1. 몇 십 년 동안, 영장류 동물학자들은 유인원과 원숭이들이 명백한 동정으로 인해 행동하는 경우를 보고해 왔다. For decades, primatologists have reported on incidents in which apes and monkeys behaved with apparent compassion.
For	decades,	primatologists	have reported on	incidents
in which
apes	behaved
and
monkeys
with	apparent compassion.
도전적인 영장류 동물학자인 Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts는 그녀의 모스크바에 위치한 집에서 Joni라고 불리는 어린 침팬지를 키웠다. The pioneering primatologist Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts raised a young chimpanzee named Joni in her Moscow home.
	The pioneering primatologist	raised	a young chimpanzee	in	her Moscow home.
Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts	named	Joni
Joni는 그녀의 집 지붕에서 노는 것을 좋아했고 종종 내려오기를 거부했다. Joni liked to play on the roof of her house and often refused to come down.
	Joni	liked
		to	play		on	the roof
of	her house
and		often
refused
		to	come
down.
시간이 지날수록, Kohts는 Joni를 내려오게 하는 가장 좋은 방법이 그의 감정에 호소하는 것 이라는 것을 깨달았다. Over time, Kohts found that the best way to get Joni to come down was to appeal to his emotions.
Over time,	Kohts	found
that	the best way	was
to	get	Joni	to	come
down
		to	appeal		to	his emotions.
그녀는 우는 척을 했고, Joni는 곧바로 그녀의 옆으로 내려와 의심스러운 눈초리로 공격자를 찾으며 그녀의 얼굴을 부드럽게 만져줌으로써 그녀를 달랬다. She would pretend to cry, and Joni would immediately rush to her side, look about suspiciously for an offender, and comfort her by gently touching her face.
	She	would
pretend
		to	cry,
and	Joni	would		to	her side,
immediately
rush
		look about suspiciously for	an offender,
and		comfort	her	by	gently touching her face.

때때로 침팬지들 또한 서로를 도와주는 것으로 보인다. Chimpanzees sometimes appear to help one another as well.
	Chimpanzees	sometimes
appear
		to	help	one another	as well.
네덜란드의 Arnhem 동물원에 사는 7살 침팬지인 Jaki는 Krom이라고 불리는 더 나이가 많은 보호자가 성공적이지 못하게 물로 가득찬 타이어를 회수하려고 하는 것을 보았다 Jaki, a seven-year-old chimp living at the Arnhem Zoo, in the Netherlands, observed an older caregiver named Krom trying unsuccessfully to retrieve a tire that had been filled with water.
	Jaki,	observed
a seven-year-old chimp
living
at	the Arnhem Zoo,
in	the Netherlands,
	an older caregiver	trying
named	Krom	unsuccessfully
		to	retrieve	a tire
that
	had been	filled
with	water.
Krom이 실망감에 가득 차 포기한 이후에, Jaki는 타이어가 있는 곳으로 가 그것을 막고 있던 다른 타이어들을 치우고, 물을 한 방울도 쏟지 않게끔 조심하며 그것을 Krom이 있는 곳으로 가져갔다. After Krom gave up in frustration, Jaki went over to the tire, removed the other tires that were blocking it, and carried it over to Krom, being careful not to spill any water.
After	Krom	gave up		in	frustration,
	Jaki	went over		to	the tire,
		removed	the other tires
that
	were blocking	it,
and		carried	it	over
to	Krom,
		being	careful
not	to	spill	any water.

2. 물리적인 세계에서, 친구는 우리가 감정, 애정 혹은 개인적인 존경심에 의해 애착을 갖는 사람들이다. In the physical world, friends are people to whom we are attached by feelings, affection, or personal regard.
In	the physical world,	friends	are	people
to whom
we	are	attached
by	feelings,
affection,
or
personal regard.
하지만, 사회적 네트워킹의 세계에서 친구라는 용어의 정의와 적용은 훨씬 더 애매모호하며 느슨하게 적용된다. In the world of social networking, however, the definition and application of the term friend is much more vague and loosely applied.
In	the world	the definition	is	much more vague
and
of	social networking,
and
application
however,
loosely applied.
of	the term friend
예를 들어, 친목회에서 방금 당신이 처음 만난 사람은 물리적 세계에서의 친구가 되기 위한 시험을 통과하지 않을지도 모르지만 이러한 종류의 우연한 만남은 가상 세계에서의 친구 시험을 통과하기에는 훨씬 충분하다. For example, an individual who you have just met for the first time at a social gathering might not pass the test of being a friend in the physical world, but increasingly this type of casual connection is more than enough to pass the friendship test in the virtual world.
For example,	an individual	might not	the test
who
of	being	a friend
you	have just met
pass
for the first time
in	the physical world,
at	a social gathering
but	this type	is	more than enough
to	pass	the friendship test
increasingly	of	casual connection
in	the virtual world.

