빈칸 문제 (나이도 3점)

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

René Descartes' seminal proposition, "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), emerges not as a triumphant declaration of intellectual mastery, but as the foundational bedrock of certainty within a self-imposed crucible of radical doubt. His methodological skepticism systematically dismantled the edifice of sensory perception, mathematical truths, and even the apparent reality of the external world, seeking an indubitable first principle upon which knowledge could be securely rebuilt. In this profound intellectual voyage, the very act of doubting became the incontrovertible proof of the doubter's existence. The "Cogito" thus represents a pivotal epistemological shift from an outward-looking, empirical reliance to an inward-turning, rationalist introspection. It establishes the thinking self as the primary and most certain reality, fundamentally distinct from the extended, mechanical substance of the body. This Cartesian dualism, while resolving the quest for certainty, inadvertently erected a formidable chasm between mind and matter, a dichotomy that would dominate Western philosophy for centuries. Consequently, the enduring significance of the Cartesian project lies less in the specific answers it provided, and more in its relentless demonstration that the pursuit of truth necessitates ________________________________.

*seminal: 획기적인, 발달의 씨앗이 되는 *dichotomy: 이분법 

① a courageous interrogation of even the most self-evident beliefs

② the unwavering acceptance of empirical data from the senses

③ the synthesis of mind and body as a single, unified substance

④ the prioritization of practical utility over metaphysical speculation

⑤ the adherence to traditional Aristotelian scholastic frameworks