향되어 진다는 내용이라 흐름상 어울리지 않는다.

Formal education has had a major and positive impact on society, but it is also true that not all students meet their learning aspirations. Many children and adults struggle to learn and many are left behind. The problems that undermine their efforts to succeed (and instructors' efforts to help them) arise from numerous sources. ①A short list includes poor nutrition, poor physical or mental health, a lack of motivation, boredom, social and interpersonal problems at school or at home, ineffective approaches to learning, learning disabilities, and poor access to educational resources. ②Successfully solving these problems will require many solutions and only a subset of them are targeted by cognitive psychologists.③ Some cognitive psychologists believe that we have a strong inborn tendency to believe the information we have heard the most times and give more weight to information from people we like. ④This subset of problems is nevertheless fundamental to education and, in general, includes the difficulties that many students have in effectively learning and understanding new ideas and concepts, correcting misconceptions, achieving proficiency in math and reading, and thinking critically. ⑤Even in the best of circumstances, many students will still struggle, and many of the efforts of cognitive and educational psychologists are aimed at helping students more effectively learn and teachers more effectively teach.

3-23. 다음 중 흐름상 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 보수를 받는 요리사들을 지속적으로 무시하였기 때문에 오랜 세월 동안 가사 근로자들이 요리하는 음식을 먹었으면서도 가정에서 직접 요리하는 것을 하지 않는 것에 대해 사람들은 걱정을 하고 있다. neglect

Whereas nineteenth-century dietary reformers worried that we’d stopped baking our own bread, today’s food evangelists ①worry that we’ve stopped cooking altogether. It’s true that families eat out more than in the past. And women spend less time cooking than they did a few generations ago. But ②oversimplified comparisons of today’s families with those of previous generations fail to acknowledge the fact that Americans have long ③depended on the labor of others to get dinner on the table. Poor white women and women of color prepared many people’s meals a century ago, just as they do today. The difference is that these women previously worked inside the home, as ④domestic laborers, rather than in restaurants. At the peak, almost two million domestic workers were employed in American households. Anthropologist Amy Trubek notes that idealized visions of home cooking persistently ⑤respect “the many generations of paid cooks who first worked in homes and then in commercial settings to make these meals possible.”

3-23-2.  다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 현대 음식 전도사들은 우리가 요리하지 않을까 걱정한다. 사실 외식을 많이하는 것은 사실이다. 그리고 더 적은 시간을 요리하며 보내는 것도 맞다. 그러나 지나치게 단순화된 비교이다. 미국은 오랫동안 다른 이들의 노동에 의지하였고 단지 차이는 식당 보다는 가사 노동자가 집안에서 일을 했다는 것이다. 절정에 이르렀을 때 그들의 수는 200만명이었다. 인류학자는 가정 요리를 이상적으로 보는 이유를 유급 요리사들에 대해 무시하는 것이라 하였다.

Whereas nineteenth-century dietary reformers worried that we’d stopped baking our own bread, today’s food evangelists worry that we’ve stopped cooking altogether. It’s true that families eat out more than in the past.

a) And women spend less time cooking than they did a few generations ago. But oversimplified comparisons of today’s families with those of previous generations fail to acknowledge the fact that Americans have long depended on the labor of others to get dinner on the table.

b) At the peak, almost two million domestic workers were employed in American households. Anthropologist Amy Trubek notes that idealized visions of home cooking persistently neglect “the many generations of paid cooks who first worked in homes and then in commercial settings to make these meals possible.”

c) Poor white women and women of color prepared many people’s meals a century ago, just as they do today. The difference is that these women previously worked inside the home, as domestic laborers, rather than in restaurants.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-23-3. 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

2번 동사 자리입니다. fail

Whereas nineteenth-century dietary reformers worried that we’d stopped baking our own bread, today’s food evangelists worry that we’ve stopped cooking altogether. It’s true that families ①eat out more than in the past. And women spend less time cooking than they did a few generations ago. But oversimplified comparisons of today’s families with those of previous generations ②failing to acknowledge the fact that Americans have long ③depended on the labor of others to get dinner on the table. Poor white women and women of color prepared many people’s meals a century ago, just as they ④do today. The difference is that these women previously worked inside the home, as domestic laborers, rather than in restaurants. At the peak, almost two million domestic workers were employed in American households. Anthropologist Amy Trubek notes ⑤that idealized visions of home cooking persistently neglect “the many generations of paid cooks who first worked in homes and then in commercial settings to make these meals possible.”