단순히 어떤 사람의 얼굴, 이름 혹은 다른 “친구”와의 가능한 연관성을 아는 것은 많은 사람들로 하여금 일반적으로 누군가와 온라인상의 친구관계로 들어가기에 충분하게 만든다. Simply knowing a person’s face, name, or possible association with another “friend” is usually enough for many to enter into an online friendship with an individual.
		Simply knowing	a person’s	face,
name,
or
possible association
with	another “friend”
		is	enough
usually
	for	many	to	enter into	an online friendship
with	an individual.
다른 경우에는, 그 사람과의 친밀도나 이전의 어떠한 개인적인 연관성과 상관없이 단순한 친구 요청만 있으면 충분하다. At other times, a simple friend request is sufficient, regardless of familiarity with the individual or any previous personal connection.
At other times,	a simple friend request	is	sufficient,	regardless of	familiarity
with	the individual
or
any previous personal connection.
온라인상의 보안과 사생활의 측면에서, 디지털 세계에서 사람들과 친구가 될 때 내리는 결정과 그들과 공유되는 내용(예 : 프로필 정보, 사진, 상태 업데이트 등)은 실제 세계에서 그러한 결정들이 부정적인 결과를 초래할 수 있기 때문에 가볍게 여겨져서는 안된다. In respect to online security and privacy, the choices made when befriending people in the digital world and the content (i.e., profile information, pictures, status updates, etc.) shared with them should not be taken lightly as such choices can have negative consequences in the real world.
In respect to	online security	the choices	should not	taken	lightly
made
when
befriending	people
and
in	the digital world
and	be
the content
privacy,
(i.e., profile information, pictures, status updates, etc.)
shared
with	them
as	such choices	can	negative consequences	in	the real world.
have

3. 거의 모든 연령대의 재능이 있는 아이들은 더 긴 집중력 지속 기간을 보인다 – 필수적으로 그들이 흥미를 보여야 한다고 다른 사람들이 생각하는 것이 아니라 그 순간에 그들이 흥미를 갖는 것에 Gifted children of almost any age show longer attention spans — in the things they are interested in at the moment, not necessarily in what others think they should be interested in.
	Gifted children		show	longer attention spans			— in		the things
									they	are			interested
	of	almost any age							in
									at			the moment,
not necessarily							in		what
									others think
									they		should		interested
											be
									in.
많은 재능 있는 아이들은 독서, 모형 만들기 혹은 그림 그리기를 하며 시간을 보낸다. - 그들의 집안일을 해야 하는 의무는 “잊어버리거나” 당신이 그들의 이름을 부르는 것은 듣지도 못한다. Many gifted children spend hours reading, building models, or drawing — “forgetting” their household duties and not even hearing you call their name.
	Many gifted children		spend	hours
			reading,
			building	models,
or			drawing
			— “forgetting”	their household duties
and			not even hearing
	you		call	their name.
그들의 집중력은 굉장히 강하고, 집중적이며 마음을 온통 빼앗기게 만드는 특성을 지닌다; 그들은 다른 사람들이 놓치는 세부 사항들 또한 자각할 것이다. Their concentration is intense, focused, and all-consuming; they will also notice details that others miss.
	Their concentration		is	intense,
				focused,
				and
				all-consuming;
	they		will also	details
				that
			notice
				others	miss.

해리포터 2권을 4번 읽은 한 10살 소년이 해리와 그의 친구들이 학교에서 공부한 수많은 교과목 모두를 말할 수 있다고 자랑스럽게 밝혔다. One 10-year-old boy, who had read the second Harry Potter book four times, proudly announced that he could name all of the numerous courses that Harry and his friends studied at their school.
	One 10-year-old boy,	proudly announced
who
	had read	the second Harry Potter book
four times,
that	he	could	all of the numerous courses
that
Harry	studied
name	and
his friends
at	their school.
또 다른 예시에서, 굉장히 재능 있는 3살 소년이 텔레비전에서 스타 농구선수가 연속해서 20 번의 슈팅을 성공하는 모습을 보았다. In another example, a highly gifted three-year-old boy watched a basketball star make 20 baskets in a row on television.
In another example,	a highly gifted three-year-old boy	watched
	a basketball star	make	20 baskets	on	television.
in	a row
이 소년은 같은 행동을 하기로 굳게 다짐했고 그가 그것을 해낼 때까지 같은 일에 거의 3시 간을 매달렸다. This boy became resolved to do the same thing, and he stayed with the task for nearly three hours until he finally did it.
	This boy	became	resolved
to	do	the same thing,
and	he	stayed		with	the task
for	nearly three hours
until	he	finally did	it.
아동용 농구링을 사용했다고 할지라도, 이것은 굉장히 어린 사람에게는 꽤 엄청난 성취였다. Even using a child-size hoop, this was quite an accomplishment for someone so young.
Even		using	a child-size hoop,
	this	was	quite an accomplishment
for	someone so young.
그것에 그렇게 오랫동안 매달렸던 그의 투지는 꽤 놀랍다. His determination to stick with it that long was quite remarkable.
	His determination	was	quite remarkable.
to	stick with	it
that long
인내는 재능 있는 아이들과 어른들에게 오래 지속되는 특징이다. Persistence is a long-lasting trait of gifted children and adults.
	Persistence	is	a long-lasting trait
of	gifted children
and
adults.

4. 삶은 규칙을 갖고 있고 멍청한 사람들만 이러한 규칙을 따르기를 아예 거부한다. Life has rules and only the foolish person refuses to follow these rules at all.
	Life	has	rules
and	only the foolish person	refuses
		to	follow	these rules	at all.
# 우리는 더 이상 삶에 적용이 불가능한 양식에 갇혔다. We get locked into patterns that are no longer applicable to life.
	We	get	locked	into	patterns
that
	are	no longer applicable
to	life.
## 우리는 이러한 삶의 “규칙”에 대한 접근을 우리의 창의력이 다 소진된 양식에 갇혔다는 정도로까지 확장한다. We expand this “rule” approach to life to such a degree that our creative juices get squeezed out.
	We	expand	this “rule” approach	to	such a degree
that
to	life
our creative juices	get	squeezed out.
* 하지만, 때때로 우리는 이러한 삶의 “규칙”에 대한 접근을 더 이상 삶에 적용이 불가능하고 우리의 창의력이 다 소진된 양식에 갇혔다는 정도로까지 확장한다. However, sometimes we expand this “rule” approach to life to such a degree that we get locked into patterns that are no longer applicable to life and our creative juices get squeezed out.
However,	we	expand	this “rule” approach	to	such a degree
that
we	get	locked
into	patterns
that
sometimes	to	life
	are	no longer applicable
to	life
and
our creative juices	get	squeezed out.
그러므로, 우리의 창의력을 향상시키는 한 가지 방법은 그 규칙들에 맞서는 것이다. Therefore, one way to enhance our creativity is to challenge the rules.
Therefore,	one way	is
to	enhance	our creativity
		to	challenge	the rules.
IQ라는 영화에서, Walter Matthau는 아인슈타인 역할을 연기했다. In the movie IQ, Walter Matthau played the part of Einstein.
In	the movie IQ,	Walter Matthau	played	the part
of	Einstein.
Meg Ryan은 아인슈타인의 조카 역할을 맡았다. Meg Ryan was Einstein’s niece.
	Meg Ryan	was	Einstein’s niece.

영화의 한 부분에서, 아인슈타인은 그의 조카에게 “모든 것을 질문해라!”라고 말한다. 이는 좋은 조언이다. At one point in the movie, Einstein said to his niece, “Question everything!” That’s good advice.
At	one point	Einstein	said		to	his niece,
in	the movie,
		“Question	everything!”
	That	is	good advice.
역사상 모든 진보는 규칙에 맞선 누군가에 의해 이뤄졌다. Every advance in history came from someone who challenged the rules.
	Every advance	came		from	someone
who
in	history
	challenged	the rules.
콜롬버스는 그가 항해의 규칙에 맞섰기 때문에 아메리카 대륙을 발견했다. Columbus discovered America because he challenged the rules of navigation.
	Columbus	discovered	America
because	he	challenged	the rules
of	navigation.
마틴 루터는 그가 교회의 규칙에 맞섰기 때문에 종교 개혁을 시작했다. Martin Luther started the Reformation because he challenged the rules of the church.
	Martin Luther	started	the Reformation
because	he	challenged	the rules
of	the church.
아인슈타인은 그가 뉴턴 물리학의 규칙에 맞섰기 때문에 상대성 이론을 발견했다. Einstein discovered the theory of relativity because he challenged the rules of Newtonian physics.
	Einstein	discovered	the theory
of	relativity
because	he	challenged	the rules
of	Newtonian physics.
때때로 창의력은 우리가 그것들이 항상 행해져왔던 똑같은 방식대로 일들을 할 필요 없는 인식으로부터 발생한다. Sometimes creativity arises out of the awareness that we do not have to do things in the same way they have always been done.
Sometimes	creativity	arises		out of	the awareness
that
we	do not have to	things
do
in	the same way
they	have always been	done.

5. 부모들은 때때로 아이의 나쁜 행동을 “로버트가 좋지 않은 무리랑 어울린다”와 같은 근거로 정당화하려고 한다. Parents sometimes try to justify a child’s bad behavior with the rationale, “Robert was running around with the wrong crowd.”
	Parents	sometimes
try
		to	justify	a child’s bad behavior	with	the rationale,
	“Robert	was running around		with	the wrong crowd.”
여기에서의 함축적 의미는 로버트의 행동이 무리의 다른 구성원들에 의해서 영향을 받거나 초래됐다는 것이다. The implication is that Robert’s behavior was influenced by or caused by the other members of the crowd.
	The implication	is
that	Robert’s behavior	was	influenced	by
			or	by	the other members
caused	of	the crowd.
이는 좋게 들릴지도 모르고 어느 정도는 맞는 평가일지도 모른다. This may sound good, and it may be a correct assessment as far as it goes.
	This	may	good,
sound
and	it	may	a correct assessment
be
as far as	it	goes.
하지만 그것은 로버트 또한 그 무리의 자발적이고, 참여하며 영향을 끼친 구성원이며 아마도 다른 구성원들이 그에게 영향을 준만큼 그 또한 그들에게 영향을 주었을지도 모른다는 사실을 배제한다. But it leaves out the fact that Robert was also a willing, participating and contributing member of this crowd, and that he probably influenced the others to about the same degree that they influenced him.
But	it	leaves out	the fact
that
Robert	was also	a willing,	member
participating
and
contributing
of	this crowd,
and
that
he	probably influenced	the others
to	about the same degree
that
they	influenced	him.

당연히, 무리들은 때때로 구성원 개개인이 혼자 하지 않을지도 모르는 일을 집단적으로 한다. Granted, crowds (e.g., gangs) sometimes do things collectively that the individual members may not do by themselves.
Granted,	crowds (e.g., gangs)	sometimes do	things
collectively
that
the individual members	may not
do
by	themselves.
하지만 나쁜 선택과 무책임한 행동으로 인해 무리를 탓하는 것은 완전히 요지를 벗어난다 : 첫째로, 친구, 동료, 무리/집단은 선택에 의한 것이며 둘째로, 각 개인들은 영향을 주고 집단을 형성하는 사람들에 의해서 영향을 받는다. But blaming the crowd for bad choices and irresponsible behavior misses the point entirely: First, friends, associates, crowds/groups are choices, and second, individuals influence and are influenced by those who make up the group.
But		blaming	the crowd	for	bad choices
and
irresponsible behavior
		misses	the point	entirely:
First,	friends,	are	choices,	and
associates,
crowds/groups
second,	individuals	influence
		and	influenced	by	those who
are		make up	the group.
이는 친구와 가까운 동료들이 단순히 만나고 받아들여져야 하는 존재가 아니라 신중하게 선택 되어야 하는 하나의 좋은 이유이다. This is one very good reason why friends and close associates should be chosen carefully, not simply encountered and accepted.
	This	is	one very good reason
why
friends	should	chosen
and
be
close associates
carefully,
		not simply
encountered
and
accepted.
시간이 지날수록, 이는 문제가 된다. Over a period of time, it matters.
Over	a period	it	matters.
of	time,

6. # 우리는 사람에 대한 귀인을 만든다. We make attributions about people.
	We	make	attributions
about	people.
## 사람들의 특정한 특징과 행동이 구체적인 결과와 연관되어 있다. Their particular characteristics and actions are associated with specific outcomes.
	Their particular	characteristics	are	associated	with	specific outcomes.
and
actions
* 특수성의 원칙은 사람들의 특정한 특징과 행동이 그 상황에서만 독특하게 나타나는 구체적인 결과와 연관되어 있는지 아닌지에 근거해 우리가 사람들에 대해 평가함을 제안한다. The principle of distinctiveness suggests that we make attributions about people based on whether their particular characteristics and actions are associated with specific outcomes unique to the situation.
	The principle	suggests
of	distinctiveness
that	we	make	attributions	based on	whether
their particular	characteristics	are	associated
and
actions
about	people
with	specific outcomes
unique
to	the situation.
특수성은 사건들이 다른 것들이 아니라 서로 존재할 때만 발생하는 정도를 의미한다. Distinctiveness is the extent to which things occur only with each other and not with other things.
	Distinctiveness	is	the extent
to which
things	occur
only with	each other
and
not with	other things.

예를 들어 만약 숙제를 늦게 제출하는 습관을 지닌 한 학생이 또래 친구들과 교수들은 좋아하는 것으로 보이는데 교수들 중에 한 분에 의해서만 완전히 엄격하게 다뤄지는 것으로 보이면, 이때는 그 학생이 해당 교수로부터 특수한 반응을 일으킨 것으로 본다. For example if a student, who has a habit of submitting his assignments late, seems well liked by peers and professors but is clearly treated harshly by one of the professors, then the student seems to cause a distinctive reaction from this professor.
For example	a student,	seems	well liked	by	peers
who
and
	has	a habit
if
of	submitting	his assignments
professors
late,
but		is	clearly treated	harshly
by	one
of	the professors,
then	the student	seems
		to	cause	a distinctive reaction	from	this professor.
만약 문제의 그 교수가 일관적으로 다른 많은 학생들에게 엄하다면, 이때는 그 행동이 숙제를 늦게 제출하는 학생에게 특수한 것이 아니다; 그보다 이는 특수성이 낮은 행동이며, 당신은 그 교수를 엄격한 사람으로 여길 가능성이 높다. If the professor in question is consistently harsh with many other students, then the behavior is not distinctive to the late-assignment student; rather it is low in distinctiveness, and you will tend to consider the professor a harsh person.
If	the professor	is	consistently harsh	with	many other students,
in	question
then	the behavior	is not	distinctive	to	the late-assignment student;
rather	it	is	low
in	distinctiveness,
and	you	will
tend
		to	consider	the professor
a harsh person.

만약 그 대신에 당신이 이 교수가 숙제를 늦게 제출하는 학생을 제외하고 모든 학생들에게 친절한 것을 본다면, 이때에는 숙제를 늦게 제출하는 학생이 그 교수로부터 그러한 반응을 이끌어냈다는 점에서 독특하고 특수하다고 여겨진다. If, instead, you see this professor being friendly with all students except the student with the late assignments, then the student seems to be unique or distinctive in eliciting this response from the professor.
If,	you	see
instead,
	this professor	being	friendly	except	the student
with	all students	with	the late assignments,
then	the student	seems
		to	be	unique	in	eliciting	this response
or
from	the professor.
distinctive
이 경우에, 교수의 반응은 특수성이 높으며 당신은 이 교수를 화나게 만드는 무언가를 한 숙제를 늦게 제출하는 학생으로부터 귀인을 찾을 가능성이 더 높다. In this case, the professor’s behavior is high in distinctiveness and you are more likely to attribute the cause to the late student having done something to upset this professor.
In this case,	the professor’s behavior	is	high
in	distinctiveness
and	you	are more likely	the cause	to	the late student
having done	something
to	attribute
to	upset	this professor.

7. 현대의 서양 운동선수들은 시간확장에 대해서 그들만의 용어로 이야기 한다. Contemporary Western athletes speak in their own terms about time expansion.
	Contemporary Western athletes	speak		in	their own terms
about	time expansion.
위대한 테니스 선수인 Jimmy Connors는 그가 “구역”에 들어갔다고 느낀 단계까지 경기가 도달하는 초월적인 경우를 묘사한다. Tennis great Jimmy Connors has described transcendent occasions when his game rose to a level where he felt he’d entered a “zone.”
	Tennis great Jimmy Connors	has described	transcendent occasions
when
his game	rose
to	a level
where
he	felt
he	had entered	a “zone.”
이러한 때에, 그가 상기하기로는, 공이 네트를 넘어올 때 크고 천천히 움직이는 것으로 보인다. At these moments, he recalls, the ball would appear huge as it came over the net and seem suspended in slow motion.
At	these moments,	he	recalls,
	the ball	would	huge
appear
as	it	came		over	the net
and		seem	suspended	in	slow motion.
이 심원한 분위기 속에서, Connors는 그 속에서 언제, 어디서, 어떻게 공을 칠지 결정할 충분한 시간을 가졌다고 느꼈다. In this rarified air, Connors ㅠ he had all the time in the world to decide how, when, and where to hit the ball.
In	this rarified air,	Connors	felt
	he	had	all the time	in	the world
		to	decide	how,
when,
and
where	to	hit	the ball.

물론, 실제로, 그의 영원처럼 느꼈던 시간은 1초도 지속되지 않았을 뿐이다. In truth, of course, his seeming eternity lasted only a fraction of a second.
In truth,	his seeming eternity	lasted	only a fraction
of course,	of	a second.
농구에 관한 대화도 시간이 멈춰있는 것 같은 “구역에 들어가다”라는 신비롭게 들리는 용어를 가미한다. Basketball chatter is also laced with mystical-sounding references to “getting into zones” where time stands still.
	Basketball chatter	is	also laced	with	mystical-sounding references
to	“getting into zones”
where
time	stands	still.
선수들은 그들 주변에 있는 모든 사람들이 천천히 움직이는 것으로 보이는 설명 불가능한 상황을 묘사한다. Players describe unexplainable occasions when everyone around them seems to move in slow motion.
	Players	describe	unexplainable occasions
when
everyone	seems
around	them
	to	move	in	slow motion.
이러한 순간들에, 그들은 그들이 원하는 대로 상대방 주변, 사이 그리고 상대방을 지나서 움직일 수 있다는 감정을 느꼈다고 말한다. During these moments they report a feeling of being able to move around, between, and through their opponents at will.
During	these moments	they	report	a feeling
of	being able to
move around,
between,	their opponents
and
through
at will.

8. 확실히 독보적인 것은 아니지만, 음식은 흔한 보이콧 수단이다. Food is a common, though certainly not exclusive, vehicle for boycotts.
	Food	is	a common,
though certainly not exclusive,
vehicle
for	boycotts.
# 음식이 생물학적 필수 요소이면서 동시에 강력한 문화적 상징이다. Food is both a biological necessity and a powerful cultural symbol.
	Food	is	both	a biological necessity
and
a powerful cultural symbol.
* 음식이 생물학적 필수 요소이면서 동시에 강력한 문화적 상징이라는 사실을 반영하는 이러한 현상의 토대가 되는 실용적이고 문화적인 요소들이 있다. There are both pragmatic and cultural factors that contribute to this, reflecting the fact that food is both a biological necessity and a powerful cultural symbol.
	There	are	both	pragmatic	factors
and
cultural
that
	contribute
to	this,
reflecting	the fact
that
food	is	both	a biological necessity
and
a powerful cultural symbol.
물론, 음식은 인간의 생존을 위한 기본적인 요소이기도 하지만 음식의 생산, 분배 그리고 소비는 정치적, 경제적, 문화적 활동이기도 하다. Food, of course, is a basic human survival need, but food production, distribution, and consumption are also political, economic, and cultural activities.
	Food,	of course,	a basic human survival need,
is
but	food production,	are	also political,
distribution,	economic,
and	and
consumption	cultural activities.

음식은 사회적, 감정적, 정신적 의미를 지니며 개인과 집단 정체성, 정의 그리고 민족에 관한 복잡한 개념을 구현한다. Food carries social, emotional, and spiritual meanings and embodies complex ideas about individual and group identity, justice, and ethics.
	Food	carries	social,	meanings
emotional,
and
spiritual
and		embodies	complex ideas
about	individual	identity,
justice,
and
and
group
ethics.
음식이 유통되는 방식은 그러한 개념 및 가치들과 상응할 수도 있고 충돌할 수도 있다. The way in which food is marketed can either affirm or conflict with such ideas and values.
	The way	can either	such ideas and values.
affirm
in which
or
food	is	marketed
conflict with
실용적인 측면에서, 음식은 소매 시장에서 전형적으로 높은 회전율을 필요로 하는 부피가 크며 자주 부패하는 품목이다. Pragmatically, food is a high-volume, often perishable commodity that typically requires high turnover times on the retail market.
Pragmatically,	food	is	a high-volume, often perishable commodity
that
	typically requires	high turnover times
on	the retail market.
이러한 수요와 공급 구조의 붕괴와 사업에서의 경제적 결과는 굉장히 빠르게 느껴진다. Disruptions to this supply-and-demand chain, and the economic consequences for business, are felt very quickly.
	Disruptions	are	felt	very quickly.
to	this supply-and-demand chain,
and
the economic consequences
for	business,
따라서 음식 보이콧은 실제적이면서도 상직적인 가치를 지닌다. Food boycotts thus have both practical and symbolic value.
	Food boycotts	thus have	both	practical	value.
and
symbolic

9. 몇 년 동안, 콜로라도 대학교의 Michael Breed 박사는 사회성 곤충들에서 발견되는 다양한 형태의 인식을 연구해왔다. For years, Dr. Michael Breed at the University of Colorado has studied various forms of recognition in social insects.
For years,	Dr. Michael Breed	has studied	various forms
of	recognition
at the University of Colorado
in	social insects.
파나마의 신열대구 개미들에 초점을 맞춰 연구하여, 그는 이 개미들이 그들의 군집 입구에 보초를 세운다는 것을 발견했다. Focusing on neotropical ants in Panama, he has discovered that these ants have sentries posted at entranceways into their colonies.
		Focusing		on	neotropical ants
in	Panama,
	he	has discovered
that	these ants	have	sentries
posted
at	entranceways
into	their colonies.
그 보초들은 군집에 들어가는 각각의 개미에 철저한 “냄새” 확인을 한다. The sentries perform a thorough “smell” check of each ant that enters the colony.
	The sentries	perform	a thorough “smell” check
of	each ant
that
	enters	the colony.
많은 방법을 통해서, 이러한 개미들은 공항에서의 신체 수색만큼이나 철저한 냄새 확인을 거치는 그들만의 교통보안청 요원들을 발달시켜왔다. In many ways, these ants have evolved their own TSA agents whose smell check is as thorough as any whole body scan at any airport.
In many ways,	these ants	have evolved	their own TSA agents
whose
smell check	is	as thorough as
any whole body scan
at	any airport.

만약에 개미가 그 시험을 통과한다면 그것은 군집에 대한 접근이 허락된 것이지만, 만약에 틀린 냄새가 감지된다면 보초들은 문제가 되는 개미를 강제로 개미집 밖으로 이동시켜 군집의 변두리 영역으로 보낸다. If the ant passes the test, it is allowed access to the colony, but if the wrong odor is detected, the sentries forcibly carry the offending individual out of the anthill to the outskirts of the colony’s territory.
If	the ant	passes	the test,
	it	is	allowed
			access
			to	the colony,
but	the wrong odor	is	detected,
if
	the sentries	forcibly	the offending individual					out of			the anthill
								to			the outskirts
		carry
											of	the colony’s territory.
각각의 군집은 “label”이라고 불리는 그들만의 냄새를 지니며, 냄새는 유전적 기반에 의해 발생할 수 있다; Each colony has its own odor, called a “label,” and the odor can arise from a genetic basis;
	Each colony	has	its own odor,
			called			a “label,”
and	the odor	can arise								from				a genetic basis;
그것은 여왕개미에 의해 일개미들에게 주어질 수도 있고 특정 군집에게 주어진 특정 음식으로 인해서 발생할 수도 있다. it may be given to the workers from the queen ant or may arise from specific foods that are present in a particular colony.
	it	may	given				from		the queen ant
		be	to		the workers
or		may					from		specific foods
									that
													are		present
		arise
									in				a particular colony.